African swine fever virus

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Electron micrograph

A micrograph of an ASF virus particle.

©J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino (CISA)

Histology

Swine macrophages infected with ASF virus showing hemadsorption.

©J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino (CISA)

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

African swine fever virus (Murphy et al., 1995)

English acronym

ASFV

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Virus
Group: "ssDNA viruses"
Group: "DNA viruses"
Order: Caudovirales
Family: Asfarviridae
Genus: Asfivirus
Species: African swine fever virus

Diseases Table

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African swine fever

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 21 Dec 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Angola	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Benin	Present	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Botswana	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Burkina Faso	Present, Localized	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Burundi	Present, Localized	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Cabo Verde	Present	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Central African Republic	Present	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Chad	Present, Localized	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2019b)	Jan-Jun-2019
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present, Localized	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Congo, Republic of the	Present, Localized	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019b)	Jan-Jun-2020
Djibouti	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Egypt	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Eritrea	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Eswatini	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ethiopia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a) CABI (Undated)	Jul-Dec-2018
Gambia	Present	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a) CABI (Undated)	Jul-Dec-2018
Ghana	Present	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Guinea-Bissau	Present	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Kenya	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE (2018) OIE (2019b)	Jan-Jun-2020
Lesotho	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jan-Jun-2020
Liberia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a) CABI (Undated)	Jul-Dec-2018
Libya	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Madagascar	Present	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Malawi	Present, Localized	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Mali	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mauritius	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2012) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mayotte	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mozambique	Present	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Namibia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Niger	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nigeria	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Réunion	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Rwanda	Absent	OIE (2018a) OIE Handistatus (2005)	Jan-Jun-2018
Saint Helena	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
São Tomé and Príncipe	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Senegal	Present, Localized	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Seychelles	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Sierra Leone	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Somalia	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
South Africa	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Sudan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tanzania	Present, Localized	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Togo	Present	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tunisia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Uganda	Present, Localized	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Zambia	Present	OIE (2020)	Jul-Dec-2020
Zimbabwe	Present, Localized	OIE (2019b) OIE (2018) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Asia
Afghanistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Armenia	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Azerbaijan	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bahrain	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Bangladesh	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jan-Jun-2020
Bhutan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jan-Jun-2020
Brunei	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cambodia	Present	Arabyan et al. (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)
China	Present	OIE (2020) Li XiangDong and Tian KeGong (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Georgia	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2009) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Hong Kong	Present	OIE (2019b) OIE (2018) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
India	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Indonesia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Iran	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Iraq	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Israel	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Japan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jan-Jun-2020
Jordan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Kazakhstan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Kuwait	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kyrgyzstan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Laos	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) FAO (2019)	Jul-Dec-2020
Lebanon	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Malaysia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
-Peninsular Malaysia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sabah	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sarawak	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Maldives	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Mongolia	Present, Localized	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a) FAO (2019)	Jan-Jun-2019
Myanmar	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2019) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Nepal	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Korea	Present	OIE (2020) FAO (2019) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Oman	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Palestine	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Philippines	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Qatar	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Saudi Arabia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jan-Jun-2020
Singapore	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
South Korea	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Sri Lanka	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Syria	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Taiwan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tajikistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019c)
Thailand	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jan-Jun-2020
Turkey	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Turkmenistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
United Arab Emirates	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Uzbekistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Vietnam	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) Le et al. (2019) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Yemen	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE Handistatus (2005)	Jan-Jun-2020
Europe
Albania	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Andorra	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Austria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belarus	Absent	OIE (2019b) Gallardo et al. (2014) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belgium	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE (2018) Garigliany et al. (2019) OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jan-Jun-2020; in wild animals only
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bulgaria	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Croatia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cyprus	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Czechia	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c) CABI (Undated)	Jul-Dec-2019
Denmark	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Estonia	Present	OIE (2020) Nurmoja et al. (2017) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Faroe Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Finland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
France	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Germany	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2019b)	Jul-Dec-2020
Greece	Present	OIE (2020) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Hungary	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a) CABI (Undated)	Jul-Dec-2020; in wild animals only
Iceland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ireland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Isle of Man	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Italy	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020; in wild animals only
-Sardinia	Present	Mur et al. (2016)
Jersey	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a) CABI (Undated)	Jul-Dec-2020
Liechtenstein	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Lithuania	Present	OIE (2020) Gallardo et al. (2014) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Luxembourg	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malta	Absent	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Moldova	Present	OIE (2020) Jurado et al. (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Montenegro	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Netherlands	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Macedonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Norway	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Poland	Present	OIE (2020) Pejsak et al. (2014) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Portugal	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Romania	Present	OIE (2020) Olesen et al. (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Russia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
San Marino	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Serbia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Slovakia	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Slovenia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Spain	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Sweden	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Switzerland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Ukraine	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) Goller et al. (2015) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
United Kingdom	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
-Northern Ireland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
North America
Bahamas	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Barbados	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Belize	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bermuda	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cayman Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Costa Rica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cuba	Absent	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Curaçao	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019c)
Dominica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominican Republic	Absent	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
El Salvador	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Greenland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Guadeloupe	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Guatemala	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Haiti	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Honduras	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Jamaica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Martinique	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mexico	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nicaragua	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Panama	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Lucia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Trinidad and Tobago	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018a)
United States	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Oceania
Australia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cook Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Federated States of Micronesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Fiji	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
French Polynesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kiribati	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Marshall Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
New Caledonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
New Zealand	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Palau	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020)	Jul-Dec-2020
Papua New Guinea	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Samoa	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Timor-Leste	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Tonga	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Vanuatu	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
South America
Argentina	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bolivia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Brazil	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Chile	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Colombia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ecuador	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Falkland Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
French Guiana	Absent	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Guyana	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Paraguay	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Peru	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Suriname	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Uruguay	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019b) OIE (2019c)	Jul-Dec-2019
Venezuela	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019c) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019

Pathogen Characteristics

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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large enveloped virus containing a double stranded (ds) DNA of approximately 190 kilobase pairs. ASFV shares aspects of genome structure and replication strategy with other large dsDNA viruses, including the Poxviridae, Iridoviridae. Although initially classified as an iridovirus, based largely on virion morphology, increasing knowledge of ASFV molecular biology led to its reclassification as the sole member of a new DNA virus family, Asfarviridae (Dixon et al., 2005).

Virus particles have an average diameter of 200 nm (Breese and DeBoer, 1966) and are formed by several concentric coats with an external membrane which has a hexagonal outline. The DNA is double stranded; between 170 and 190 kbp, depending on the isolate. A conserved central region, of about 125 kbp is observed, but the ends of the stranded DNA are variable (Blasco et al., 1989) and the terminal areas show inverted repetitions (Sogo et al., 1984).

The complete DNA sequence of ASFV, isolate BA71v was reported by Yánez et al. (1995). This isolate was shown to be 170,101 nucleotides long, containing 151 open-reading frames and encoding five multigene families.

Twenty-eight structural proteins have been identified in intracellular virus particles (Tabares et al., 1980) and 110 infectious proteins have been described in pig-infected macrophages, of which at least 50 have been shown to react with sera from infected or recovered pigs (Alcaraz et al., 1992). Some of these proteins (VP 73, VP 54, VP 30, VP 12) are very antigenic and are used as antigens for diagnostic techniques, but unfortunately no protection appears to be induced by them (Sanchez-Vizcaino, 1999).

ASFV replicates predominantly in monocytes and macrophage cells (Malmquist and Hay 1960; Mínguez et al., 1988). Virus replication has also been observed in: endothelial cells (Wilkinson and Wardley, 1978), hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells (Gomez-Villamandos et al., 1995) and neutrophils (Carrasco et al., 1996). No infection has been described in T or B porcine lymphocytes (Mínguez et al., 1988; Gomez-Villamandos et al., 1995). ASFV has also been adapted to grow in several stable cell lines such as VERO, MS and CV (Hess et al., 1965).

ASFV is very resistant to low temperatures but a temperature of 56ºC for 70 minutes or 60ºC for 20 minutes can inactivate it. It is inactivated at a pH of less than 3.9, or more than 11.5, in serum-free medium; when serum or organic matter is presented resistance is increased. The ASFV is also susceptible to inactivation by ether and choloroform and to several disinfectants such as sodium hydroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, formalin, orthophenylphenol and iodine compounds.

ASFV remains viable for long periods in blood, faeces and tissues. It may persist for several weeks or months in frozen or uncooked meat. In products prepared by curing (such as Parma ham), infectivity was not demonstrated in ham after 300 days of processing and curing (McKercher et al., 1987). In Spanish dry-cured meat products such as Serrano hams and Iberian hams and shoulder, the virus survives for 140 days in hams and for 112 days in loin meat (Mebus et al., 1993).

ASFV can remain in an infectious state in the vector Ornithodoros ticks for months or occasionally years.

Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int.

Host Animals

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Animal name	Context	Life stage	System
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni	Wild host
Phacochoerus aethiopicus	Wild host
Phacochoerus africanus	Wild host
Potamochoerus larvatus	Wild host
Potamochoerus porcus	Wild host
Sus scrofa (pigs)

Vectors and Intermediate Hosts

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Vector	Source	Group	Distribution
Ornithodoros coriaceus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros erraticus		Tick	Gibraltar; Portugal; Spain
Ornithodoros erraticus erraticus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros moubata		Tick	Central Africa; Southern Africa; West Africa
Ornithodoros moubata moubata	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros moubata porcinus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros parkeri	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros puertoricensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros savignyi		Tick	Africa
Simulium damnosum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Simulium exiguum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Stomoxys calcitrans	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Triatoma gerstaeckeri	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Triatoma infestans	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0

References

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Distribution References

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Mur L, Atzeni M, Martínez-López B, Feliziani F, Rolesu S, Sanchez-Vizcaino J M, 2016. Thirty-five-year presence of African swine fever in Sardinia: history, evolution and risk factors for disease maintenance. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 63 (2), e165-e177. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.12264/abstract DOI:10.1111/tbed.12264

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Pejsak Z, Truszczyński M, Niemczuk K, Kozak E, Markowska-Daniel I, 2014. Epidemiology of African Swine Fever in Poland since the detection of the first case. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 17 (4), 665-672. http://www.uwm.edu.pl/pjvsci/content.html