FMD is a highly contagious viral disease of all cloven-footed animals and widely distributed all over the world. In this study, 465 serum samples were collected from 3 Nile delta governorates (Behaira, Mounofya and Kafer El-Sheikh) during 2009. The samples were used for detection of FMD antibodies...

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious diseases affecting wide range of host species with variable severity and decreased productivity. Non-Structural Protein (NSP) 3ABC antibody is considered to be the most reliable indicator of present or past infection with Foot-and-Mouth...

White tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O UKG 11/2001 and monitored for the development of clinical signs, histopathological changes and levels of virus replication. All FMDV-infected deer developed clinical signs starting at 2 days post...

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important and highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. Virus isolation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the gold standard tests for diagnosis of FMD. As these methods are time...

Serum from 87 cattle was tested before and 14 days after vaccination against F & M virus type O2 in the plaque method of the neutralization test. The neutralization titres were compared with the results of direct challenge of immunity performed 14 days after vaccination. In most of the 87 cattle, a ...

Bovine potency, 50% protective dose and protection percentages of three trivalent F & M vaccines have been compared with neutralizing and precipitating antibody titres induced in vaccinated cattle and in rabbits. The results of the in vivo and in vitro potency tests were compared to the amounts of...

In studies on survival of F & M disease virus in various tissues of infected animals and in route-dose experiments, 301 cattle were inoculated to detect virus. Of these, 138 became infected and had clinical signs and lesions while 163 were clinically refractory. To determine if the refractory ...

The strength of the immunity in sheep vaccinated with inactivated trivalent vaccine can be measured either by the titration of neutralizing antibodies in cell culture or by the resistance to challenge inoculation. Virus titrations can be carried out in vaccinated sheep by multiple tongue...

Innocuity can be controlled in cultures of calf kidney cells after neutralization with formalin and elution of the virus. The neutralization of formalin by bisulphite does not adversely affect the virus, and the elution technique allows the recovery of minute quantities of virus added to a vaccine. ...

A method of attenuating FMD virus without loss of immunogenicity consisted of subjecting type A₂₂ virus (strain No. 663) to 84 serial passages in primary bovine kidney tissue cultures incubated at 24 °C. A vaccine prepared from the strain further attenuated by a further 6-10 passages in primary...