Most modern pet species have awide breed variability. The genetic aspect plays a significant role in the development of individual pathologies. A retrogen encoding fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), when inserted into the chromosome 18of dogs (CFA18), leads to chondrodysplasia, phenotypically...

In dogs, such hereditary limb pathologies as chondrodysplasia, achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia and dysplasia of the elbow joint are known. This paper reviews the literature on hereditary limb pathologies: chondrodysplasia, achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, anomaly of the forelimb (FA/EA),...

Chondrodysplasia is a type of genetic skeletal disorder associated with abnormalities in the development of cartilage tissues. Affected dogs suffer from disproportionate short-limbed dwarfism and/or hyperplasia of the skull bones. Visible symptoms occur only during growth period. Early studies...

A 14-month-old Alaskan Malamute with chondrodysplasia (dwarfism) presented for progressive bilateral hindlimb lameness. A diagnosis of bilateral medially luxating patellae was made based on clinical and radiographic findings. The chondrodysplasia in this case was atypical in its hindlimb skeletal...

In morphological terms, "form" is used to describe an object's shape and size. In dogs, facial form is stunningly diverse. Facial retrusion, the proximodistal shortening of the snout and widening of the hard palate is common to brachycephalic dogs and is a welfare concern, as the incidence of...

Canine chondrodysplasia is a heritable defect of endochondral ossification characterized by disproportionately short limbs. It is directly linked to significant health concerns, such as intervertebral disc disease. Some human skeletal dysplasias exhibit similar disproportionate dwarfisms and are...

Background: Lethal chondrodysplasia (bulldog syndrome) is a well-known congenital syndrome in cattle and occurs sporadically in many breeds. In 2015, it was noticed that about 12% of the offspring of the phenotypically normal Danish Holstein sire VH Cadiz Captivo showed chondrodysplasia resembling...

Background: The bulldog calf syndrome is a lethal form of the inherited congenital chondrodysplasias. Among the progeny of the polled Holstein bull Energy P cases of lethal chondrodysplasia were observed. Pedigrees of the cases and the frequency of 3/8 cases among the offspring of Energy P at our...

Type 10 collagen alpha 1 (COL10A1) is a short-chain collagen of cartilage synthesized by chondrocytes during the growth of long bones. COL10A1 mutations, which frequently result in COL10A1 haploinsufficiency, have been identified in patients with Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD), a...

Chondrodysplasia (CD) is a disabling, hereditary disease in Labradors with short limbs, warranting genetic screening in families at risk. Segregation analysis of eight litters with 13 affected dogs showed that autosomal recessive inheritance was consistent with the observed incidence of CD in the...