cocc<-read.table("British_ladybirds.txt",header=TRUE)
head(cocc)
Number_of_species<-nrow(cocc)
Number_of_species
Number_of_genera<-length(levels(cocc$Genus))
Number_of_genera
# rowSums(table(cocc))
species_per_genus<-as.data.frame(rowSums(table(cocc)))
# species_per_genus 

a<-sort(sample(c(2:Number_of_species),Number_of_genera-1))
c<-a-0.5
hold<-floor(c[1])
for(i in 1:length(c)-1) hold<-c(hold,c[i+1]-c[i])
hold<-c(hold,Number_of_species-floor(c[i+1]))


plot(NULL, ylim=c(0,100),xlim=c(-0,Number_of_species+1),axes=FALSE,ylab="",xlab="")
rug(0:53,ticksize = 0.03, side = 1, lwd = 0.5)
rug(c(5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50),ticksize = 0.05, side = 1, lwd = 2,line=0.5,lend="square")
twocolours<-c(rep(c("red","yellow"),1+Number_of_genera/2))

remember<-NULL

for(j in 1:100){
a<-sort(sample(c(2:Number_of_species),Number_of_genera-1))
c<-a-0.5
hold<-floor(c[1])
for(i in 1:length(c)-1){
hold<-c(hold,c[i+1]-c[i])
}#i
hold<-c(hold,Number_of_species-floor(c[i+1]))

m<-0
for(i in 1:Number_of_genera){
lines(c(m,cumsum(hold)[i]),c(j,j),lwd=3.5,col=twocolours[i],lend="square")
m<-cumsum(hold)[i]
}

remember<-rbind(remember,hold)
}#j


############ vectorized approach optional - not an example used in book

remv<-NULL
for(j in 1:100){
a<-sort(sample(c(2:Number_of_species-1),Number_of_genera-1))
upper_values<-c(a,Number_of_species)
lower_values<-c(0,a)
remv<-rbind(remv,upper_values-lower_values)
} #j


# plotting the results of vectorized approach in a separate loop

plot(NULL, ylim=c(0,100),xlim=c(-0,Number_of_species+1),axes=FALSE,ylab="",xlab="")
rug(0:53,ticksize = 0.03, side = 1, lwd = 0.5)
rug(c(5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50),ticksize = 0.05, side = 1, lwd = 2,line=0.5,lend="square")
twocolours<-c(rep(c("seagreen","hotpink1"),1+Number_of_genera/2))

for(j in 1:100){
m<-0
for(i in 1:Number_of_genera){
lines(c(m,sum(remv[j,1:i])),c(j,j),lwd=3.5,col=twocolours[i],lend="square")
m<-sum(remv[j,1:i])
} #i
} #j