Datasheet
myxoma virus
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Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Virus Unknown: "ssDNA viruses" Unknown: "DNA viruses" Family: Poxviridae Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae Genus: Leporipoxvirus Species: myxoma virus
Distribution Table
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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive Reference Notes Asia Azerbaijan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bahrain Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bhutan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brunei Darussalam Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 China Present Present based on regional distribution. -Hong Kong Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Georgia (Republic of) Last reported 1986 OIE Handistatus,
2005 India Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Indonesia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iran Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iraq Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Israel No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Japan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jordan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kazakhstan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, DPR Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, Republic of Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kuwait Last reported 1997 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lebanon Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malaysia -Peninsular Malaysia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sabah Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sarawak Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mongolia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Myanmar No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nepal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oman Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Philippines Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Qatar No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Singapore Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sri Lanka Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Syria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Taiwan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tajikistan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Thailand Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkey No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkmenistan Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 United Arab Emirates Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uzbekistan Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vietnam Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yemen No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Africa Algeria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Angola Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Benin No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Botswana Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burkina Faso No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burundi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cameroon OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cape Verde Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central African Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chad No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Congo Democratic Republic No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Côte d'Ivoire Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Djibouti Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Egypt Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Eritrea Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ethiopia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ghana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea-Bissau No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kenya No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Libya Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Madagascar Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malawi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mali No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mauritius Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Morocco Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mozambique No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Namibia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nigeria Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Réunion Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Rwanda No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sao Tome and Principe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Senegal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Seychelles No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Somalia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 South Africa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sudan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Swaziland Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tanzania No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Togo Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tunisia Last reported 1995 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uganda Last reported 1998 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zambia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zimbabwe Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 North America Bermuda Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Canada Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mexico Last reported 1998 OIE Handistatus,
2005 USA CAB Abstracts data mining OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central America and Caribbean Barbados Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belize Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 British Virgin Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cayman Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Costa Rica Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cuba Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Curaçao Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominica Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominican Republic Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 El Salvador Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guadeloupe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guatemala Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Haiti Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Honduras Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jamaica Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Martinique Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nicaragua Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Panama No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Kitts and Nevis Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Trinidad and Tobago Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 South America Argentina OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bolivia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brazil Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chile OIE Handistatus,
2005 Colombia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ecuador No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Falkland Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Guiana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guyana Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Paraguay Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Peru No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uruguay Last reported 1992 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Venezuela Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Europe Andorra Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Austria No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belarus Last reported 1985 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belgium Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bosnia-Hercegovina Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bulgaria Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Croatia Last reported 1999 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cyprus Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Czech Republic Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Denmark Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Estonia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Finland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 France Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Germany Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Greece Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Hungary OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iceland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ireland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Isle of Man (UK) Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Italy Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jersey Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Latvia Last reported 1998 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Liechtenstein Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lithuania Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Luxembourg Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Macedonia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malta Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Moldova Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Netherlands Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Norway Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Poland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Portugal Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Romania Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Russian Federation Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovakia Last reported 1999 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovenia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Spain Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sweden Last reported 2000 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Switzerland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 UK Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Northern Ireland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ukraine Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (former) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oceania Australia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Polynesia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Caledonia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Zealand Last reported 1953 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Samoa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vanuatu Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Wallis and Futuna Islands No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005
Pathogen Characteristics
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Myxoma virus (MYXV) is a member of the genus Leporipoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. MYXV infects only lagomorphs. While it causes only mild disease in its natural hosts, American rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus , in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) it causes serious disease (myxomatosis) that can result in 100% mortality (Fenner and Ratcliffe, 1965 , Fenner, 1994 ). Following the introduction of MYXV to control wild rabbit populations in Australia (in 1950) and France (in 1952), MYXV now has a worldwide distribution (Fenner and Fantini, 1999 ).
MYXV contains a very large linear double-stranded DNA genome encoding 171 unique genes. The entire genomes of the South American strain, Lausanne (Cameron et al., 1999 ) and the North American strain MSW (Labudovic et al., 2004 ) have been sequenced. The strains introduced into Europe and Australia are South American in origin. The evolutionary process of MYXV is characterised by an unusually high nucleotide substitution rate for a double-stranded DNA virus, frequent changes in virulence and a marked ability to spread (Bertagnoi and Marchandeau, 2015 ).
Myxomatosis is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). For more information, see the website: www.oie.int .
References
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Bertagnoli S; Marchandeau S, 2015. Myxomatosis. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, 34(2):539-547 (Fr), 549-556 (En). http://www.oie.int/publications-and-documentation/scientific-and-technical-review-free-access/list-of-issues/
Cameron C; Hota-Mitchell S; Chen Ling; Barrett J; Cao JingXin; Macaulay C; Willer D; Evans D; McFadden G, 1999. The complete DNA sequence of myxoma virus. Virology (New York), 264(2):298-318.
Fenner F, 1994. Myxoma virus. Virus infections of rodents and lagomorphs [ed. by Osterhaus, A. D. M. E.]. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers, 59-70.
Fenner F; Fantini B, 1999. Biological control of vertebrate pests: the history of myxomatosis, an experiment in evolution. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, xii + 339 pp.
Fenner F; Ratcliffe FN, 1965. Myxomatosis. Cambridge: University Press, xiv + 379 pp.
Labudovic A; Perkins H; Leeuwen Bvan; Kerr P, 2004. Sequence mapping of the Californian MSW strain of Myxoma virus . Archives of Virology, 149(3):553-570.
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Distribution Maps
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