Datasheet
Brucella suis
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Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Brucellaceae Genus: Brucella Species: Brucella suis
Distribution Table
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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive Reference Notes Asia Azerbaijan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bahrain Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bhutan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brunei Darussalam Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 China -Hong Kong Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Georgia (Republic of) Last reported 1995 OIE Handistatus,
2005 India OIE Handistatus,
2005 Indonesia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iran Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iraq Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Israel No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Japan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jordan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kazakhstan Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, DPR Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, Republic of Last reported 1995 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kuwait Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lebanon Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malaysia -Peninsular Malaysia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sabah Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sarawak Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mongolia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Myanmar Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nepal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oman No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Philippines Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Qatar No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Singapore Last reported 1989 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sri Lanka Last reported 1998 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Syria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Taiwan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tajikistan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Thailand Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkey No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkmenistan Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 United Arab Emirates Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uzbekistan Last reported 1995 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vietnam No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yemen No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Africa Algeria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Angola No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Benin No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Botswana Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burkina Faso No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burundi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cameroon No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cape Verde Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central African Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chad No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Congo Democratic Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Côte d'Ivoire Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Djibouti Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Egypt No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Eritrea Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ethiopia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ghana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea-Bissau No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kenya No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Libya Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Madagascar Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malawi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mali No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mauritius Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Morocco No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mozambique No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nigeria No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Réunion Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Rwanda No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sao Tome and Principe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Senegal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Seychelles No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Somalia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 South Africa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sudan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Swaziland No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tanzania No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Togo No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tunisia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uganda Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zambia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zimbabwe Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 North America Bermuda Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Canada Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mexico OIE Handistatus,
2005 USA OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Alaska Present CAB ABSTRACTS Data Mining 2001 Central America and Caribbean Barbados Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belize Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 British Virgin Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cayman Islands Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Costa Rica Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cuba Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Curaçao Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominica Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominican Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 El Salvador Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guadeloupe Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guatemala Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Haiti Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jamaica Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Martinique Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nicaragua Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Panama Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Kitts and Nevis No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Trinidad and Tobago Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 South America Argentina Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bolivia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brazil Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chile Last reported 1987 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Colombia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ecuador No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Falkland Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Guiana No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guyana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Paraguay Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Peru Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uruguay Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Venezuela OIE Handistatus,
2005 Europe Andorra Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Austria Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belarus Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belgium No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bosnia-Hercegovina Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bulgaria Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Croatia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cyprus Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Czech Republic Last reported 1996 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Denmark Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Estonia Last reported 1988 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Finland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 France Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Germany Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Greece Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Hungary OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iceland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ireland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Isle of Man (UK) Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Italy Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jersey Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Latvia Last reported 1994 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Liechtenstein Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lithuania Last reported 1992 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Luxembourg No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Macedonia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malta Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Moldova Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Netherlands Last reported 1973 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Norway Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Poland Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Portugal Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Romania OIE Handistatus,
2005 Russian Federation Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovakia Last reported 1992 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovenia Last reported 1997 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Spain No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sweden Last reported 1957 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Switzerland Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 UK Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Northern Ireland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ukraine Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (former) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oceania Australia OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Polynesia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Caledonia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Zealand Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Samoa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vanuatu Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Wallis and Futuna Islands Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005
Pathogen Characteristics
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The survival of Brucella under environmental conditions is a relatively important factor in the transmission of disease. The survival rate of Brucella is similar to other non-sporing Gram-negative bacteria and as such is extremely variable depending on prevailing conditions. Experimental evidence indicates that B. suis is readily killed by pasteurisation, 2-4 hours of direct sunlight, and the most commonly used disinfectants. Brucella can survive in organic matter at freezing or near-freezing temperatures in excess of 2 years. Consequently, efforts to eliminate brucellosis from pig farms must include an effective sanitation program (Luchsinger et al., 1965 ).
The understanding of the pathogenesis of brucellosis has increased substantially in recent years (for reviews see Poester et al., 2013 ; Olsen et al., 2014 ; de Figueiredo et al., 2015 ) although there remain significant gaps in knowledge. Brucella can invade through epithelial cells of its host and once invaded through the digestive or respiratory tract is capable of surviving intracellularly within phagocytic or non-phagocytic host cells. The mechanisms of cell invasion are not clear and specific host receptors have not been identified but invasion through the digestive tract elicits no host inflammatory response so Brucella invade silently unnoticed by the innate immune response of the host. Brucellae lack classical virulence factors, but lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a major role as it prevents complement mediated bacterial killing and provides resistance against antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and lactoferrin. Brucella LPS has weak endotoxic properties compared to other bacteria, allowing the organism to escape detection by Toll-like receptors of the innate immune system. Brucella interact with cholesterol-rich microdomains (lipid rafts) within the plasma membrane mediating internalisation into host cells.
Once Brucella have entered cells they interfere with intracellular trafficking preventing fusion of the Brucella containing vacuole (BCV) with lysosome markers and directing the BCV towards a rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) containing compartment highly permissive to intracellular replication of Brucella and the establishment of chronic infection. One of a number of systems known to be important for virulence is the BvrR/BvrS two component regulator which is required for modulation of host cell cytoskeleton on Brucella invasion. Cylic β-1,2 glucans are constituents of the bacterial periplasm with osmoregulatory and cholesterol sequestering activity required for intracellular survival. They prevent phagosome maturation by interfering with lipid rafts and preventing fusion of lysosomes with the BCV. Brucella also express a type IV secretion system encoded by the virB operon that is induced intracellularly in macrophages (Boschiroli et al., 2002 ) and is crucial for intracellular survival and virulence of B. suis .B. suis virB mutants cannot survive and multiply in macrophages or epithelial cells (O’Callaghan et al., 1999 ).
References
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Boschiroli ML; Ouahrani-Bettache S; Foulongne V; Michaux-Charachon S; Bourg G; Allardet-Servent A; Cazevieille C; Liautard JP; Ramuz M; O'Callaghan D, 2002. The Brucella suis virB operon is induced intracellularly in macrophages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(3):1544-1549.
Figueiredo Pde; Ficht TA; Rice-Ficht A; Rossetti CA; Adams LG, 2015. Pathogenesis and immunobiology of brucellosis : review of Brucella -host interactions. American Journal of Pathology, 185(6):1505-1517. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002944015001832
Luchsinger DW; Anderson RK; Werring DF, 1965. A swine brucellosis epizootic. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 147:632-636.
O'Callaghan D; Cazevieille C; Allardet-Servent A; Boschiroli ML; Bourg G; Foulongne V; Frutos P; Kulakov Y; Ramuz M, 1999. A homologue of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB and Bordetella pertussis Ptl type IV secretion systems is essential for intracellular survival of Brucella suis . Molecular Microbiology, 33(6):1210-1220.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Olsen SC; Palmer MV, 2014. Advancement of knowledge of Brucella over the past 50 years. Veterinary Pathology, 51(6):1076-1089. http://vet.sagepub.com/content/51/6/1076.short
Poester FP; Samartino LE; Santos RL, 2013. Pathogenesis and pathobiology of brucellosis in livestock. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, 32(1):105-115.
Distribution Maps
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