Electron micrograph of bovine herpesvirus 1 particles. The envelope surrounds the icosahedral capsid.
Copyright
Etienne Thiry
Electron micrograph
Electron micrograph of bovine herpesvirus 1 particles. The envelope surrounds the icosahedral capsid.
Etienne Thiry
Title
Genome
Caption
The Bovine herpesvirus 1 genome is subdivided in two parts covalently linked: a long unit (UL, 104 kbp) and a short unit (US, 10 kbp), flanked by two inverted repeat regions of 11 kbp (Internal Repeat (IR) and Terminal Repeat (TR)). The localization of glycoprotein genes is indicated.
Copyright
Etienne Thiry
Genome
The Bovine herpesvirus 1 genome is subdivided in two parts covalently linked: a long unit (UL, 104 kbp) and a short unit (US, 10 kbp), flanked by two inverted repeat regions of 11 kbp (Internal Repeat (IR) and Terminal Repeat (TR)). The localization of glycoprotein genes is indicated.
The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
BHV-1 belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Varicellovirus. BHV-1 is an enveloped virus with an icosahedric capsid made of 162 capsomeres (Schwyzer and Ackermann, 1996). BHV-1 is a double-stranded DNA virus, 135-140 kbp in size (Mayfield et al., 1983; Wyler et al., 1989). At least ten glycoproteins are present on the envelope. They can be differentiated into glycoproteins essential for virus replication like gB, gD and gH, and non essential glycoproteins like gC, gE and gI (Baranowski et al., 1996). The three major glycoproteins, i.e. the most abundant ones in the virion, are gB, gC and gD.
The virus exhibits a tropism for epithelial cells, blood mononuclear cells and neurones. Virus replication takes place in the nucleus of the infected cell.
BHV-1 has two subtypes, called subtype 1 and 2, which can be characterized by the restriction endonuclease profiles of viral DNA (Engels et al., 1987), and by a few discriminating monoclonal antibodies (Metzler et al., 1985; Rijsewijk et al., 1999). All BHV-1 strains are very close, both antigenically and genomically. Since the 1970s, strains of subtype 1 have mainly been isolated from the respiratory tract (IBR strains). Strains of subtype 2 are mainly genital viruses, which had been isolated before the 1970s (Edwards et al., 1990). However, the subtype distinction does not segregate all the respiratory strains from the genital isolates. Strains isolated from aborted foetuses mainly belong to subtype 1 (Pauli et al., 1984; Miller et al., 1991). Whatever the vaccine strain used, each subtype will successfully protect against the other one.
Previously, BHV-1 subtype 3 was assigned a virus species and is now called BHV-5 or bovine encephalitis herpesvirus (Brake and Studdert, 1985).
BHV-1 strains can also be distinguished on the basis of their virulence. Hypervirulent and attenuated strains have been characterized by the induced clinical signs in experimentally infected animals (Kaashoek et al., 1996). However, the virulence character cannot be linked to a biochemical marker.
Several alphaherpesviruses isolated from other ruminant species are closely related to BHV-1: caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1) (Engels et al., 1987), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CerHV-1) (Inglis et al., 1983), rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (RanHV-1) (Ek-Kommonen et al., 1986) and buffalo herpesvirus (Brake and Studdert, 1985). Recently, a herpesvirus related to BHV-1 was also isolated from elk (Deregt et al., 2000).
Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's Handistatus database on disease occurrence. Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int.
Deregt D et al., 2000. Antigenic and molecular characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from a North American elk. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61:1614-1618.
Ek-Kommonen C; Pelkonen S; Nettleton PF, 1986. Isolation of a herpesvirus serologically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 from a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 27:299-301.
Engels M et al., 1987. The genome of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) strains exhibiting a neuropathogenic potential compared to known BHV-1 strains by restriction site mapping and cross-hybridization. Virus Research, 6:57-73.
Inglis DM; Bowie JM; Allan MJ; Nettleton PF, 1983. Ocular disease in red deer calves associated with a herpes virus infection. Veterinary Record, 113:182-183.
Metzler AE et al., 1985. European isolates of bovine herpesvirus 1: a comparison of restriction endonuclease sites, polypeptides and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. Archives of Virology, 85:57-69.
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Pauli G; Gregersen J-P; Storz J; Ludwig H, 1984. Biology and molecular biology of latent bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1). Latent herpesvirus infections in veterinary medicine, 229-239; [Series: Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, volume 27]; 14 ref.
