Amendments to the Danish law on patents, as a result of which it will be possible to take out patents both on inventions of new foods and new food manufacturing processes, are likely to be of considerable significance for the competitive position of Danish dairy enterprises, especially in relation...

The article explores the patent type protection of biological objects (new varieties of seed or plants and new breeds of livestock) in the various member countries of the CMEA. In some countries (Mongolia, GDR, Hungary, Cuba, Romania) the law registers and protects new varieties directly; in others ...

The traditional US seed handling industry has faced substantial variation in local demands for field crop seed quantities and varieties during the last decade or more. The paper describes the current structure of the seed processing and distribution industry in Georgia and assesses changes compared ...

Open pollinated seeds became patentable in the USA in September 1985. This article projects the impacts of patents based on past legal decisions for similar products. The following predictors can be tentatively made, recognizing that eventual legal interpretations could affect property rights and...

The provisions of new Austrian legislation at present being discussed in expert committee are examined. The patenting provisions will now cover hybrids of new lines as well as the pure variety. The article discusses changes in licensing, registration, quality criteria, etc.

Most plant breeding in Austria is carried out by private firms or cooperative enterprises at high cost and with considerable risk. They need to obtain adequate returns to finance these activities. Protection of seed and plant varieties is at present covered by Federal Law No. 34/1947. Although...