Bos taurus (cattle)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Threatened Species
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Prevention and Control
- Bibliography
- References
- Links to Websites
- Principal Source
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Bos taurus
Preferred Common Name
- cattle
Other Scientific Names
- Bos indicus Linnaeus, 1758
- Bos primigenius Bojanes, 1827
International Common Names
- English: bull; bulls; calf; calves; cow; cows; ox; oxen; taurine cattle
- Spanish: ganados
- French: bétail; vaches; veau
Local Common Names
- Germany: Hausrind; Vieh
- Italy: bestiami
- Portugal: gado
DADIS local name
- Aurochs
- B.p. namadicus
- B.p. opisthonomus
- B.p. primigenius
- Bos
- reem
- rimu
- Ur
- urus
- wild ox
- Willayati and Cross
DADIS main name
- Exotic and cross-bred
- Tur
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageFeral cattle (Bos taurus) are escaped or released domestic animals. Unless well contained by adequate fences, they form feral herds and wander into native vegetation wherever suitable food is available. They can severely modify native vegetation by browsing, crushing and trampling. In native forests they invariably lay bare the forest floor and eliminate nearly all young trees, shrubs and ferns until only a few unpalatable or browse-resistant species remain. In subalpine environments feral cattle open up clearings by breaking down and browsing low-canopied vegetation.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Artiodactyla
- Suborder: Ruminantia
- Family: Bovidae
- Genus: Bos
- Species: Bos taurus
Description
Top of pageFeral cattle can be distinguished from domestic stock only by their location and lack of ear marks or tags. Their size and conformation vary greatly depending on sex, age and breed. The male is heavier and larger, particularly around the head and neck. The hair is either straight or curly, and ranges from whitish to black with shades and blotches of red, roan, brown or buff. Both sexes can have horns, which are permanent and hollow, and grow throughout life over bony cores projecting from a prominent ridge on the skull. The horns of bulls are usually shorter and thicker than those of cows (Parkes, 2005).
Distribution
Top of pageThe ancestors of today's Eurasian breeds of humpless cattle were the "wild aurochs" - large, formidable, long-legged and long-horned beasts - the last of which were hunted to extinction in Poland in 1627. Archaeological evidence suggests that cattle were first domesticated in the Middle East between 6000 and 5000 BC, and spread from there through Africa and Europe. Other early independent centres of domestication included Switzerland, Germany and Denmark. Hundreds of distinct breeds have been produced by artificial selection and transported throughout the world (Parkes, 2005).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | ||||||
Benin | Present | ||||||
Botswana | Present | ||||||
Burkina Faso | Present | ||||||
Burundi | Present | ||||||
Cabo Verde | Present | ||||||
Cameroon | Present | ||||||
Central African Republic | Present | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | ||||||
Egypt | Present | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
Gambia | Present | ||||||
Ghana | Present | ||||||
Guinea | Present | ||||||
Kenya | Present | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | ||||||
Malawi | Present | ||||||
Mali | Present | ||||||
Mauritania | Present | ||||||
Morocco | Present | ||||||
Mozambique | Present | ||||||
Namibia | Present | ||||||
Niger | Present | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | ||||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | 1649 | As: Bos taurus | |||
Saint Helena | Present | Introduced | 1550 | As: Bos taurus | |||
Senegal | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Sudan | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | ||||||
Togo | Present | ||||||
Tunisia | Present | ||||||
Uganda | Present | ||||||
Zambia | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Antarctica |
|||||||
French Southern Territories | Present, Localized | Introduced | 1871 | Invasive | |||
Asia |
|||||||
Bangladesh | Present | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | ||||||
China | Present | ||||||
-Anhui | Present | ||||||
-Beijing | Present | ||||||
-Gansu | Present | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
-Guangxi | Present | ||||||
-Guizhou | Present | ||||||
-Heilongjiang | Present | ||||||
-Henan | Present | ||||||
-Hubei | Present | ||||||
-Hunan | Present | ||||||
-Jiangsu | Present | ||||||
-Jiangxi | Present | ||||||
-Jilin | Present | ||||||
-Shandong | Present | ||||||
-Sichuan | Present | ||||||
-Tibet | Present | ||||||
-Yunnan | Present | ||||||
India | Present | ||||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | ||||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Assam | Present | ||||||
-Gujarat | Present | ||||||
-Haryana | Present | ||||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Kerala | Present | ||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | ||||||
-Odisha | Present | ||||||
-Punjab | Present | ||||||
-Rajasthan | Present | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | ||||||
-Tripura | Present | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | ||||||
-Lesser Sunda Islands | Present | ||||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Iraq | Present | ||||||
Israel | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | 1910 | As: Bos taurus | |||
Jordan | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | ||||||
Mongolia | Present | ||||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
Saudi Arabia | Present | ||||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
Syria | Present | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Thailand | Present | ||||||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Uzbekistan | Present | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present | ||||||
Belarus | Present | ||||||
Belgium | Present | ||||||
Bulgaria | Present | ||||||
Croatia | Present | ||||||
Czechia | Present | ||||||
Denmark | Present | ||||||
Estonia | Present | ||||||
Finland | Present | ||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Germany | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present | ||||||
Hungary | Present | ||||||
Ireland | Present | ||||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
-Sicily | Present | ||||||
Lithuania | Present | ||||||
Malta | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | ||||||
Norway | Present | ||||||
Poland | Present | ||||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
Romania | Present | ||||||
Russia | Present | ||||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Present | ||||||
Slovakia | Present | ||||||
Slovenia | Present | ||||||
Spain | Present | ||||||
Sweden | Present | ||||||
Switzerland | Present | ||||||
Ukraine | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
-Northern Ireland | Present | ||||||
-Scotland | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | 1656 | As: Bos taurus | |||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Canada | Present | ||||||
-Alberta | Present | ||||||
-British Columbia | Present | ||||||
-Ontario | Present | ||||||
-Quebec | Present | ||||||
Costa Rica | Present | ||||||
Cuba | Present | ||||||
Guatemala | Present | ||||||
Haiti | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present | ||||||
Nicaragua | Present | ||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | ||||||
Turks and Caicos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
United States | Present | ||||||
-Alabama | Present | ||||||
-Alaska | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-California | Present | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | 1793 | Invasive | |||
-Idaho | Present | ||||||
-Illinois | Present | ||||||
-Iowa | Present | ||||||
-Michigan | Present | ||||||
-Minnesota | Present | ||||||
-Mississippi | Present | ||||||
-Montana | Present | ||||||
-Nebraska | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present | ||||||
-Oklahoma | Present | ||||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | ||||||
-Texas | Present | ||||||
-Virginia | Present | ||||||
-Wyoming | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | ||||||
-New South Wales | Present | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | ||||||
-Western Australia | Present | ||||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | |||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Marquesas Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Kiribati | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | 1850 | Invasive | |||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | First reported: before 1742 | |||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | |||||
Solomon Islands | Present | ||||||
Tuvalu | Absent, Formerly present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | As: Bos taurus. First reported: 1550 - 1551 | ||||
Bolivia | Present | ||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
-Bahia | Present | ||||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | ||||||
-Goias | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
-Para | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present | ||||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | As: Bos taurus. First reported: 1500s | ||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | 1525 | As: Bos taurus | |||
Ecuador | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Falkland Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | First reported: 1839 on West Falkland, earlier on East Falkland | |||
Guyana | Present | ||||||
Paraguay | Present | ||||||
Peru | Present | ||||||
Uruguay | Present | ||||||
Venezuela | Present |
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Large ruminant farms | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageNutrition
In mainland forests feral cattle browse on a very wide range of shrubs and young trees. Feral cattle are afoot at first light, feeding rapidly until the paunch is full, and then they alternate periods of chewing the cud with grazing throughout the day. Normally they ruminate lying down, but in wet weather they may stand with their backs to the wind. In bush country feral cattle will "walk down" tall saplings up to 6m high, straddling the stem in order to bend the tops within reach, and then stripping off the leaves.
Reproduction
The oestrus cycle is 3 weeks, and the gestation period about 9.5 months. Feral calves are most commonly born in late spring. Multiple births are unknown in feral herds. Calves are born with their eyes open, they stand and suckle almost at once, and within a few hours can follow their mother. They are usually weaned well before the next calf is born.
Males reach puberty at about 10 months of age, and thereafter are fecund throughout the year, but feral bulls do not mate until strong enough to compete for cows. Domestic cows can conceive at 6-10 months, but apparently very few do so in the wild. Cows may remain fertile for about 12 years and comes into season in spring for about 3 weeks after calving.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageIntroduction pathways to new locations
Transportation of domesticated animals: Particularly important in Hawaii and New Caledonia as the basis for a meat industry.
Local dispersal methods
Escape from confinement: Unless well contained by adequate fences, cattle wander into native vegetation wherever suitable food is available. If unchecked this can result in the formation of feral herds roaming wild through extensive areas of country.
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animal production | Yes | Yes | ||
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Biodiversity (generally) | Negative |
Crop production | Negative |
Economic/livelihood | Positive |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | Positive |
Livestock production | Positive |
Native flora | Negative |
Rare/protected species | Negative |
Impact
Top of pageGeneral Impacts
Threatened Species
Top of pageThreatened Species | Conservation Status | Where Threatened | Mechanism | References | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia koaia | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable) | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing; Trampling | ISSG (2011) | |
Diomedea amsterdamensis (Amsterdam albatross) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered) | French Southern and Antarctic Territories | ISSG (2011) | ||
Aconitum noveboracense (northern wild monkshood) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Iowa; New York; Ohio; Wisconsin | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1983) | |
Adelocosa anops (Kauai cave wolf spider) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2006a) | |
Amaranthus pumilus (seabeach amaranth) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008g) | |
Apios priceana (Price's potato-bean) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Alabama; Illinois; Kentucky; Mississippi; Tennessee | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1990) | |
Artemisia campestris var. wormskioldii (Northern wormwood) | NatureServe; USA ESA candidate species | Oregon; Washington | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014c) | |
Astragalus anserinus (Goose Creek milkvetch) | NatureServe; USA ESA candidate species | Idaho; Nevada; Utah | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014d) | |
Astragalus desereticus (Deseret milkvetch) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Utah | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1999a) | |
Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis (Fish Slough milk-vetch) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2004b) | |
Bidens campylotheca subsp. pentamera (ko`oko`olau) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | California; Oregon | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007g) | |
Bidens campylotheca subsp. waihoiensis (ko`oko`olau) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | ||
Bidens micrantha subsp. ctenophylla (ko`oko`olau) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | ||
Brodiaea filifolia (thread-Leaved brodiaea) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009d) | |
Brodiaea pallida (Chinese Camp brodiaea) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2012a) | |
Canavalia pubescens (jack bean) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | ||
Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina (San Fernando Valley spineflower) | NatureServe; USA ESA species proposed for listing | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013e) | |
Cyanea asplenifolia (haha) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea duvalliorum | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea horrida (prickly cyanea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea kunthiana (Kunth's cyanea) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea magnicalyx | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea maritae | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea marksii (Marks' cyanea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013a) | |
Cyanea mauiensis | EX (IUCN red list: Extinct) | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea munroi | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea obtusa (bluntlobe cyanea) | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cyanea profuga (Mapulehu Valley cyanea) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii (Jones' cycladenia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Arizona; Utah | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008h) | |
Cyrtandra oxybapha | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Chrysodracon hawaiiensis (hala pepe) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998a) | |
Drosophila aglaia | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila differens (Hawaiian picture-wing fly) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila hemipeza | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila heteroneura | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila montgomeryi | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila musaphilia | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila ochrobasis | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila substenoptera | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe (2010) | |
Drosophila digressa | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013a) | |
Dudleya cymosa subsp. marcescens (marcescent dudleya) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1999b) | |
Dudleya nesiotica (Santa Cruz Island dudleya) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009h) | |
Dudleya stolonifera (Laguna Beach liveforever) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998b) | |
Elaphrus viridis (delta green ground beetle) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2005a) | |
Escobaria robbinsorum (Cochise pincushion cactus) | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Arizona | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1993) | |
Gaura neomexicana subsp. coloradensis (Colorado butterfly plant) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Colorado; Nebraska; Wyoming | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2012c) | |
Grindelia fraxinipratensis (ash meadows gumplant) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California; Nevada | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007a) | |
Helianthus paradoxus (paradoxical sunflower) | LC (IUCN red list: Least concern); USA ESA listing as threatened species | New Mexico; Texas | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2005b) | |
Hesperidanthus argillaceus | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Utah | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1992) | |
Hexastylis naniflora (dwarf-flowered heartleaf) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | North Carolina; South Carolina | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011b) | |
Huperzia stemmermanniae (Stemmermann's clubmoss) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014e) | |
Hylaeus assimulans (assimulans yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014f) | |
Hylaeus facilis (easy yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014g) | |
Hylaeus hilaris (hilaris yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA species proposed for listing | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014h) | |
Hylaeus kuakea (Hawaiian yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014i) | |
Hylaeus longiceps | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014j) | |
Hylaeus mana | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014k) | |
Ivesia kingii var. eremica (Ash Meadows ivesia) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | California; Nevada | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1985) | |
Ivesia webberi (Webber's ivesia) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | California; Nevada | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014b) | |
Lithophragma maximum (San Clemente Island woodland-star) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1984a); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007b) | |
Lobelia monostachya (Waianae Range lobelia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998c) | |
Lupinus nipomensis (Nipomo Mesa lupine) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | D’Antonio and Vitousek (1992); Bossard et al. (2000); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009j) | |
Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (Proctor's staggerbush) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Puerto Rico | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1994a) | |
Marstonia ogmoraphe (royal marstonia (snail)) | LC (IUCN red list: Least concern); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Tennessee | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1994b) | |
Melanthera venosa (spreading nehe) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1994d) | |
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Neostapfia colusana (Colusa grass) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008b) | |
Ochrosia haleakalae (island yellowwood) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014l) | |
Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei | USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011f) | |
Oncorhynchus clarkii seleniris (Paiute cutthroat trout) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013c) | |
Orcuttia californica (California Orcutt grass) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011g) | |
Osmoxylon mariannense | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Northern Mariana Islands | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007e) | |
Ovis ammon (argali) | NT (IUCN red list: Near threatened); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Tajikistan | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2002) | |
Ovis canadensis sierrae (Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008j) | |
Paroreomyza flammea (Molokai creeper) | EX (IUCN red list: Extinct); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2006b) | |
Partulina semicarinata (Lanai tree snail) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Partulina variabilis (Lanai tree snail) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Parvisedum leiocarpum (Lake County stonecrop) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009k) | |
Pediocactus winkleri (Winkler's pincushion cactus) | LC (IUCN red list: Least concern); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Utah | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010h) | |
Peristylus holochila (Hawai'i bog orchid) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009a) | |
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011d) | |
Phacelia insularis var. insularis (island phacelia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008e) | |
Phyllostegia bracteata (bracted phyllostegia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis (ulihi phyllostegia) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995) | |
Phyllostegia racemosa (kiponapona) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998a) | |
Phyllostegia velutina (velvet phyllostegia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998a) | |
Physaria congesta (Dudley Bluffs bladderpod) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Colorado | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008c) | |
Physaria filiformis (Missouri bladderpod) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Arkansas; Missouri | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2003a) | |
Plagiobothrys hirtus (rough popcorn flower) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Oregon | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2003b) | |
Poa atropurpurea (San Bernardino bluegrass) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | ||
Pogogyne nudiuscula (Otay Mesa mint) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010f) | |
Pritchardia remota (Remota loula palm) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011a) | |
Pritchardia schattaueri (Lands of Papa pritchardia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009b) | |
Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus (Carson wandering skipper) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007f) | |
Pseudonestor xanthophrys (Maui parrotbill) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2006b); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011e) | |
Psittirostra psittacea (Ou) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2006b); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009n) | |
Pteropus mariannus mariannus (Mariana fruit bat) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Guam; Northern Mariana Islands | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009g) | |
Ptilimnium nodosum (harperella) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Alabama | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1988) | |
Pyrgulopsis bernardina (San Bernardino springsnail) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Arizona | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2012b) | |
Ranunculus acriformis var. aestivalis (autumn buttercup) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Utah | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1991a) | |
Ranunculus hawaiensis (Hawai'ian buttercup) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014m) | |
Remya kauaiensis (Kauai remya) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010b) | |
Remya mauiensis (Maui remya) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Trampling | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009l) | |
Rhinichthys osculus (Kendall Warm Springs dace) | LC (IUCN red list: Least concern); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Oregon | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009i) | |
Sarracenia oreophila (green pitcherplant) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Alabama; Georgia; North Carolina | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1994c) | |
Schiedea jacobii (Jacobi's schiedea) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Schiedea kauaiensis (Kauai schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008a) | |
Schiedea salicaria | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013b) | |
Sclerocactus brevispinus | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Utah | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010g) | |
Sclerocactus glaucus | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Colorado | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | ||
Serianthes nelsonii | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Guam; Northern Mariana Islands | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1994e) | |
Sesbania tomentosa | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010j) | |
Sicyos albus (white burr cucumber) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | ||
Sidalcea keckii (Keck's checker-mallow) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008f) | |
Silene spaldingii (Spalding's catchfly) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Idaho; Montana; Oregon; Washington | Behaviour disruption | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007d) | |
Solanum nelsonii (popolo) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2014n) | |
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (Hawaii scaleseed) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010k) | |
Speyeria callippe callippe (callippe silverspot butterfly) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009e) | |
Speyeria zerene hippolyta (Oregon silverspot butterfly) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | California; Oregon | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2001) | |
Spiranthes delitescens | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Arizona | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1997) | |
Stahlia monosperma | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Puerto Rico | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1996b) | |
Stenogyne kanehoana (Oahu stenogyne) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998c) | |
Stephanomeria malheurensis (Malheur wire-lettuce) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Oregon | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1991b) | |
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (Xantus' murrelet) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered) | Canada; Mexico; California; Oregon | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2012d) | |
Acmispon dendroideus var. traskiae (San Clemente Island broom) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1984a); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007c) | |
Taraxacum californicum (California taraxacum) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008k) | |
Tetramolopium remyi (Awalua Ridge tetramolopium) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995) | |
Tetramolopium rockii (dune tetramolopium) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1996a) | |
Thelypodium howellii subsp. spectabilis (Howell's spectacular thelypody) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Oregon | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010e) | |
Thymophylla tephroleuca (ashy dogweed) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Texas | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1987) | |
Townsendia aprica (last chance townsendia) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Utah | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013d) | |
Trifolium dichotomum (showy Indian clover) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | USA | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008i) | |
Tuctoria greenei (Greene's tuctoria) | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008d) | |
Tuctoria mucronata (solano grass) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009m) | ||
Urocyon littoralis catalinae (Santa Catalina Island fox) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2004a) | |
Lepidaploa proctorii | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Puerto Rico | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010d) | |
Vetericaris chaceorum (anchialine pool shrimp) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | ||
Vicia menziesii (Hawaiian vetch) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1984b) | |
Villosa perpurpurea (purple bean) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | USA | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | Butler and Biggins (2004) | |
Vulpes macrotis mutica (San Joaquin kit fox) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010i) | |
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009c) | |
Zeltnera namophila (spring-loving centaury) | No Details | California; Nevada | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009f) |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Is a habitat generalist
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Host damage
- Increases vulnerability to invasions
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of endangered species
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Herbivory/grazing/browsing
- Hybridization
- Trampling
Uses
Top of pageDomestic cattle are used for meat, milk, hides and as draft animals. Feral cattle may be hunted for meat and hides.
Uses List
Top of pageGeneral
- Draught animal
- Game animal
Human food and beverage
- Meat/fat/offal/blood/bone (whole, cut, fresh, frozen, canned, cured, processed or smoked)
- Milk
- Milk and dairy products
Materials
- Skins/leather/fur
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Bibliography
Top of pageAston, B. C. 1912. Some effects of imported animals on the indigenous vegetation. Transactions and Proceedings of the NZ Institute 44: 19-24.
Atkinson, I. A. E. and Atkinson, T. J. 2000. Land vertebrates as invasive species on islands served by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. In: Invasive Species in the Pacific: A Technical Review and Draft Regional Strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa: 19-84.
Baldwin, P. H. and Fagerlund, G. O. 1943. The effect of cattle grazing on koa reproduction in Hawaii National Park. Ecology 24: 118–122.
BirdLife International 2007. Diomedea amsterdamensis. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144900/0
Bomford, M., 2003. Risk Assessment for the Import and Keeping of Exotic Vertebrates in Australia. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Assessing_the_risk_importing_exotic_vertebrates.pdf
Chapuis, J., Boussès, P., & Barnaud, G. 1994. Alien mammals, impact and management in the French Subantartic Islands. Biological Conservation, 67, 97-104.
Chapuis, J.L, & Bousses, P. 1987. Relations animal-végétation : conséquences des introductions de mammifères phytophages dans l'archipel de Kerguelen. Actes du colloque sur la Recherche française dans les Terres Australes.269-278
Courchamp, F., Chapuis, J.-L., and Pascal, M. 2003. Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact. Biological Reviews, 78: 347-383.
De Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Spaggiari, J., Menard, C. 2004. Ecologie et impact des ongulés introduits sur la forêt sèche de Nouvelle Calédonie. IAC/CIRAD, Programme Elevage et Faune, Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie, 50p et 128 p d'annexes.
Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M., & Bergstrom, D. 2005. Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Bio. Rev, 80, 45-72. http://www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz/resources/non-native%20species%20in%20the%20antarctic/Talk%202%20Frenot.pdf
Frenot, Y., Gloaguen, J., Massé, L., & Lebouvier, M. 2001. Human activities, ecosystem disturbance and plant invasions in subantarctic Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Biological Conservation, 101, 33-50.
Gargominy, O., Bouchet, P., Pascal, M., Jaffre, T. and Tourneu, J. C. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie.. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51: 375-401.
Halbert D., Derr J.N., 2007. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Cattle Introgression into US Federal Bison Herds. Journal of Heredity, 98: 1-12.
ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), 2004. Online Database Bos taurus http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183838
IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers Involved in the Prevention, Eradication, Management and Control of the Spread of Invasive Alien Species that are a Threat to Native biodiversity and Natural Ecosystems.
Klinger, R. C.; P. Schuyler, and J. D. Sterner., 2002. The response of herbaceous vegetation and endemic plant species to the removal of feral sheep from the Santa Cruz Island, California. In Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species: 381-388. Veitch, C.R. and Clout, M.N.(eds). IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN. Gland. Switzerland and Cambridge. UK.
Micol, T. & Jouventin, P. 1995. Restoration of Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, following control of feral cattle. Biol. Conserv., 72, 199-206.
Parkes, J.P. 2005. Feral cattle. In C.M. King (Ed.): Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, Second Edition, pp. 346-350. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Pascal, M., Barré, N., De Garine-Wichatitsky, Lorvelec, O., Frétey, T., Brescia, F., Jourdan, H. 2006. Les peuplements néo-calédoniens de vertébébrés : invasions, disparitions. Pp 111-162, in M.-L. Beauvais et al., : Les espèces envahissantes dans l’archipel néo-calédonien, Paris, IRD Éditions, 260 p.+ cédérom
Rauzon, M. J., D. J. Forsell, and E. N. Flint., 2002. Seabird re-colonisation after cat eradication on equatorial Jarvis, Howland, and Baker Islands, USA, Central Pacific. In Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species: 406 - 414 IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN. Gland. Switzerland and Cambridge. UK.
Rescue Projects of the Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand: Enderby Island cattle. http://www.rarebreeds.co.nz/projects.html#enderbycattle
Snowcraft, P. G. 1983. Tree cover changes in mammane (Sophora chrysophylla) forests grazed by sheep and cattle. Pacific Science 37: 109–119.
Taylor, R. H. 1990. Feral cattle. In King, C. M. (ed.) The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, Oxford University Press, New Zealand: 373-379.
Torr, 2002. Eradication of rabbits and mice from subantarctic Enderby and Rose Islands. In Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species: 319-327. Veitch, C.R. and Clout, M.N.(eds). IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN. Gland. Switzerland and Cambridge. UK.
Triolo, J. 2005. Guide pour la restauration écologique de la végétation indigène-Ile de La Réunion, ONF-Direction Générale de la Réunion, 88 p
Varnham, K. 2006. Non-native species in UK Overseas Territories: a review. JNCC Report 372. Peterborough: United Kingdom. http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-3660
Wodzicki, K. A. 1950. Introduced mammals of New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 98. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington.
References
Top of pageBossard CC, Hoshovsky MC, Randall JM, 2000. Los Angeles, USA: University of California Press.164-170.
D’Antonio CM, Vitousek PM, 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23, 63-87.
NatureServe, 2010. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. Arlington, Virginia, USA: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer
Distribution References
CABI Data Mining, 2001. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Cattle Network - EAAP | http://www.cattlenetwork.net/ | Website of the European Association for Animal Production Cattle Network. The site includes publications, summaries of cattle breeds, EU regulations, a database of companies involved at all levels of the food management chain and job postings. |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of pagePrincipal sources: Taylor R. H. (1990) in King C. M. (ed.) The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals
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