This document provides an assessment of the potential health risks related to infectious diseases and other health threats for European Union/European Economic Area citizens during their stay in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj pilgrimage between 19 and 24 August 2018. The following public health risks...

The importance of vaccination in travel is discussed in this chapter. Vaccines recommended or considered for travellers are enumerated. These are categorized into routine, selective and mandatory. Routine vaccination include the following: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; hepatitis B; Haemophilus ...

This empirical study examines the patterns of internet use during Hajj, with the broader aim of providing suggestions on how organisations can improve risk communication at crowded religious venues using traditional and new media. The research team adopted a convenience sampling strategy to conduct ...

Over the last three decades, information and communication technologies have advanced rapidly and continue to do so. Nowadays, the popularity and spread of socalled Smart Media Technologies (SMT) is not only transforming the lives of tourists around the world in general, but is impacting on the...

Introduction: Travel medicine deals with prevention and management of health problems of travelers to avoid or reduce the risk of avoidable illnesses. Primary healthcare physicians are the key individuals to provide the same. The objective of current study was to explore the level of knowledge,...

An inductive mixed-method research design was applied to explore how digital media impacted tourism, in particular, religious journeys by Christians and Muslims to a special physical destination during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Rhetorical data were reviewed to analyse the key factors...

Background: The pilgrimage to Mecca and Karbala bring many Muslims to a confined area. Respiratory tract infections are the most common diseases transmitted during mass gatherings in Hajj, Umrah and Karbala. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of Middle East...

Social media influencer marketing is gaining importance in the restaurant industry, especially for independent restaurants. This study explores the underlying mechanism of social media influencer marketing in the context of independent restaurants in Arab and Islamic culture. The study combines the ...

Background: Infected travelers returning from malaria endemic countries pose the threat of local outbreaks in nonendemic countries. Such outbreaks are becoming potential public health threats with increasing volume of international travels. Aims: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude,...