bluetongue virus

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

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Virus particles

Five bluetongue virus particles, negatively stained

Geoffrey P. Gard

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

bluetongue virus

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Virus
Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
Group: "RNA viruses"
Family: Reoviridae
Genus: Orbivirus
Species: bluetongue virus

Diseases Table

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arbovirus infections
bluetongue

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Jan 2020

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	Reference	Notes
Africa
Angola	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Burundi	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cabo Verde	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cameroon	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Central African Republic	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Côte d'Ivoire	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Djibouti	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Eritrea	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Eswatini	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Gambia	Present		CABI Data Mining (2001)
Ghana	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guinea-Bissau	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kenya	Present		OIE Handistatus (2005)	CAB Abstracts Data Mining
Libya	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Madagascar	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mali	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mauritius	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Morocco	Present	Native	OIE (2004a) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Namibia	Present	Native	OIE (2004b) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Nigeria	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
São Tomé and Príncipe	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Seychelles	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
South Africa	Present		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Togo	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Asia
Afghanistan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Azerbaijan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bahrain	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bangladesh	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bhutan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Brunei	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
China
-Anhui	Present		CABI Data Mining (2001)
Georgia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Hong Kong	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
India
-Andhra Pradesh	Present		CABI Data Mining (2001)
Indonesia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iraq	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Israel	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jordan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kazakhstan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kuwait	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Lebanon	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malaysia
-Peninsular Malaysia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sarawak	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mongolia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Myanmar	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Nepal	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
North Korea	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Philippines	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Qatar	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saudi Arabia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Singapore	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
South Korea	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sri Lanka	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Syria	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Tajikistan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Thailand	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Turkmenistan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
United Arab Emirates	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uzbekistan	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vietnam	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Europe
Andorra	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Austria	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Belarus	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Belgium	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Croatia	Present	Native	OIE (2004) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cyprus	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Czechia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Denmark	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Estonia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Finland	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Germany	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Hungary	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iceland	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ireland	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Isle of Man	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Italy	Present		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jersey	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Liechtenstein	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Lithuania	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Luxembourg	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malta	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Moldova	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Netherlands	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
North Macedonia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Norway	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Poland	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Romania	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Slovakia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Slovenia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sweden	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Switzerland	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ukraine	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
United Kingdom	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Northern Ireland	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
North America
Barbados	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Belize	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bermuda	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada
-British Columbia	Present		CABI Data Mining (2001)
Cayman Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cuba	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Curaçao	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominica	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominican Republic	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guadeloupe	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guatemala	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Haiti	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Honduras	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jamaica	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mexico	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Panama	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Lucia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent		Homan et al. (1992)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
United States
-California	Present		CABI Data Mining (2001)
Oceania
French Polynesia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Caledonia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Zealand	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Samoa	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vanuatu	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
South America
Bolivia	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Chile	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ecuador	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Falkland Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guyana	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uruguay	Absent, No presence record(s)		OIE Handistatus (2005)

Pathogen Characteristics

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Bluetongue virus is an icosahedral-shaped particle consisting of a segmented double-stranded RNA genome, encapsidated in a double-layered protein coat. Removal of the outer protein layer activates a viral-associated RNA polymerase which transcribes the ten genome segments into 10 mRNAs which are in turn translated into at least seven structural (VP1-VP7) and three non-structural (NS1-NS3) proteins (Huismans and Dijk, 1990). The virions have a diameter of 68-70 nm, comprising an outer capsid around a 54 nm core (Verwoerd and Erasmus, 1994).

The genome segments vary in size from 0.5 kDa to 2.7x10³ kDa, and the viral proteins range in size from 25,000 to 144,000 daltons. VP2 and VP5 form the outer capsid and the other five structural proteins are in the core. VP2 is primarily responsible for the induction of type-specific neutralizing antibodies and its variable sequence results in the 24 recognized serotypes of bluetongue virus (Verwoerd and Erasmus, 1994). The 24 serotypes are designated BLU 1- BLU 24 (Daniels et al., 1996). Variations in other proteins of the virus are responsible for the innumerable strains of the virus and for their varied biological properties. This genetic diversity of bluetongue virus is a consequence of both genetic drift and reassortment of individual gene segments (OIE, 1998).

Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's Handistatus database on disease occurrence. Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int.

Host Animals

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Animal name	Context	Life stage	System
Alces alces
Antilocapra americana
Bos indicus (zebu)	Domesticated host
Bos taurus (cattle)	Experimental settings
Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo)	Domesticated host
Camelus dromedarius (dromedary camel)	Domesticated host; Wild host
Canis familiaris (dogs)
Capra hircus (goats)	Domesticated host
Cervidae	Domesticated host
Cervus elaphus (red deer)
Elephantidae	Wild host
Gallus	Experimental settings
Mammalia (mammals)
Mus musculus (house mouse)	Experimental settings
Odocoileus hemionus (black-tailed deer)
Odocoileus virginianus
Ovis aries (sheep)	Domesticated host
Ovis canadensis
Ovis orientalis
Ruminantia	Wild host
Syncerus caffer

Vectors and Intermediate Hosts

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Vector	Source	Group	Distribution
Aedes aegypti aegypti	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Aedes albopictus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Amblyomma americanum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Amblyomma maculatum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Amblyomma marmoreum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Anopheles bancroftii	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Argas robertsi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Culex annulirostris annulirostris	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culex bitaeniorhynchus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culex edwardsi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culex quinquefasciatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides actoni		Insect	South East Asia; East Asia; Australia
Culicoides austropalpalis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides barbosai	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides bolitinos		Insect	South Africa
Culicoides boydi		Insect	California
Culicoides brevipalpis		Insect	Asia; Australia
Culicoides brevitarsis		Insect	South East Asia; Australia
Culicoides brucei	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides cataneii	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides circumscriptus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides coarctatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides cornutus		Insect	South Africa
Culicoides debilipalpis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides denningi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides diabolicus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides distinctipennis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides filariferus		Insect	Central America; Caribbean
Culicoides foxi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides fulvus		Insect	South East Asia; East Asia; Australia
Culicoides furens	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides guyanensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides hieroglyphicus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides histrio	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides hollensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides homotomus		Insect	China
Culicoides imicola		Insect	Africa; Middle East; East Asia; Mediterranean countries; South Asia
Culicoides impunctatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides insignis		Insect	Central America; North America; South America
Culicoides jamaicensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides jamesi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides leopoldoi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides limai	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides marksi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides melleus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides milnei	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides newsteadi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides nubeculosus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides obsoletus		Insect	Bulgaria; Mediterranean countries
Culicoides oxystoma		Insect	China
Culicoides paraensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides phlebotomus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides pusillus		Insect	Central America; North America; South America
Culicoides schultzei	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides stellifer	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides variipennis		Insect	North America; Canada
Culicoides variipennis sonorensis		Insect	Central America; North America; South America
Culicoides variipennis variipennis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides wadai		Insect	South East Asia; Australia
Culicoides zuluensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Damalinia lipeuroides	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Damalinia parallela	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Dermacentor nitens	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Dermacentor parumapertus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Dermacentor variabilis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Eutrombicula splendens	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Ixodes scapularis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros coriaceus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros moubata moubata	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros savignyi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Rhipicephalus sanguineus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Toxorhynchites brevipalpis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0

References

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Daniels PW; Sendow I; Melville LF, 1996. Epidemiological considerations in the study of bluetongue viruses. Bluetongue disease in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings of the First Southeast Asia and Pacific Regional Bluetongue Symposium, Greenlake Hotel, Kunming, P.R. China, 22-24 August 1995., 110-119; 43 ref.

Homan EJ; Gibbs EPJ; Walker JS; Walton TE; Yuill TM; González J; Barreto CH; Greiner EC, 1992. Central American and Caribbean regional bluetongue epidemiologic study: Antecedents and geographic review. Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related orbiviruses: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium., 99-105; 34 ref.

Huismans H; Dijk AAvan, 1990. Bluetongue virus structural components. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 162:21-41; 101 ref.

Office International des Epizooties, 1998. Supporting document for the OIE International Animal Health Code chapter 2.1.9 on bluetongue. OIE Ad hoc working group on bluetongue, September 1998.

OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE, 2004. Bluetongue in China (People’s Rep. of China). Additional information on the outbreak in August 2004. Disease Information, 17(53).

OIE, 2004. Bluetongue in Croatia. Serological findings in sentinel bovine animals (follow-up report No. 1). Disease Information, 17(49).

OIE, 2004. Bluetongue in France in the island of Corsica. Disease Information, 17(38).

OIE, 2004. Bluetongue in Morocco. Disease Information, 17(39).

OIE, 2004. Bluetongue in Namibia. Disease Information, 17(29).

OIE, 2005. Bluetongue in Portugal. Follow-up report No. 5. Disease Information, 18(2).

Verwoerd DW; Erasmus BJ, 1994. Bluetongue. In: Coetzer JAW, Thomson GR, Tustin RC, eds. Infectious Diseases of Livestock with special reference to Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press, 443-459.

Distribution References

CABI Data Mining, 2001. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Homan E J, Gibbs E P J, Walker J S, Walton T E, Yuill T M, González J, Barreto C H, Greiner E C, 1992. Central American and Caribbean regional bluetongue epidemiologic study: Antecedents and geographic review. In: Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related orbiviruses: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. [Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related orbiviruses: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium.], [ed. by Walton T E, Osburn B I]. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press Inc. 99-105.

OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE, 2004. Bluetongue in China (People's Rep. of China). Additional information on the outbreak in August 2004. In: Disease Information, 17 (53) Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health.

OIE, 2004a. Bluetongue in France in the island of Corsica. In: Disease Information, 17 (38) Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health.

OIE, 2004b. Bluetongue in Morocco. In: Disease Information, 17 (39) Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health.

Distribution Maps

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Invasive Species Compendium

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bluetongue virus

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