By the application of new definitions of commercialisation and entrepreneurship, it is argued that sport in Ancient Greece and Rome was associated with significant levels of commercial activity. This included regular organised events, large-capacity sports stadiums, professional athletes with...

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of ocular injuries in a large population of boxers over a period of 16 years, in particular, the most severe lesions that may be vision threatening. Methods: Clinical records of the medical archive of the Italian Boxing Federation were analysed. A total of...

Voluntary sports clubs (VSCs) are increasingly cited by European policy makers as important partners in achieving non-sports related goals. The societal role is assumed to include wider functions (socialization, democratic, and integrative), and the combat against negative externalities which...

Background: Nicotine is a psychostimulant drug with purported use in sports environments, though the use of nicotine among athletes has not been studied extensively. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the nicotine positivity rate in 60,802 anti-doping urine samples from 2012 to 2020....

Though spectator sport is often understood as escapist entertainment, stadiums regularly aggregate thousands of citizens in close physical space, thus making political expression achievable, if not unavoidable. Political expressions at sporting events are actively discouraged by sport...

Background: Female boxing has been permitted in Italy since 2001. According to the latest Italian laws, athletes applying to become boxers have to pass a pre-participation medical examination. Objective: To collect novel medical information from the pre-participation visits and mandatory...

Background. We examined, within the middleweight class, the relationship between ranking in boxing competition performance and some physiological factors. Methods. Eight elite Italian amateur boxers (first series of AIBA ranking) were assessed in 2 testing sessions, a week apart. In the first...

Background: The protective restrictions (e.g., lockdowns, quarantines, social and physical distancing) consequent to the global pandemic caused by COVID-19 posited new challenges to athletes practicing competitive team sports. This study aimed to gain an understanding of the impact of the ongoing...

Currently, discussions involving the theme 'legacy of sports mega-events' gain space in Brazil, with the realization of FIFA World Cup 2014 and the Olympic Summer Games Rio 2016. The football stadiums, mega events legacies, are criticized, considered expensive and useless. The objective of this...

The commercialization of sport since the 1990s has had a number of consequences. The market forces that have defined commercialization, notably pay-per-view television, whilst initially welcomed as important new sources of revenue, have also had the unanticipated consequences of de-stabilizing many ...