In processes with animal cell cultures, a culture medium is used that contains basic nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, salts, and hormones and growth factors from serum of animal origin. Due to the disadvantages of using serum in processes with cell cultures (e.g. risk of virus transmission,...

Bioactive peptides from casein and whey proteins are the most numerous group of bioactive substances in dairy products. They are fragments consisting of 3 to 20 amino acids and are formed by the degradation of proteins during digestion in the human body or during milk processing. Cheese and...

The composition of mare, human and cow milk differs significantly depending on the genetic, physiological and nutritional factors, and environmental conditions. Compared to human and cow milk, mare milk has lower energy and fat values, while the protein content of mare milk is similar to human...

Donkeys have long been used as working animals, while today they are most often bred for the production of donkey milk, especially on family farms as an important raw material in cosmetics and medicine and as a substitute for human milk in the diet of newborns. Donkey's milk as a quality...

The study aimed to determine: (1) the validity between self-reported and objectively measured physical fitness and (2) the percentage of agreement. Two - hundred and seventy - five healthy men and women attending police academy (32% women) were randomly recruited. Self-report was obtained from a 10 ...

The production of mare's milk in Europe as we know it today began to develop in the second half of the last century and is still expanding and developing today. The aim of this paper is to show the reasons for the positive effect of consumption of mare's milk and products on the human body. Mare's...

Gas chromatography is a column chromatography used for the separation and detection of volatile organic compounds and some inorganic gases from a sample mixture. The instrument that separates individual components and determines their composition in the sample is called a gas chromatograph. As the...

Caffeine is a widely consumed substance among general population and is, due to its ergogenic effects on physical performance, also highly popular among competitive and recreational athletes. The consumption of caffeine in sports has been on an increase particularly after 2004 when World Antidoping ...

Trans fatty acids (TFA) are produced naturally by the biological hydrogenation in the rumen of ruminant animals, but also during the industrial process, by the partial hydrogenation of vegetable and fish oils. The division into industrial and natural TFAs is complex since these fats are mainly...

Selenium is an important trace element that participates in numerous physiological and metabolic processes in animals and human organism. Many areas in the world are known for its lack of selenium in soil, and in crops/products, which is then reflected in its deficiency in animals and humans. In...