Datasheet
rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
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Pictures
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Picture Title Caption Copyright Title TEM showing rabbit calicivirus isolated from the liver of an infected rabbit Caption RHDV (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus); this transmission electron micrograph (TEM) shows rabbit calicivirus isolated from the liver of an infected rabbit. The virus has been prepared using negative contrast electron microscopy. The virus has been labeled (inner box) with anti-rabbit calicivirus antibodies and colloidal gold. (Image produced by Electron Microscopy Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory) Copyright ©Electron Microscopy Unit AAHL/CSIRO - CC BY 3.0
TEM showing rabbit calicivirus isolated from the liver of an infected rabbit RHDV (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus); this transmission electron micrograph (TEM) shows rabbit calicivirus isolated from the liver of an infected rabbit. The virus has been prepared using negative contrast electron microscopy. The virus has been labeled (inner box) with anti-rabbit calicivirus antibodies and colloidal gold. (Image produced by Electron Microscopy Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory) ©Electron Microscopy Unit AAHL/CSIRO - CC BY 3.0
Identity
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Preferred Scientific Name rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus International Common Names English:
rabbit haemorrhagic disease virusEnglish acronym
Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Virus Unknown: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses" Unknown: "RNA viruses" Family: Caliciviridae Genus: Lagovirus Species: rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
Distribution Table
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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive Reference Notes Asia Azerbaijan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bahrain Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bhutan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brunei Darussalam Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 China -Hong Kong Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Georgia (Republic of) Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 India Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Indonesia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iran Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iraq Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Israel CAB Abstracts data mining OIE Handistatus,
2005 Japan Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jordan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kazakhstan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, DPR Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, Republic of Last reported 1996 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kuwait Last reported 1997 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lebanon Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malaysia -Peninsular Malaysia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sabah Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sarawak Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mongolia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Myanmar No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nepal Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oman Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Philippines Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Qatar No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Singapore Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sri Lanka Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Syria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Taiwan Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tajikistan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Thailand Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkey No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkmenistan Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 United Arab Emirates Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uzbekistan Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vietnam No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yemen No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Africa Algeria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Angola No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Benin No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Botswana Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burkina Faso No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burundi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cameroon No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cape Verde Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central African Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chad No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Congo Democratic Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Côte d'Ivoire Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Djibouti Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Egypt Last reported 1997 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Eritrea Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ethiopia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ghana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea-Bissau No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kenya No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Libya Last reported 1999 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Madagascar Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malawi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mali No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mauritius Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Morocco Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mozambique No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Namibia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nigeria Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Réunion No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Rwanda No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sao Tome and Principe Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Senegal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Seychelles Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Somalia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 South Africa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sudan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Swaziland Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tanzania No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Togo Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tunisia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uganda Last reported 1998 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zambia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zimbabwe Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 North America Bermuda Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Canada Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mexico Last reported 1991 OIE Handistatus,
2005 USA Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central America and Caribbean Barbados Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belize Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 British Virgin Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cayman Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Costa Rica Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cuba Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Curaçao Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominica Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominican Republic Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 El Salvador Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guadeloupe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guatemala Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Haiti Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Honduras Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jamaica Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Martinique Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nicaragua Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Panama Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Kitts and Nevis Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Trinidad and Tobago Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 South America Argentina Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bolivia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brazil Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chile Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Colombia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ecuador Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Falkland Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Guiana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guyana Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Paraguay Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Peru Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uruguay Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Venezuela Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Europe Andorra Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Austria No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belarus Last reported 1988 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belgium Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bosnia-Hercegovina Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bulgaria Last reported 1999 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Croatia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cyprus Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Czech Republic Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Denmark Last reported 1990 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Estonia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Finland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 France Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Germany Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Greece OIE Handistatus,
2005 Hungary OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iceland Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ireland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Isle of Man (UK) Last reported 1996 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Italy Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jersey Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Latvia Last reported 2000 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Liechtenstein Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lithuania Last reported 1993 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Luxembourg Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Macedonia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malta Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Moldova OIE Handistatus,
2005 Netherlands Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Norway Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Poland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Portugal Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Romania OIE Handistatus,
2005 Russian Federation Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovakia Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovenia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Spain OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sweden Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Switzerland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 UK Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Northern Ireland No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ukraine Last reported 1992 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (former) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oceania Australia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Polynesia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Caledonia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Zealand Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Samoa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vanuatu Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Wallis and Futuna Islands No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005
Pathogen Characteristics
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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a calicivirus (genus Lagovirus, family Caliciviriade), is a small non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus, with a genome of ~7.4 kb and only one major capsid protein (VP60) (Ohlinger et al., 1990 ). RHDV causes a highly contagious and acute fatal hepatitis of wild and domestic European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) (reviewed by Abrantes et al., 2012 ). The genus Lagovirus also includes European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV), which causes disease in brown hares (Lepus europaeus ). Despite their high genetic relationship (VP60 nucleotide similarity of 70%), RHDV and EBHSV are two distinct viral species (Lavazza et al., 1996 ; Wirblich et al., 1994 ).
There are three main RHDV groups:
i) “Classical RHDV”, including genogroups G1-G5, first reported in China in 1984 (Liu et al., 1984 ). This RHDV has been reported in Asia, Africa, Americas, Europe and Oceania and is endemic in most parts of the world where European rabbits live naturally or are domesticated.
ii) Subtype RHDVa/G6 identified in Europe in 1996 (Capucci et al., 1998 ; Schirrmeier et al., 1999 ) and since reported in Oceania, Asia and Americas.
iii) “New” RHDV (provisionally called RHDV2 or RHDVb), first reported in France in 2010 in wild and farmed vaccinated rabbits (Dalton et al., 2012 ; Le Gall-Reculé et al., 2011 , 2013), that has since spread in Europe and was reported in Australia in 2015 (Hall et al., 2015 ). With a unique antigenic profile, it causes mortality in young rabbits (less than two months old) and vaccinated rabbits, typically not susceptible to G1-G6 strains (Dalton et al., 2012 ). RHDV2 appears to be replacing classical RHDV strains among some wild rabbit populations in Europe (Le Gall-Reculé et al., 2013 ; Lopes et al., 2015 ) and is capable of infecting lagomorphs from the Lepus genus (Puggioni et al., 2013 ; Camarda et al., 2014 ).
Weak pathogenic and non-pathogenic forms of the virus also exist, which are genetically different from the pathogenic RHDV (Capucci et al., 1996 ; Strive et al., 2009 ).
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). For more information, see the website: www.oie.int
References
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Abrantes J; Loo Wvan der; Pendu Jle; Esteves PJ, 2012. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review. Veterinary Research, 43(12):(10 February 2012). http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/pdf/1297-9716-43-12.pdf
Camarda A; Pugliese N; Cavadini P; Circella E; Capucci L; Caroli A; Legretto M; Mallia E; Lavazza A, 2014. Detection of the new emerging rabbit haemorrhagic disease type 2 virus (RHDV2) in Sicily from rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) and Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus ). Research in Veterinary Science, 97(3):642-645. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00345288
Capucci L; Fallacara F; Grazioli S; Lavazza A; Pacciarini ML; Brocchi E, 1998. A further step in the evolution of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: the appearance of the first consistent antigenic variant. Virus Research, 58(1/2):115-126.
Capucci L; Fusi P; Lavazza A; Pacciarini ML; Rossi C, 1996. Detection and preliminary characterization of a new rabbit calicivirus related to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus but nonpathogenic. Journal of Virology, 70(12):8614-8623.
Dalton KP; Nicieza I; Balseiro A; Muguerza MA; Rosell JM; Casais R; Álvarez ÁL; Parra F, 2012. Variant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in young rabbits, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(12):2009-2012. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/12/pdfs/12-0341.pdf
Gall-Reculé Gle; Lavazza A; Marchandeau S; Bertagnoli S; Zwingelstein F; Cavadini P; Martinelli N; Lombardi G; Guérin JL; Lemaitre E; Decors A; Boucher S; Normand Ble; Capucci L, 2013. Emergence of a new lagovirus related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus . Veterinary Research, 44(81):(8 September 2013). http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/44/1/81/abstract
Gall-Reculé Gle; Zwingelstein F; Boucher S; Normand Ble; Plassiart G; Portejoie Y; Decors A; Bertagnoli S; Guérin JL; Marchandeau S, 2011. . http://veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com/archive/
Hall RN; Mahar JE; Haboury S; Stevens V; Holmes EC; Strive T, 2015. . http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/12/pdfs/15-1210.pdf
Lavazza A; Scicluna MT; Capucci L, 1996. Susceptibility of hares and rabbits to the European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) under experimental conditions. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 43(7):401-410.
Liu SJ; Xue HP; Pu BQ; Qian NH, 1984. A new viral disease in rabbits. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (Xumu yu Shouyi), 16(6):253-255.
Lopes AM; Correia J; Abrantes J; Melo P; Ramada M; Magalhães MJ; Alves PC; Esteves PJ, 2015. Is the new variant RHDV replacing genogroup 1 in Portuguese wild rabbit populations? Viruses, 7(1):27-36. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/1/27/htm
Ohlinger VF; Haas B; Meyers G; Weiland F; Thiel HJ, 1990. Identification and characterization of the virus causing rabbit hemorrhagic disease. Journal of Virology, 64(7):3331-3336.
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Puggioni G; Cavadini P; Maestrale C; Scivoli R; Botti G; Ligios C; Gall-Reculé Gle; Lavazza A; Capucci L, 2013. The new French 2010 Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus causes an RHD-like disease in the Sardinian Cape hare (Lepus capensis mediterraneus ). Veterinary Research, 44(96):(7 October 2013). http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/pdf/1297-9716-44-96.pdf
Schirrmeier H; Reimann I; Köllner B; Granzow H, 1999. Pathogenic, antigenic and molecular properties of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) isolated from vaccinated rabbits: detection and characterization of antigenic variants. Archives of Virology, 144(4):719-735.
Strive T; Wright JD; Robinson AJ, 2009. Identification and partial characterisation of a new lagovirus in Australian wild rabbits. Virology, 384(1):97-105. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WXR-4V28ST8-3&_user=6686535&_coverDate=02%2F05%2F2009&_rdoc=15&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%237165%232009%23996159998%23863056%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=7165&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=32&_acct=C000066028&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6686535&md5=47b44d5cc5fcfb28686ab86589f04d0c
Wirblich C; Meyers G; Ohlinger VF; Capucci L; Eskens U; Haas B; Thiel HJ, 1994. European brown hare syndrome virus: relationship to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and other caliciviruses. Journal of Virology, 68(8):5164-5173.
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