Antibody therapy is a promising approach to tackle avian influenza viruses and potentially other viral pathogens
Scientists at The Pirbright Institute have engineered synthetic antibody molecules that can be administered to poultry to reduce the symptoms of influenza, as well as decreasing the amount of virus they shed into the environment. These results suggest that there is potential for their use as immunotherapy treatments to reduce the burden of influenza in poultry. The study is published in Vaccines.
The researchers generated synthetic antibodies against the H9N2 strain of avian influenza. The modified antibody segments — single chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs) — were shown to prevent the H9N2 virus from entering cells in laboratory tissue cultures. Further testing demonstrated that chickens immunised intranasally with scFvs produced lower levels of virus and presented decreased weight loss compared to those that had not received treatment.
The scFv antibodies work by binding to haemagglutinin (HA) proteins on the outside of the influenza virus, that attach to receptors on host cells. This prevents the virus from entering the cell and replicating, offering rapid protection to infected birds.
To create the scFvs, the researchers immunised mice with an influenza vaccine, which triggered the production of mouse antibodies that could neutralise the H9N2 virus. The genetic code for two sections of the antibodies that bind to the HA protein was then sequenced. Using genetic engineering, they linked these two sections together to create one new smaller antibody molecule (the scFvs).
By generating these smaller molecules, the team could overcome issues presented by using whole antibodies such as lower production rates and increased likelihood of immune rejection by species other than chickens. The scFvs created in this study have additional advantages, including their ability to be mass produced in insect cells and the fact they could work against the virus in all hosts without adaption.
Professor Munir Iqbal, Head of the Avian Influenza Group at Pirbright, said: “These results are encouraging and demonstrate that scFvs could provide a quick and efficient way of reducing the clinical signs of influenza and its spread in infected flocks, reducing the risk of transmission from poultry to humans. The next step will be to establish the best method for administration, whether this be intranasally, as we have done in this study, or via aerosol or viral vector delivery systems. We anticipate that this type of immunotherapy could also be used to treat other viral diseases of poultry and humans by creating the appropriate synthetic antibodies for those diseases.”
Article: Lukosaityte, D., Sadeyen, J.R., Shrestha, A., Sealy, J.E., Bhat, S., Chang, P., Digard, P., Iqbal, M. (2020). Engineered Recombinant Single Chain Variable Fragment of Monoclonal Antibody Provides Protection to Chickens Infected with H9N2 Avian Influenza. Vaccines 8(1) 118, doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010118