bluetongue virus

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

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Virus particles

Five bluetongue virus particles, negatively stained

Geoffrey P. Gard

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

bluetongue virus

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Virus
Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
Group: "RNA viruses"
Family: Reoviridae
Genus: Orbivirus
Species: bluetongue virus

Diseases Table

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arbovirus infections
bluetongue

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 21 Dec 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Angola	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Botswana	Present, Localized	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Burundi	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Cabo Verde	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cameroon	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Central African Republic	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Chad	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Comoros	Absent	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Côte d'Ivoire	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Djibouti	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Egypt	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Eritrea	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Eswatini	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ethiopia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Gambia	Present	CABI Data Mining (2001)
Ghana	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Guinea-Bissau	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kenya	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Lesotho	Present, Localized	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Liberia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Libya	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Madagascar	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Mali	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mauritius	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mayotte	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Morocco	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2004a) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mozambique	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Namibia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2004b) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Niger	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nigeria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Réunion	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Saint Helena	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
São Tomé and Príncipe	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Seychelles	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Sierra Leone	Absent	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Somalia	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
South Africa	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Sudan	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Togo	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tunisia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Uganda	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Zambia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Zimbabwe	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Asia
Afghanistan	Present	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Armenia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Azerbaijan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bahrain	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Bangladesh	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bhutan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Brunei	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
China
-Anhui	Present	CABI Data Mining (2001)
Georgia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Hong Kong	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
India	Present, Localized	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
-Andhra Pradesh	Present	CABI Data Mining (2001)
Indonesia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Iran	Present, Localized	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Iraq	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Israel	Present	OIE (2020) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Japan	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE (2018) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Jordan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kazakhstan	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Kuwait	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kyrgyzstan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Laos	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Lebanon	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Malaysia	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
-Peninsular Malaysia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sarawak	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Maldives	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Mongolia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Myanmar	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nepal	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Korea	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Oman	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Pakistan	Present	OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2019
Palestine	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Philippines	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Qatar	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Saudi Arabia	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Singapore	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
South Korea	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Sri Lanka	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Syria	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Taiwan	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tajikistan	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005)	Jan-Jun-2019
Thailand	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Turkey	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Turkmenistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
United Arab Emirates	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Uzbekistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Vietnam	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Yemen	Absent	OIE (2020a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Europe
Albania	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018)	Jul-Dec-2020
Andorra	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Austria	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belarus	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belgium	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2020
Bulgaria	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018)	Jul-Dec-2020; in wild animals only
Croatia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2004) OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2020
Cyprus	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Czechia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Denmark	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Estonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Faroe Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Finland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
France	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Germany	Present	OIE (2020) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Greece	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Hungary	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Iceland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ireland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Isle of Man	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Italy	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Jersey	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Liechtenstein	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Lithuania	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Luxembourg	Present	OIE (2020) OIE Handistatus (2005)	Jul-Dec-2020
Malta	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Moldova	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Montenegro	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2020
Netherlands	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Macedonia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2020
Norway	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Poland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Portugal	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Romania	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2018)	Jul-Dec-2020
Russia	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
San Marino	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Serbia	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2020
Slovakia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Slovenia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Spain	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Sweden	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Switzerland	Present	OIE (2020) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Ukraine	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
United Kingdom	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
-Northern Ireland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
North America
Bahamas	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Barbados	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Belize	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bermuda	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada
-British Columbia	Present	CABI Data Mining (2001)
Cayman Islands	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Costa Rica	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cuba	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Curaçao	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005)	Jan-Jun-2019
Dominica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominican Republic	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
El Salvador	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Greenland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Guadeloupe	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Guatemala	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Haiti	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Honduras	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Jamaica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Martinique	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mexico	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nicaragua	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Panama	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Lucia	Absent	OIE (2018) Homan et al. (1992) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Trinidad and Tobago	Absent	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
United States	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
-California	Present	CABI Data Mining (2001)
Oceania
Australia	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cook Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Federated States of Micronesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Fiji	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
French Polynesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kiribati	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Marshall Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
New Caledonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
New Zealand	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Palau	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020)	Jul-Dec-2020
Samoa	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Timor-Leste	Present	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Tonga	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Vanuatu	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
South America
Argentina	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bolivia	Present, Localized	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Brazil	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019; in wild animals only
Chile	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Colombia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ecuador	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Falkland Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
French Guiana	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Guyana	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Paraguay	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Peru	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Suriname	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Uruguay	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019

Pathogen Characteristics

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Bluetongue virus is an icosahedral-shaped particle consisting of a segmented double-stranded RNA genome, encapsidated in a double-layered protein coat. Removal of the outer protein layer activates a viral-associated RNA polymerase which transcribes the ten genome segments into 10 mRNAs which are in turn translated into at least seven structural (VP1-VP7) and three non-structural (NS1-NS3) proteins (Huismans and Dijk, 1990). The virions have a diameter of 68-70 nm, comprising an outer capsid around a 54 nm core (Verwoerd and Erasmus, 1994).

The genome segments vary in size from 0.5 kDa to 2.7x10³ kDa, and the viral proteins range in size from 25,000 to 144,000 daltons. VP2 and VP5 form the outer capsid and the other five structural proteins are in the core. VP2 is primarily responsible for the induction of type-specific neutralizing antibodies and its variable sequence results in the 24 recognized serotypes of bluetongue virus (Verwoerd and Erasmus, 1994). The 24 serotypes are designated BLU 1- BLU 24 (Daniels et al., 1996). Variations in other proteins of the virus are responsible for the innumerable strains of the virus and for their varied biological properties. This genetic diversity of bluetongue virus is a consequence of both genetic drift and reassortment of individual gene segments (OIE, 1998).

Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's Handistatus database on disease occurrence. Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int.

Host Animals

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Animal name	Context	Life stage	System
Alces alces
Antilocapra americana
Bos indicus (zebu)	Domesticated host
Bos taurus (cattle)	Experimental settings
Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo)	Domesticated host
Camelus dromedarius (dromedary camel)	Domesticated host; Wild host
Canis familiaris (dogs)
Capra hircus (goats)	Domesticated host
Cervidae	Domesticated host
Cervus elaphus (red deer)
Elephantidae	Wild host
Gallus	Experimental settings
Mammalia (mammals)
Mus musculus (house mouse)	Experimental settings
Odocoileus hemionus (black-tailed deer)
Odocoileus virginianus
Ovis aries (sheep)	Domesticated host
Ovis canadensis
Ovis orientalis
Ruminantia	Wild host
Syncerus caffer

Vectors and Intermediate Hosts

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Vector	Source	Group	Distribution
Aedes aegypti aegypti	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Aedes albopictus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Amblyomma americanum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Amblyomma maculatum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Amblyomma marmoreum	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Anopheles bancroftii	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Argas robertsi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Culex annulirostris annulirostris	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culex bitaeniorhynchus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culex edwardsi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culex quinquefasciatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides actoni		Insect	South East Asia; East Asia; Australia
Culicoides austropalpalis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides barbosai	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides bolitinos		Insect	South Africa
Culicoides boydi		Insect	California
Culicoides brevipalpis		Insect	Asia; Australia
Culicoides brevitarsis		Insect	South East Asia; Australia
Culicoides brucei	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides cataneii	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides circumscriptus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides coarctatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides cornutus		Insect	South Africa
Culicoides debilipalpis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides denningi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides diabolicus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides distinctipennis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides filariferus		Insect	Central America; Caribbean
Culicoides foxi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides fulvus		Insect	South East Asia; East Asia; Australia
Culicoides furens	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides guyanensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides hieroglyphicus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides histrio	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides hollensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides homotomus		Insect	China
Culicoides imicola		Insect	Africa; Middle East; East Asia; Mediterranean countries; South Asia
Culicoides impunctatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides insignis		Insect	Central America; North America; South America
Culicoides jamaicensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides jamesi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides leopoldoi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides limai	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides marksi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides melleus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides milnei	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides newsteadi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides nubeculosus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides obsoletus		Insect	Bulgaria; Mediterranean countries
Culicoides oxystoma		Insect	China
Culicoides paraensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides phlebotomus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides pusillus		Insect	Central America; North America; South America
Culicoides schultzei	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides stellifer	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides variipennis		Insect	North America; Canada
Culicoides variipennis sonorensis		Insect	Central America; North America; South America
Culicoides variipennis variipennis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Culicoides wadai		Insect	South East Asia; Australia
Culicoides zuluensis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Insect
Damalinia lipeuroides	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Damalinia parallela	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Dermacentor nitens	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Dermacentor parumapertus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Dermacentor variabilis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Eutrombicula splendens	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0
Ixodes scapularis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros coriaceus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros moubata moubata	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Ornithodoros savignyi	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Rhipicephalus sanguineus	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0	Tick
Toxorhynchites brevipalpis	MINED DATA; 16/11/01 14:00:0

References

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