Ameiurus melas (black bullhead)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Introductions
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Water Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Threatened Species
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque, 1820)
Preferred Common Name
- black bullhead
Other Scientific Names
- Ameirus melas Rafinesque, 1820
- Ameiurus melas melas (Rafinesque, 1820)
- Ameiurus vulgaris Thompson, 1842
- Ictalurus melas Rafinesque, 1820
- Ictalurus melas melas Rafinesque, 1820
- Silurus melas Rafinesque, 1820
International Common Names
- English: black catfish; bullhead; catfish; catfish, black; homedpout; hornedpout; poisson-chat; yellow belly bullhead
- Spanish: bagre; bagre torito negro
- French: barbotte noire; poisson-chat
Local Common Names
- Albania: peshku mace e zezë
- Austria: schwarzer zwergwels
- Canada/Quebec: barbotte noire
- Denmark: sort dværgmall
- Finland: mustapiikkimonni
- Germany: schwarzer katzenwels; Schwarzer zwergels; Schwarzer Zwergwels
- Italy: pesce gatto
- Netherlands: zwarte Amerikaanse dwergmeerval; zwarte Amerikaanse dwergmeerval
- Poland: sumik czarny
- Portugal: peixe-gato
- Sweden: svart dvärgmal
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageA. melas, commonly known as the black bullhead, is a species of bullhead catfish native to Canada, USA and Mexico. It has been introduced into numerous countries in Europe, South America and many states in the USA and is now established in at least 15 countries (Nijssen and De Groot, 1974; Wheeler, 1978; Copp et al., 2005; Cvijanovic et al., 2005; Musil et al., 2008; Nowak et al., 2010). This species is normally considered a detritivore but recent studies suggest its diet could include fish and fish eggs (Boet, 1980). Therefore, this species might be reducing the amount of available prey for native predators. Black bullhead may also have an indirect effect by increasing turbidity (Braig and Johnson, 2003), potentially modifying the feeding efficiency of visual predators (Reid et al., 1999; Utne-Palm, 2002). Black bullheads tend to be found in high local abundance, their behaviour could therefore interfere with accompanying species and negatively affect the behaviour of native predators and prey. A. melas is listed as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2015).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Actinopterygii
- Order: Siluriformes
- Family: Ictaluridae
- Genus: Ameiurus
- Species: Ameiurus melas
Description
Top of pageIt is difficult to distinguish between sexes although the female is noticeably fuller in the breeding season. Head is large and rounded above, with small eyes. Barbels at corners of mouth are about twice as long as those near nostrils. Chin barbels are dark or black. Mouth is terminal and jaws are equal in length, or with the lower one longer; distance between isthmus and lower jaw notches almost equal to distance from lower jaw notch to tip of lower jaw. Area between head and origin of dorsal compressible, no bony ridge.
Dorsal Fins: Adipose fin short, fleshy, free at posterior end, obviously well separated from the caudal fin dorsal inter-ray membranes usually noticeably darkened.
Caudal fin: round, square, or slightly indented, never deeply forked.
Anal fin does not reach anterior rays of caudal fin; anal fin rays 17 to 24.
Tail squarish, not deeply forked. Barbs on trailing edge of pectoral spines weak or absent, especially near tip; if present near base, barbs usually catch fingernail only when moved toward base.
Coloration: variable, dorsal surface greenish, yellowish, brownish or slate grey-olive, sides lighter, ventral body bright yellow, yellow or milk-white. Fins normally conspicuously darker than the adjacent parts of the body. Anal base pale, distal two-thirds between the rays black; in young fish less than 10 cm in length, the entire fins may be black.
A. melas usually weigh less than 400 g, occasionally approaching 1 kg (2.2 pounds). It is common for them to reach lengths of 254-318 mm (10-12 inches) although specimens as big as 457 mm (18 inches) have been reported. A. melas can live for 4-5 years, although not many live beyond 3 years.
Distribution
Top of pageNative to Canada, USA and Mexico, black bullhead have been introduced to Europe, South America and many states in the USA and the species is now established in at least 15 countries (Nijssen and De Groot, 1974; Wheeler, 1978; Copp et al., 2005; Cvijanovic et al., 2005; Musil et al., 2008; Nowak et al., 2010).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | Introduced | |||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | 1880 | ||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | 2003 | ||||
Denmark | Present | Introduced | 1900 | ||||
France | Present | Introduced | 1871 | ||||
Germany | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1987-1988 | ||||
Hungary | Present | Introduced | 1902 | ||||
Ireland | Present | Introduced | 1980 | ||||
Italy | Present | Introduced | |||||
Netherlands | Present | Introduced | 1900 | ||||
Norway | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Elvira (2001) | ||||
Poland | Present | Introduced | |||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlif (2002) | ||||
Romania | Present | Introduced | 1997 | ||||
Russia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Present | Introduced | |||||
Slovenia | Present | Introduced | 1935 | ||||
Spain | Present | Introduced | 1910 | ||||
Switzerland | Present | Introduced | |||||
United Kingdom | Present | Introduced | 1880 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | Native | |||||
-British Columbia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Manitoba | Present | Native | Original citation: Robins and et al. (1980) | ||||
-Saskatchewan | Present | Native | Original citation: Robins and et al. (1980) | ||||
Mexico | Present | Native | |||||
United States | Present | Native | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Native | Original citation: Darr (2004) | ||||
-Arizona | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Lee and et al. (1980) | ||||
-Arkansas | Present | Native | |||||
-California | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Curtis (1949) | ||||
-Colorado | Present | Native | Original citation: Everhart and Seaman (1971) | ||||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Behnke and Wetzel (1960) | ||||
-Georgia | Present | Native | Original citation: Dahlberg and Scott (1971) | ||||
-Idaho | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Idaho Fish and Game (1990) | ||||
-Illinois | Present | Native | Original citation: Smith (1979) | ||||
-Indiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Iowa | Present | Native | |||||
-Kansas | Present | Native | Original citation: Cross (1967) | ||||
-Kentucky | Present | Native | Original citation: Kinman (1993) | ||||
-Louisiana | Present | Native | Original citation: Hardy and LeGrande (1979) | ||||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Lee and et al. (1980) | ||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Hartel (1992) | ||||
-Michigan | Present | Native | Original citation: Bailey and Smith (1958) | ||||
-Minnesota | Present | Native | Original citation: Siems and et al. (2001) | ||||
-Mississippi | Present | Native | |||||
-Missouri | Present | Native | Original citation: Pflieger (1975) | ||||
-Montana | Present | Native | Original citation: Brown (1971) | ||||
-Nebraska | Present | Native | Original citation: Jones (1963) | ||||
-Nevada | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Deacon and Williams (1984) | ||||
-New Jersey | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Mexico | Present | Native | Original citation: Koster (1957) | ||||
-New York | Present | Original citation: Smith (1985) | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Menhinick (1991) | ||||
-North Dakota | Present | Native | |||||
-Ohio | Present | Native | Original citation: Trautman (1981) | ||||
-Tennessee | Present | Native | Original citation: Etnier and Starnes (1993) | ||||
-Texas | Present | Native | Original citation: Hubbs and et al. (1991) | ||||
-Utah | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Utah Department of Natural Resources (UTDNR) (1990) | ||||
-Virginia | Present | Native | Original citation: Lee and et al. (1980) | ||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Wydoski and Whitney (1979) | ||||
-West Virginia | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Burkhead and et al. (1980) | ||||
-Wisconsin | Present | Original citation: Becker (1983) | |||||
-Wyoming | Present | Original citation: Baxter and Simon (1970) | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | 1907 |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageIntroductions of black bullhead have historically been for either aquaculture, recreational fishing or as an ornamental species. This species was first recorded in the UK in 1885, although no location details are held. Black bullhead was introduced into France from North America in 1871 and is now widespread in Europe (Wheeler, 1978). In Poland, it is suggested that the black bullhead was co-introduced into Polish waters with the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), at the end of the nineteenth century. In European waters, the dispersal mechanism is not clear but spread could be as a result of accidental and illegal introductions or natural dispersion between countries via watercourses (Nowak et al., 2010; Copp et al., unpublished).
Introductions
Top of pageIntroduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reason | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
Albania | Unknown | Yes | No | FAO (1997) | ||||
Belgium | North America | 1882, 1892 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Private sector | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |
British Columbia | Washington | Interconnected waterways (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Scott and Crossman (1973); Scott and Crossman (1973) | ||
Chile | USA | 1907 | Fisheries (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |
France | USA | 1871 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |
Germany | USA | 1885 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |
Hungary | Italy | 1902 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Government | Yes | No | FAO (1997); Welcomme (1988) | |
Hungary | 1902 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Government | Yes | No | FAO (1997); Welcomme (1988) | ||
Ireland | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |||
Italy | North America | 1900s | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Bianco and Ketmaier (2001); Bianco and Ketmaier (2001) | |
Netherlands | USA | 1900 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |
Netherlands | France | 1900 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |
Netherlands | Germany | 1900 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | |
Norway | USA | 1890 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Elvira (2001) | |
Portugal | 1990s | Fisheries (pathway cause) | Unknown | No | No | Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlif (2002) | ||
Russian Federation | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | ||||
Spain | 1980s | Fisheries (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | ||
Switzerland | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | FAO (1997) | |||
UK | Italy | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) | ||
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) | USA | 1905 | Aquaculture (pathway cause) | Unknown | Yes | No | Welcomme (1988) |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageIn European waters, the dispersal mechanism is not clear and could be as a result of accidental and illegal introductions or natural dispersion between countries via watercourses (Copp et al., unpublished); however, in Poland it is presumed that their spread is a result of unregistered, illegal introduction by recreational fishers (Nowak et al., 2010). It has also been suggested that A. melas has been introduced as both an ornamental species and possibly as escapees from aquaculture. Legislature in France has identified this species as a ‘species liable to cause biological disequilibrium’ (Cucherousset et al., 2007) and as such strict rules prohibit its introduction.
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Freshwater | Irrigation channels | Present, no further details | ||
Freshwater | Lakes | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Reservoirs | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Ponds | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The modal number of chromosomes in the black bullhead is 60 (Clark and Mathis, 1982).
Reproductive Biology
In its native range in North America, the spawning season for the black bullhead starts in late April and goes through to early June, when water temperatures are about 20-21°C (Scott and Crossman, 1973). The females scoop out a small hole or depression in the lake floor usually in water about 0.6-1.2 m (2-4 ft.) deep in soft substrate, like silt or mud (Wallace, 1967). Females produce between 2000 and 3800 eggs (Etnier and Starnes, 1993). Spawning occurs five times over a one-hour period. The males fertilize the eggs and then watch over the nest for up to ten days. When the eggs hatch, both parents will watch over the fry (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Longevity
A. melas live for 4-5 years, although not many live beyond 3 years.The maximum reported age for black bullhead is 10 years (Froese and Pauly, 2015).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climate | Preferred | Average temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°C | |
D - Continental/Microthermal climate | Preferred | Continental/Microthermal climate (Average temp. of coldest month < 0°C, mean warmest month > 10°C) |
Water Tolerances
Top of pageParameter | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Typical Value | Status | Life Stage | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | >7.0 | Optimum | Adult | S = summer; W = winter | ||
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | (W) <0.2 | (W) 0.3 | (S) <3.0 | Harmful | Adult | S = summer; W = winter |
Salinity (part per thousand) | >8000 | Harmful | Egg | |||
Spawning temperature (ºC temperature) | >20 | Optimum | Broodstock | |||
Suspended solids (mg/l) | 100 | 600 | Optimum | Adult | (total dissolved solids) | |
Water pH (pH) | <3.4 | Harmful | Adult | |||
Water pH (pH) | 6.5 | 8.0 | Optimum | Adult | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | >27 | Harmful | Egg | |||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 20 | 22 | Optimum | Egg | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 20 | 22 | Optimum | Larval | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 23 | 24 | Optimum | Adult | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 23 | 24 | Optimum | Fry | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 35 | 39 | Harmful | Adult | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 35 | 39 | Harmful | Broodstock | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 35 | 39 | Harmful | Larval | ||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 35 | 39 | Harmful | Fry |
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Micropterus dolomieu | Predator | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Fry | ||||
Micropterus salmoides | Predator | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Fry | ||||
Morone chrysops | Predator | All Stages |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageA. melas have large sharp spines on both their dorsal and pectoral fins; when attacked they straighten them making them difficult to swallow and as such very few predators are able to consume them (Becker, 1983). This species also produces a mild poison that runs down the spines and into the wound. These spines combined with the species' nocturnal feeding regime make black bullheads an uncommon prey item for other fish species. Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), herons as well as some turtle species occasionally consume the young and small adults (Becker, 1983), with their main predator being humans.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageIn European waters, the dispersal mechanism is not clear and could be as a result of accidental and illegal introductions or natural dispersion between countries via watercourses (Copp et al., unpublished).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aquaculture | Yes | Yes | ||
Botanical gardens and zoos | Yes | Yes | ||
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | |||
Fisheries | Yes | Yes | ||
Flooding and other natural disasters | Yes | Yes | ||
Food | Yes | Yes | ||
Hunting, angling, sport or racing | Yes | |||
Intentional release | Yes | Yes | ||
Interbasin transfers | Yes | Yes | ||
Interconnected waterways | Yes | Yes | ||
Live food or feed trade | Yes | Yes | ||
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes | ||
Pet trade | Yes | Yes | ||
Stocking | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aquaculture stock | Yes | Yes | ||
Pets and aquarium species | Yes | Yes | ||
Water | Yes | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Biodiversity (generally) | Negative |
Fisheries / aquaculture | Positive |
Native fauna | Negative |
Rare/protected species | Negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageThere is potential that this species can have a negative economic impact on communities as this fish can be a 'nuisance' species taking lines/bait intended for other species. Anglers not targeting this species might therefore move on to black bullhead free waters taking not only the money from recreational fishing but tourism (food, accommodation and transportation) all of which may provide economic opportunities locally.
Environmental Impact
Top of pageImpact on Habitats
Of the countries where it has been introduced in Europe there may be impacts on habitat (direct or indirect), potentially through increased turbidity related to reduced macrophyte growth and reduced stability of substrates.
Impact on Biodiversity
Impacts such as competition (for food and/or space) with native species, and predation of native species have been reported. This species is normally considered a detritivore but recent studies suggest its diet could include fish and fish eggs (Boet, 1980). Therefore, this species might be reducing the amount of available prey for native predators. Due to the generalist and opportunistic feeding habits of this species, Leunda et al. (2008) analyzed data from Spain and Portugal indicating impacts on a wide range of potential prey species as well as impacts through competition. In this study, black bullheads consumed plant material, terrestrial prey and co-occurring fish species (native or exotic), taking the most abundant and available prey. According to Marsh and Douglas (1997), introduced A. melas feed on endangered humpback chub, Gila cypha, in the Little Colorado River (USA) and may exert a negative impact on the population there. Minckley (1973) reported that A. melas is considered a pest in Arizona as it forms large populations which compete with more desirable fishes for space and food. They are also voracious predators of newly hatched gamefish (Whitmore, 1997). According to Rosen et al. (1995), introduced predatory fishes, including A. melas, are probably partially responsible for the decline of the Chiricahua leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis) in south-eastern Arizona.
Black bullhead may also have an indirect effect by increasing turbidity (Braig and Johnson, 2003), potentially modifying the feeding efficiency of visual predators (Reid et al., 1999; Utne-Palm, 2002). Black bullheads tend to be found in high local abundance, their behaviour could therefore interfere with accompanying species and negatively affect the behavior of native predators and prey.
Threatened Species
Top of pageThreatened Species | Conservation Status | Where Threatened | Mechanism | References | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gila cypha | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered) | Arizona; New Mexico | Predation | Marsh and Douglas (1997) | |
Hyla wrightorum (Arizona treefrog) | LC (IUCN red list: Least concern) | Arizona | Predation | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013)) | |
Pacifastacus fortis (Shasta crayfish) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Predation | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009)) | |
Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado pikeminnow) | No Details | Colorado | Predation | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011)) | |
Rana chiricahuensis (Chiricahua leopard frog) | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable) | Arizona | Rosen et al. (1995) |
Social Impact
Top of pageThere is potential for the black bullhead to cause a negative social impact as it can be a 'nuisance' species taking lines/bait intended for other species, because of this anglers not targeting this species might move on to black bullhead free waters.
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerant of shade
- Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
- Has high reproductive potential
- Gregarious
- Conflict
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of natural benthic communities
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Negatively impacts aquaculture/fisheries
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of endangered species
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Predation
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses List
Top of pageHuman food and beverage
- Cured meat
- Fresh meat
- Frozen meat
- Live product for human consumption
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageA close congener to the black bullhead is the brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur, 1819). One of the main distinguishing features separating the two species is that the black bullhead is with rough or irregular small barbs on the trailing edge of the pectoral spines weak; whereas for the brown bullhead, the pectoral spike edge is with regular saw-like barbs. Other distinguishing features include the number of anal ray fins; the black bullhead has 15-21 anal ray fins, the brown bullhead 21-24. The colour pattern also varies with black bullhead being mainly solid and dark, with a white or yellow belly; faint pale yellow vertical bar at base of tail while the brown bullhead is usually mottled, but may be solid, generally yellow brown or grayish, belly usually cream or tan; no bar at base of tail.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
References
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Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, 2003. Arkansas Fishing Guidebook. Online at www.agfc.state.ar.us/pdf/2003fishregs.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2004.
Arkhipchuk VV, 1999. Chromosome database. Database of Dr. Victor Arkhipchuk. Ukraine.
Bailey RM, Smith GR, 1958. [revised 2002] Names Of Michigan Fishes. Fisheries Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Online at www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/fishing/names_of_MIfishes.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2004.
Baxter GT, Simon JR, 1970. Wyoming Fishes. Bulletin 4. Cheyenne, Wyoming: Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 168 pp.
Becker GC, 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Behnke RJ, Wetzel RM, 1960. A preliminary list of the fishes found in the fresh waters of Connecticut. Copeia, 1960(1):141-143.
Boet P, 1980. The catfish feed ( Ictalurus melas Raf. ) In Lake Creteil. (L'alimentation du poisson-chat (Ictalurus melas Raf.) dans le lac de Creteil.) Annales de Limnologie, 16(3):255-270.
Braig EC, Johnson DL, 2003. Impact of black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) on turbidity in a diked wetland. Hydrobiologia, 490:11-21.
Breder CM, Rosen DE, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. TFH Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, 941 pp.
Brown CJD, 1971. Fishes of Montana. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University.
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Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 2002. Report of the Group of Experts on Invasive Alien Species, Horta (Azores, Portugal), 12 October 2002, 61 pp.
Cooper EL, 1983. Fishes of Pennsylvania and the northeastern United States. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 183 pp.
Copp GH, Tarkan AS, Godard MJ, Novomeska A, Miranda R, Valente E, Cucherousset J, Pedicillo G, Blackwell B, Unpublished. A review of growth and life-history traits of black bullhead Ameiurus melas in its native north american and introduced European ranges.
Cross FB, 1967. Handbook of Fishes of Kansas. Topeka, Kansas: State Biological Survey and University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publication 45.
Cucherousset J, Paillisson JM, Carpentier A, Chapman LJ, 2007. Fish emigration from temporary wetlands during drought: the role of physiological tolerance. Fundamental and Applied Limnology-Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 168:169-178.
Curtis B, 1949. The warmwater game fishes of California. California Fish and Game, 35(4):255-273.
Cvijanovic G, Lenhardt M, Hegediš A, 2005. The first record of black bullhead Ameiurus melas (Pisces, Ictaluridae) in Serbian waters. Archives of Biological Science, Belgrade, 57:21-22.
Dahlberg MD, Scott DC, 1971. Introductions of freshwater fishes in Georgia. Bulletin of the Georgia Academy of Science, 29:245-252.
Darr D, 2004. Fishing, Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Online at www.conservation.alabama.gov/agfd/fish/fishing.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2004.
Deacon JE, Williams JE, 1984. Annotated list of the fishes of Nevada. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97(1):103-118.
Elvira B, 2001. Identification of non-native freshwater fishes established in Europe and assessment of their potential threats to the biological diversity, Convention On The Conservation Of European Wildlife And Natural Habitats Standing Committee 21st Meeting Strasbourg, 26-30 November 2001, 20 pp.
Etnier DA, Starnes WC, 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
Everhart WH, Seaman WR, 1971. Fishes of Colorado. Colorado Game, Fish and Parks Division, Denver, Colorado, 75 pp.
FAO, 1997. FAO Database on Introduced Aquatic Species. FAO, Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
FishBase, 2004. Entry for Ameiurus melas. Main ref. Page LM, Burr BM, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 432 pp. Online at www.fishbase.org. Accessed 13 October 2004.
Foltz JW, Rohde FC, 2003. List of Freshwater Fishes of South Carolina. Online at http://people.clemson.edu/%7Ejwfoltz/scfish/fishlist.htm. Accessed 9 September 2004.
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Distribution References
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, 2003. Arkansas Fishing Guidebook., http://www.agfc.state.ar.us/pdf/2003fishregs.pdf
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
FAO, 1997. FAO Database on Introduced Aquatic Species., Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
Froese R, Pauly D, 2004. FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org
Hole RB Jr, 2003. Mississippi Freshwater Fishes., http://www.interaktv.com/MS/Fishes.html#Top
Indiana Department of Conservation, 1964. Division of Fish and Game, Fishes of Indiana.,
Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 2004. Fish Species Found in Iowa., http://www.state.ia.us/dnr/organiza/fwb/fish/iafish/iowalist.htm
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2000. IBI Summary Report., NJ Department of Environmental Protection Division of Watershed Management. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/wmm/bfbm/download/ibi2000.pdf
North Dakota Game and Fish Department, 1994. Fishes of the Dakotas. In: North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Bismarck, ND, Jamestown, ND, North Dakota Game and Fish Department Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/dakfish/dakfish.htm
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Fishes of Minnesota, General College of the University of Minnesota | http://www.gen.umn.edu/research/fish/fishes/ | |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page25/05/15 Updated by:
Michael Godard, Consultant, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada
26/04/04 Original text by:
Uma Sabapathy Allen, Human Sciences, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8DE, UK
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