Datasheet
African swine fever virus
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Pictures
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Picture Title Caption Copyright Title Electron micrograph Caption A micrograph of an ASF virus particle. Copyright ©J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino (CISA)
Electron micrograph A micrograph of an ASF virus particle. ©J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino (CISA) Title Histology Caption Swine macrophages infected with ASF virus showing hemadsorption. Copyright ©J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino (CISA)
Histology Swine macrophages infected with ASF virus showing hemadsorption. ©J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino (CISA)
Identity
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Preferred Scientific Name African swine fever virus (Murphy et al., 1995) English acronym
Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Virus Group: "ssDNA viruses" Group: "DNA viruses" Order: Caudovirales Family: Asfarviridae Genus: Asfivirus Species: African swine fever virus
Distribution Table Top of page The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020
Continent/Country/Region
Distribution
Last Reported
Origin
First Reported
Invasive
Reference
Notes
Africa
Algeria Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Angola Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Benin Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Burkina Faso Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Burundi Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cabo Verde Present OIE (2012)
Chad Present OIE (2012)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Djibouti Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Egypt Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Eswatini Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ethiopia Present CABI (Undated) Original citation: AU-IBAR (2011)
Gambia Present CABI (Undated) Original citation: AU-IBAR (2011)
Ghana Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guinea-Bissau Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kenya Present OIE (2012)
Liberia Present CABI (Undated) Original citation: AU-IBAR (2011)
Libya Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Madagascar Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malawi Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mauritius Present OIE (2012)
Mozambique Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Namibia Present Native OIE Handistatus (2005)
Nigeria Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Réunion Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Rwanda Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Senegal Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Somalia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Tanzania Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Togo Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Tunisia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uganda Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Zambia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Asia
Afghanistan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bahrain Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bangladesh Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bhutan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Brunei Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cambodia Present Arabyan et al. (2019)
China Present Li XiangDong and Tian KeGong (2018)
Georgia Present OIE (2009)
India Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Indonesia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iran Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iraq Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Israel Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Japan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jordan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kazakhstan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kuwait Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Laos Present FAO (2019) Malaysia
-Peninsular Malaysia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sabah Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sarawak Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mongolia Present FAO (2019)
Myanmar Present OIE (2019)
Nepal Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
North Korea Present FAO (2019)
Oman Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Philippines Present OIE (2019a)
Qatar Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Singapore Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
South Korea Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sri Lanka Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Syria Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Tajikistan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Thailand Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Turkey Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Turkmenistan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
United Arab Emirates Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uzbekistan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vietnam Present Le et al. (2019)
Yemen Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Europe
Austria Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Belarus Present Gallardo et al. (2014)
Belgium Present Garigliany et al. (2019)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Croatia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cyprus Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Czechia Present CABI (Undated) Original citation: Kucínský (2017)
Denmark Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Estonia Present Nurmoja et al. (2017)
Finland Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Germany Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Greece Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Hungary Present CABI (Undated) Original citation: Štukelj and Plut (2018)
Iceland Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ireland Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Isle of Man Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Italy Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sardinia Present Mur et al. (2016)
Jersey Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia Present CABI (Undated) Original citation: Olševskis et al. (2016)
Lithuania Present Gallardo et al. (2014)
Luxembourg Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Moldova Present Jurado et al. (2018)
North Macedonia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Norway Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Poland Present Pejsak et al. (2014)
Romania Present Olesen et al. (2018)
Slovenia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sweden Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Switzerland Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ukraine Present Goller et al. (2015)
United Kingdom Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Northern Ireland Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
North America
Barbados Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Belize Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bermuda Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cayman Islands Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Costa Rica Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Curaçao Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominica Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
El Salvador Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guadeloupe Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guatemala Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Honduras Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jamaica Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Martinique Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mexico Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Nicaragua Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Panama Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Trinidad and Tobago Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
United States Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Oceania
Australia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
French Polynesia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Caledonia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Zealand Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Samoa Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vanuatu Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
South America
Argentina Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bolivia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Chile Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Colombia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ecuador Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Falkland Islands Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
French Guiana Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guyana Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Paraguay Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Peru Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uruguay Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Venezuela Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Pathogen Characteristics
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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large enveloped virus containing a double stranded (ds) DNA of approximately 190 kilobase pairs. ASFV shares aspects of genome structure and replication strategy with other large dsDNA viruses, including the Poxviridae, Iridoviridae. Although initially classified as an iridovirus, based largely on virion morphology, increasing knowledge of ASFV molecular biology led to its reclassification as the sole member of a new DNA virus family, Asfarviridae (Dixon et al., 2005 ).
Virus particles have an average diameter of 200 nm (Breese and DeBoer, 1966 ) and are formed by several concentric coats with an external membrane which has a hexagonal outline. The DNA is double stranded; between 170 and 190 kbp, depending on the isolate. A conserved central region, of about 125 kbp is observed, but the ends of the stranded DNA are variable (Blasco et al., 1989 ) and the terminal areas show inverted repetitions (Sogo et al., 1984 ).
The complete DNA sequence of ASFV, isolate BA71v was reported by Yánez et al. (1995) . This isolate was shown to be 170,101 nucleotides long, containing 151 open-reading frames and encoding five multigene families.
Twenty-eight structural proteins have been identified in intracellular virus particles (Tabares et al., 1980 ) and 110 infectious proteins have been described in pig-infected macrophages, of which at least 50 have been shown to react with sera from infected or recovered pigs (Alcaraz et al., 1992 ). Some of these proteins (VP 73, VP 54, VP 30, VP 12) are very antigenic and are used as antigens for diagnostic techniques, but unfortunately no protection appears to be induced by them (Sanchez-Vizcaino, 1999 ).
ASFV replicates predominantly in monocytes and macrophage cells (Malmquist and Hay 1960 ; Mínguez et al., 1988 ). Virus replication has also been observed in: endothelial cells (Wilkinson and Wardley, 1978 ), hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells (Gomez-Villamandos et al., 1995 ) and neutrophils (Carrasco et al., 1996 ). No infection has been described in T or B porcine lymphocytes (Mínguez et al., 1988 ; Gomez-Villamandos et al., 1995 ). ASFV has also been adapted to grow in several stable cell lines such as VERO, MS and CV (Hess et al., 1965 ).
ASFV is very resistant to low temperatures but a temperature of 56ºC for 70 minutes or 60ºC for 20 minutes can inactivate it. It is inactivated at a pH of less than 3.9, or more than 11.5, in serum-free medium; when serum or organic matter is presented resistance is increased. The ASFV is also susceptible to inactivation by ether and choloroform and to several disinfectants such as sodium hydroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, formalin, orthophenylphenol and iodine compounds.
ASFV remains viable for long periods in blood, faeces and tissues. It may persist for several weeks or months in frozen or uncooked meat. In products prepared by curing (such as Parma ham), infectivity was not demonstrated in ham after 300 days of processing and curing (McKercher et al., 1987 ). In Spanish dry-cured meat products such as Serrano hams and Iberian hams and shoulder, the virus survives for 140 days in hams and for 112 days in loin meat (Mebus et al., 1993 ).
ASFV can remain in an infectious state in the vector Ornithodoros ticks for months or occasionally years.
Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int .
References
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African Union-Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, 2011. Pan African Animal Health Yearbook, Nairobi, Kenya: African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR) 2011, xiii + 90 pp. http://www.au-ibar.org/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=71&id=109&Itemid=56&lang=en
Alcaraz C, Alvarez A, Escribano JM, 1992. Flow cytometric analysis of African swine fever virus-induced plasma membrane proteins and their humoral immune response in infected pigs. Virology (New York), 189(1):266-273; 42 ref
Arabyan, E., Kotsynyan, A., Hakobyan, A., Zakaryan, H., 2019. Antiviral agents against African swine fever virus. Virus Research, 270, 197669. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197669
Blasco R, Agüero M, Almendral JM, Vinuela E, 1989. Variable and constant regions in African swine fever virus DNA. Virology (New York), 168(2):330-338; 40 ref
Breese S, De Boer CJ, 1966. Electron microscope observation of Africa swine fever virus in tissue culture cells. Virology, 28:420-428
Carrasco L, Chacón-M de Lara F, Martín de las Mulas J, Gómez-Villamanods JC, Hervás J, Wilkinson PJ, Sierra MA, 1996. Virus association with lymphocytes in acute African swine fever. Veterinary Research, 27(3):305-312; 26 ref
Dixon L. K., Escribano J. M., Martins C., Rock D. L., Salas M. L., Wilkinson P. J., 2005. Asfarviridae. In: Virus taxonomy. VIIIth Report of the ICTV, [ed. by Fauquet, C. M. , Mayo, M. A. , Maniloff, J. , Desselberger, U., Ball, L. A.]. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. 135-143.
FAO, 2019. GIEWS Update. East and Southeast Asia - African Swine Fever is rapidly spreading in East and Southeast Asia threatening food security and livelihoods of households relying on pig farming, 2 July 2019. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.http://www.fao.org/3/ca5273en/ca5273en.pdf
Gallardo, C., Fernández-Pinero, J., Pelayo, V., Gazaev, I., Markowska-Daniel, I., Pridotkas, G., Nieto, R., Fernández-Pacheco, P., Bokhan, S., Nevolko, O., Drozhzhe, Z., Pérez, C., Soler, A., Kolvasov, D., Arias, M., 2014. Genetic variation among African swine fever genotype II viruses, eastern and Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(9), 1544-1547. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/9/pdfs/14-0554.pdf
Garigliany, M., Desmecht, D., Tignon, M., Cassart, D., Lesenfant, C., Paternostre, J., Volpe, R., Cay, A. B., Berg, T. van den, Linden, A., 2019. Phylogeographic analysis of African swine fever virus, Western Europe, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 25(1), 184-186. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/content/25/1/pdfs/v25-n1.pdf doi: 10.3201/eid2501.181535
Goller, K. V., Malogolovkin, A. S., Katorkin, S., Kolbasov, D., Titov, I., Höper, D., Beer, M., Keil, G. M., Portugal, R., Blome, S., 2015. Tandem repeat insertion in African swine fever virus, Russia, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21(4), 731-732. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/4/pdfs/14-1792.pdf doi: 10.3201/eid2104.141792
Gomez-Villamandos J, Hervas J, Mendez A, Carrasco L, Villeda C, Wilkinson P, Sierra M, 1995. Experimental African swine fever: apoptosis of lymphocytes and virus replication in other cells. J. Gen. Virol., 76:2399-2405
Hess WL, Cox BF, Heuschele WP, Stone SS, 1965. Propagation and modification of African swine fever virus in cell cultures. Am. J. Vet. Res., 26:141-146
Jurado, C., Martínez-Avilés, M., Torre, A. de la, Štukelj, M., Ferreira, H. C. de C., Cerioli, M., Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M., Bellini, S., 2018. Relevant measures to prevent the spread of African swine fever in the European Union domestic pig sector. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5(April), 77. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00077/full doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00077
Kucínský, P., 2017. Occurrence of African swine fever in wild pigs in the Czech Republic. (Výskyt Afrického moru prasat v Ceské Republice). Veterinárství, 67(10), 815-820. http://www.vetweb.cz
Le, V. P. , Jeong, D. G., Yoon, S. W., Kwon, H. M. , Trinh, T. B. N., Nguyen, T. L. , Bui, T. T. N. , Oh, J., Kim, J. B. , Cheong, K. M. , Van Tuyen, N., Bae, E., Vu, T. T. H. , Yeom, M., Na, W., Song, D., 2019. Outbreak of African Swine Fever, Vietnam, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1433-1435. doi: 10.3201/eid2507.190303
Li XiangDong, Tian KeGong, 2018. African swine fever in China. Veterinary Record, 183(9), 300-301. http://veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com/archive/
Malmquist WA, Hay D, 1960. Hemadsorption and cytophathic effect produced by African swine fever virus in swine bone marrow and buffy coat cultures. Am. J. Vet. Res., 21:104-108
McKercher PD, Yedloutschnig RJ, Callis JJ, Murphy R, Panina GF, Civardi A, Bugnetti M, Foni E, Laddomada A, Scarano C, Scatozza F, 1987. Survival of viruses in Prosciutto di Parma (Parma ham). Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 20(4):267-272; 13 ref
Medbus CA, House C, Gonzalvo FR, Pineda JM, Tapiador J, Pire JJ, Bergada J, Yedloutschnig RJ, Sahu S, Becerra V, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, 1993. Survival of foot-and-mouth disease, African swine fever, and hog cholera viruses in Spanish Serrano cured hams and Iberian cured hams, shoulders and loins. Food Microbiology, 10(2):133-143; 6 ref
Mínguez I, Rueda A, Domínguez J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, 1988. Double labeling immunohistological study of African swine fever virus-infected spleen and lymph nodes. Veterinary Pathology, 25(3):193-198; 25 ref
Mur, L., Atzeni, M., Martínez-López, B., Feliziani, F., Rolesu, S., Sanchez-Vizcaino, J. M., 2016. Thirty-five-year presence of African swine fever in Sardinia: history, evolution and risk factors for disease maintenance. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 63(2), e165-e177. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.12264/abstract doi: 10.1111/tbed.12264
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Nurmoja, I., Petrov, A., Breidenstein, C., Zani, L., Forth, J. H., Beer, M., Kristian, M., Viltrop, A., Blome, S., 2017. Biological characterization of African swine fever virus genotype II strains from north-eastern Estonia in European wild boar. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64(6), 2034-2041. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/tbed.12614/abstract doi: 10.1111/tbed.12614
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
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OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4. World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health.http://www.oie.int
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OIE, 2019. African swine fever, Philippines, (Immediate notification). In: OIE World Animal Health Information System. Weekly Disease Information, 32(37) . Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health .https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=31677
Olesen, A. S., Lohse, L., Boklund, A., Halasa, T., Belsham, G. J., Rasmussen, T. B., Bøtner, A., 2018. Short time window for transmissibility of African swine fever virus from a contaminated environment. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(4), 1024-1032. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/tbed.12837
Olševskis, E., Guberti, V., Seržants, M., Westergaard, J., Gallardo, C., Rodze, I., Depner, K., 2016. African swine fever virus introduction into the EU in 2014: experience of Latvia. Research in Veterinary Science, 105, 28-30. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00345288 doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.006
Pejsak, Z., Truszczynski, M., Niemczuk, K., Kozak, E., Markowska-Daniel, I., 2014. Epidemiology of African Swine Fever in Poland since the detection of the first case. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(4), 665-672. http://www.uwm.edu.pl/pjvsci/content.html
Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, 1999. African swine fever. In: Leman AD, Straw BE, Mengeling WL, Dallaire S, Taylor DJ, eds. Diseases of swine. 8th edition. Iowa State University
Sogo JM, Almendral JM, Talavera A, Vinuela E, 1984. Terminal and internal inverted repetitions in African swine fever virus DNA. Virology, 133(2):271-275; 14 ref
Štukelj, M., Plut, J., 2018. A review of African swine fever - disease that is now a big concern in Europe. Contemporary Agriculture, (No.2), 110-118. https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/contagri/contagri-overview.xml
Tabares E, Marcotegui MA, Fernandez M, Sanchez Botija C, 1980. Proteins specified by African swine fever virus I. Analysis of viral structural proteins and antigenic properties. Arch. Virol., 66:107-117
Wilkinson PJ, Wardley RC, 1978. The replication of ASFV in pig endothelial cells. Br. Vet. J., 134:280-282
Yánez RJ, Rodríguez JM, Nogal ML, Yuste L, Enríquez C, Rodriguez JF, Vinuela E, 1995. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of African swine fever virus. Virology (New York), 208(1):249-278; many ref
Distribution References Arabyan E, Kotsynyan A, Hakobyan A, Zakaryan H, 2019. Antiviral agents against African swine fever virus. Virus Research. 197669. DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197669
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
FAO, 2019. GIEWS Update. East and Southeast Asia - African Swine Fever is rapidly spreading in East and Southeast Asia threatening food security and livelihoods of households relying on pig farming, 2 July 2019. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/ca5273en/ca5273en.pdf
Gallardo C, Fernández-Pinero J, Pelayo V, Gazaev I, Markowska-Daniel I, Pridotkas G, Nieto R, Fernández-Pacheco P, Bokhan S, Nevolko O, Drozhzhe Z, Pérez C, Soler A, Kolvasov D, Arias M, 2014. Genetic variation among African swine fever genotype II viruses, eastern and Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (9), 1544-1547. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/9/pdfs/14-0554.pdf
Garigliany M, Desmecht D, Tignon M, Cassart D, Lesenfant C, Paternostre J, Volpe R, Cay A B, Berg T van den, Linden A, 2019. Phylogeographic analysis of African swine fever virus, Western Europe, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 25 (1), 184-186. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/content/25/1/pdfs/v25-n1.pdf DOI:10.3201/eid2501.181535
Goller K V, Malogolovkin A S, Katorkin S, Kolbasov D, Titov I, Höper D, Beer M, Keil G M, Portugal R, Blome S, 2015. Tandem repeat insertion in African swine fever virus, Russia, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21 (4), 731-732. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/4/pdfs/14-1792.pdf DOI:10.3201/eid2104.141792
Jurado C, Martínez-Avilés M, Torre A de la, Štukelj M, Ferreira H C de C, Cerioli M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno J M, Bellini S, 2018. Relevant measures to prevent the spread of African swine fever in the European Union domestic pig sector. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 5 (April), 77. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00077/full DOI:10.3389/fvets.2018.00077
Le V P, Jeong D G, Yoon S W, Kwon H M, Trinh T B N, Nguyen T L, Bui T T N, Oh J, Kim J B, Cheong K M, Van Tuyen N, Bae E, Vu T T H, Yeom M, Na W, Song D, 2019. Outbreak of African Swine Fever, Vietnam, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (7), 1433-1435. DOI:10.3201/eid2507.190303
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