Introduction: Modern sports equipment is nowadays manufactured industrially according to globally accepted and standardized models, but traditionally tools for play and games were prepared from materials found in the local environment. The objective of this article is to investigate various aspects ...

Golf is said to be among the most rapidly increasing forms of land use, yet little is known of the effects of golf courses and golf playing on wildlife. A Norwegian population of the endangered ortolan bunting (Emberiza hortulana) occurs on a forest burn that has an area allocated to golf. Some...

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are frequently used by athletes in order to prevent musculoskeletal pain and improve performance. In combination with strenuous exercise, they can contribute to a reduction of renal blood flow and promote development of kidney damage. We aimed to investigate...

In 1995 remains of a 13th century shipwreck, "the Kronholmen cog", was discovered in sandy soil at a golf green on the island of Gotland, Sweden. Prior to backfilling and in situ preservation, four sacrificial wood samples (SWS) of sound pine sapwood were installed for long-term monitoring of wood...

Excess phosphorus (P) loading due to anthropogenic activities has been identified as a primary cause of surface water eutrophication, but it is controversial whether P is a contributor to groundwater contamination. In this study, subsurface transport of P to groundwater and its environmental risk...

Growing urban populations started to pay more attention to non-production services of forests in developed countries. Thus foresters are faced a task to balance different views of urban forests use. These can be for instance (1) gaining profit from wood production, and (2) provision of place for...

Dispersal and establishment of new breeding populations of Sitta pusilla (Brown-headed Nuthatch) outside of its historic range in Virginia have been recorded since the 1960s. We systematically gathered published and unpublished occurrences of Brown-headed Nuthatches beyond their historic range in...

The choice of tree species used in production forests matters for biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Sweden, damage to young production forests by large browsing herbivores is helping to drive a development where sites traditionally regenerated with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) are instead...

Abernethy Forest comprises the largest area of semi-natural (native) pinewood in Scotland. It also has plantations of various ages. This study describes the sizes and ages of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the main stand types as a basis for future management, which aims to develop woodland...

In recent years awareness has increased of the importance of open landscapes (natural and semi-natural) for human use, including provision of life-supporting ecological benefits and services. In addition there has been an increase in awareness and demand for recreational activities in nature:...