| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult | Castor canadensis (beaver, north American beaver); adult, in a rocky creek. The laterally flattened tail, or paddle, is clearly visible. | ©Rodney Campbell-2011 - CC BY 2.0 | |
| Yearling | Castor canadensis (beaver, north American beaver); yearling, grooming. The laterally flattened tail, or paddle, is clearly visible. Alhambra Creek, Martinez, California, USA. June, 2009. | ©Cheryl Reynolds-2009 - CC BY-SA 3.0 | |
| Adult | Castor canadensis (beaver, north American beaver); close view of an adult amongst riparian vegetation. Carburn Park, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. July, 2005 | ©Chuck Szmurlo - CC BY-SA 3.0 | |
| Adult | Castor canadensis (beaver, north American beaver); adult swimming in the South Saskatchewan River. The laterally flattened tail, or paddle, is clearly visible. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. August, 2009. | ©SriMesh/wikimedia - CC BY-SA 3.0 | |
| Adult | Castor canadensis (beaver, north American beaver); adult gnawing tree in winter. Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada. | ©D. Gordon E. Robertson - CC BY-SA 3.0 | |
| Freshly felled tree | Castor canadensis (beaver, north American beaver); freshly felled 20cm diameter tree. Petrie Island Park, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. November, 2010. | ©D. Gordon E. Robertson - CC BY-SA 3.0 | |
| Beaver damage | Castor canadensis (beaver, north American beaver); damage to the forest on the north shore of Robalo Lake, Navarino Island, Chile. January, 2005. | ©James Cadwell - CC BY-SA 3.0 |
Datasheet
Castor canadensis (beaver)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Bibliography
- References
- Principal Source
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Summary
- Last modified
- 25 November 2019
- Datasheet Type(s)
- Invasive Species
- Natural Enemy
- Host Animal
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Castor canadensis
- Preferred Common Name
- beaver
- Taxonomic Tree
- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Mammalia
- Summary of Invasiveness
-
Castor canadensis (beaver) is native to North America, and has been introduced to Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, Finland, France, Poland and Russia in recent times. In its introduced range, the damming activity of the beaver ca...
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Castor canadensis (Kuhl 1820)
Preferred Common Name
- beaver
International Common Names
- English: American beaver; Canadian beaver; North American beaver
- Spanish: castor americano
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageCastor canadensis (beaver) is native to North America, and has been introduced to Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, Finland, France, Poland and Russia in recent times. In its introduced range, the damming activity of the beaver can cause flooding which can damage forests. They also have the ability to quickly cut down large numbers of trees. In Finland, they compete with native beaver populations. In their native range, they cause flooding on major highways by plugging highway culverts.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Rodentia
- Family: Castoridae
- Genus: Castor
- Species: Castor canadensis
Description
Top of pageCastor canadensis (beaver) is a large hervbivorous rodent typically found near water. Adults may be up to 1200mm long and weigh between 18-47kg. Colour ranges from yellowish-brown to black with reddish-brown most common. Guard hairs are long and coarse and the under fur is dense and lead grey in colour. The tail is broad, scaly and dorsoventrally flattened. It is black in young animals but becomes lighter with age. Adaptations for aquatic life include nictitating membranes on the eyes, valvular ears and nose, lips closing behind incisors and webbed hind feet (Jenkins and Busher, 1979; Nummi, 2006).
Distribution
Top of pageNative range: North America from northern Mexico to northern Canada.
Known introduced range: Finland, France, Poland, Russia, Argentine and Chilean Tierra del Fuego
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe |
|||||||
| Austria | Present | Introduced | 1953 | ||||
| Belgium | Present | Introduced | 2010 | ||||
| Finland | Present | Introduced | 1937 | Invasive | |||
| France | Present | Introduced | 1975 | ||||
| Germany | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1966-1982 | ||||
| Hungary | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1990 - 2000 | ||||
| Luxembourg | Present | Introduced | 2010 | ||||
| Norway | Present | Introduced | 2001 | ||||
| Poland | Present | Introduced | |||||
| Russia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Northern Russia | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1940s | ||||
| Ukraine | Absent, Formerly present | First reported: 1933 - 1934 | |||||
| United Kingdom | Present | Introduced | 1860 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
| Canada | Present | Native | |||||
| Mexico | Present | Native | |||||
| United States | Present | Native | |||||
| -Alaska | Present | Introduced | 1927 | ||||
South America |
|||||||
| Argentina | Present | Introduced | 1946 | Invasive | |||
| Chile | Present | Introduced | Invasive | First reported: 1950s | |||
Habitat
Top of pageCastor canadensis (beavers) are always found close to water and they require forest to provide food and building material (Nummi, 2006). Beavers have a unique ability to cut trees and this allows them to build mud and wood lodges in which they live, nest and store food. Lodges may be completely surrounded by water or built on the banks of ponds, lakes or streams.They are also able to build watertight dams which create ponds behind them where the beavers are then able to build lodges (Jenkins and Busher, 1979). This behaviour alters large areas of habitat and is the reason why beavers are termed “ecosystem engineers” (Nummi, 2006).
Habitat List
Top of page| Category | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple | ||||
| Terrestrial | ||||
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Cold lands / tundra | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Freshwater | ||||
| Freshwater | Lakes | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
| Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageNutrition
Castor canadensis (beavers) are "choosy generalist" herbivores. They eat leaves, twigs and bark of most species of woody plants growing near water and also herbaceous plants, particularly aquatics. Whilst they have a wide ranging diet they show a large preference for certain plant species such as aspen (Populus spp.) and willow (Sailx spp.). Roots and rhizomes of water lilies are a particularly important source of winter food (Jenkins and Busher, 1979).
Castor canadensis (beavers) are "choosy generalist" herbivores. They eat leaves, twigs and bark of most species of woody plants growing near water and also herbaceous plants, particularly aquatics. Whilst they have a wide ranging diet they show a large preference for certain plant species such as aspen (Populus spp.) and willow (Sailx spp.). Roots and rhizomes of water lilies are a particularly important source of winter food (Jenkins and Busher, 1979).
Reproduction
Castor canadensis are monogamous. They usually become sexually mature during their second winter at the age of 1.5 years, although it can be delayed until 2.5 years or later (Nummi, 2006). Beavers mate once a year during winter. Gestation lasts about 105 days and the sole litter is born in spring. Litter size is usually between three and four, but can vary from one to nine (Jenkins and Busher 1979; Hill 1982 in Nummi, 2006). Kits weigh about 500g at birth.
Lifecycle stages
The offspring are born fully furred and eyes wide open. They can swim within 24 hours and after several days they are also able to dive out of the lodge without any accompaniment. They leave the dam at two years of age (Anderson, 2002).
The offspring are born fully furred and eyes wide open. They can swim within 24 hours and after several days they are also able to dive out of the lodge without any accompaniment. They leave the dam at two years of age (Anderson, 2002).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageIntroduction pathways to new locations
Landscape/fauna "improvement":Castor canadensis (beaver) was introduced to southern South American during an Argentine government program to establish furbearers in Tierra del Fuego.
Natural dispersal:Castor canadensis (beavers) have colonized adjacent islands dispersing themselves only by their own means.
Other:Castor canadensis (beaver) was introduced to Finland as part of a programme to reintroduce the European beaver (C. fiber). (Nummi, 2006). They were introduced to Poland and farmed (Nummi, 2006)
Local dispersal methods
Escape from confinement:Castor canadensis (beavers) have escaped from fur farms etc.
Pathway Causes
Top of page| Cause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acclimatization societies | Yes | |||
| Animal production | Yes | |||
| Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | |||
| Self-propelled | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of page| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Environment (generally) | Negative |
| Forestry production | Negative |
Impact
Top of pageGeneral Impacts
Compiled by IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
Castor canadensis (beavers) are known as "ecosystem engineers" for their ability to alter the physical and chemical nature of water bodies and their adjacent terrestrial systems in both their native and introduced range (Nummi, 2006). Two recent studies have investigated the impacts of beavers on ecosystems in their introduced range in southern South America. Beavers have been found to cause significant reduction in forest cover up to 30m from water effectively removing riparian forest. In their introduced range of South America Beavers modify the original ecosystem from closed Nothofagus forest to a grass- and sedge-dominated meadow. Nothofagus forest and seedlings are suppressed by beavers but herbaceous plants have been shown to increase in number and diversity. Unfortunately most of the increase in herbaceous plant diversity is due to invasion of the areas by non-native species (Anderson et al. 2006). Deforestation caused by C. canadensis also has the immediate effect of increased erosion due to exposed slopes (Lizzaralde et al, 2004). Forests may not completely regenerate in meadows for more than 20 years after removal of beavers due to flooding and sediments completely covering the forest floor which impedes seedling germination and establishment (Martinez Pastur et al, 2006). Anderson and Rosemand (2006) investigated the effect of beavers on the aquatic ecosystem and found that ponds created by beavers had increased productivity but at the expense of significantly reduced macroinvertebrate diversity. Via physical, chemical and geomorphological alterations, beavers modify the structure and function of entire biotic communities and ecosystems. Lizarralde et al (2004) found that beaver colonized sites in the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, Argentina had submerged vegetation and algae indicative of high nitrogen concentrations. Wood debris from fallen trees causes an accumulation of organic material that modifies the biochemical composition of waters, sediments, soils and adjacent riparian areas. These alterations make beaver-altered sites more suitable for introduced fish species (Salmo trusttafario, Salvelinus fontinalis and Onchorrychus mybis) and sustained invertebrate communities typidcal of slow-water habitats (Lizzaralde et al, 2004). Beavers dam the river in which their lodge occurs, and sometimes the dam breaks causing extensive flooding. Dams act as barriers to migration in the stream and also form areas of impounded water behind them, increasing water temperature (Alexander, 1998). Beavers are also known for their ability to rapidly clear a forested area, and also cause flooding to roads by plugging highway culverts (Jensen et al. 2001).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page
Invasiveness
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Increases vulnerability to invasions
- Modification of hydrology
- Modification of successional patterns
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Transportation disruption
- Herbivory/grazing/browsing
- Interaction with other invasive species
Uses
Top of pageCastor canadensis (beavers) are trapped and used primarily for their pelt (Langan, 1991). Beavers are being reintroduced to areas where they have been made extinct to improve wetland ecosystems.
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageCastor fiber, the European Beaver, is smaller than Castor canadensis, the American Beaver. The European beaver weighs around 25kg, while the American Beaver weighs around 30-40kg (Streubel, 2000). C. fiber has a coat that varies from a glossy brown to a yellowish brown while C. canadensis has a reddish to blackish brown coat. The two species can also be identified from the secretions of their anal glands with which the animals scent mark the borders of their territories (Rosell and Sun 1999 in Nummi, 2006). C. canadensis out competed C. fiber in Finland because it uses resources better, has a greater number of offspring, and builds better dams (Nummi, 2000).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Management Information
Compiled by IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
Most Castor canadensis (beaver) management is through various forms of trapping for pelts. Demand for pelts has decreased so now there is little incentive for trappers to hunt beavers. Beaver colonies have been moved to other areas but in most cases other beavers move into the area and replace the beavers that were removed. Similar problems occur with trapping – removing the resident population simply allows other beavers to replace them. Dams in Canada have been blown up but it is a costly process and frequently new dams are created in the same place. Jensen et al (2001) suggest installing oversized culverts as a way of discouraging beaver plugging activity. McKinstry and Anderson (1998) state that Hancock and Bailey traps are typically used for live trapping beavers, but are bulky and expensive, and suggest steel cable snares as an alternative.
Bibliography
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References
Top of pageDistribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Contributors
Top of pagePrincipal sources: Christopher Anderson and Brett Maley, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30605 and Omora Foundation, Puerto Williams, XII Region, Chile.
Nummi, P. 2006. NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Castor canadensis.
Jenkins, S.H. and Busher, P.E. 1979. Castor canadensis. Mammalian Species
Jenkins and Busher, 1979 and Nummi, 2006
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