Capra hircus (goats)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Threatened Species
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Prevention and Control
- Bibliography
- References
- Links to Websites
- Principal Source
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Summary
- Last modified
- 22 November 2019
- Datasheet Type(s)
- Invasive Species
- Natural Enemy
- Host Animal
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Capra hircus
- Preferred Common Name
- goats
- Taxonomic Tree
- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Mammalia
- Summary of Invasiveness
-
The goat (Capra hircus) was domesticated 10,000 years ago in the highlands of western Iran. These herbivores have a highly varied diet and are able to utilise a larger number of plant spe...
- Principal Source
-
Global Invasive Species Database
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Generate reportPictures
Top of page| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goats grazing in a tree | Capra hircus (goats); goats grazing in an Argan tree (Argania spinosa). Essaouira, Morocco. June 2013. | ©Grand Parc - Bordeaux, France/via wikipedia - CC BY 2.0 |
Identity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Capra hircus Linnaeus 1758
Preferred Common Name
- goats
Other Scientific Names
- Capra aegagrus hircus
- Capra indicus
International Common Names
- English: billy; goat; kid; kids; nanny
- Spanish: cabras
- French: chèvres
Local Common Names
- Germany: Hausziege; Ziegen
- Italy: capre
- Portugal: cabras
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageThe goat (Capra hircus) was domesticated 10,000 years ago in the highlands of western Iran. These herbivores have a highly varied diet and are able to utilise a larger number of plant species than other livestock. Goats alter plant communities and forest structure and threaten vulnerable plant species. The reduction of vegetation reduces shelter options for native animals and overgrazing in native communities leads to ecosystem degradation. Feral goats spread disease to native animals. Native fauna on islands are particularly susceptible.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Artiodactyla
- Suborder: Ruminantia
- Family: Bovidae
- Genus: Capra
- Species: Capra hircus
Description
Top of pageMales weigh between 45 and 55 kilos and females weigh between 25 and 35 kilos. Colouration is highly variable from mostly black, to various shades of brown, and from single-coloured to multi-coloured. Black anterior with brown posterior is a common pattern. Horns are dimorphic, having homonymous spiral and anterior keel. Males are bearded and produce pheromones during the breeding season.
Distribution
Top of pageGoats were domesticated 10,000 years ago in the highlands of western Iran. Feral goats are derived from domestic goats, originally native to Asia.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020Habitat
Top of pageGoats usually move in herds that roam over territories up to 20km wide. Sometimes herd ranges can be as small as 100m2. Males usually wander more widely than females. Grasslands, scrub lands, rocky outcrops and semi-open or open forests are all used extensively by goats as habitat substrate. In bad weather, they may seek shelter under rocky ledges (SPREP, 2000).
Habitat List
Top of page| Category | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrestrial | ||||
| Terrestrial – Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
| Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
| Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | ||
| Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageNutrition
Goats are herbivores and will forage on any palatable plants in their home range. Goats have rather large rumino-reticular volume so they are able to subsist on poorer quality plants than most herbivores, therefore goats can survive and subsist in heavily exploited environments.
In a study conducted by Chimera, Coleman and Parkes (1995) the rumen contents of 49 goats (captured in 1989) were identified and the dry weight of each component was measured to produce a breakdown of the diet of a small, unique remnant population (now extinct) of feral goats on Auckland Island (a Sub-Antarctic island located south of New Zealand). Woody plants and grasses made up the bulk of their diet (41% and 39%, respectively); seaweeds made up 13%, ferns 4% and herbaceous species 3%. At least 40 plant species were eaten by the goats, but just three species made up half of the total: rata (Metrosideros umbellate), snow tussock (Chionochloa Antarctica) and kelp (Durvillea Antarctica). Rata (Metrosideros umbellate), Coprosma foetidissima, Pseudopanax simplex and Carex appressa were the most commonly found species - eaten in at least some quantity by 90%, 80%, 76% and 69% of the goats respectively.
Unidentified grasses composed 21.4% of the total contents (dry weight) and were found in 100% of goats. NB: This population had a unique genetic makeup as it evolved separately for over 100 years on an isolated island with a cold and harsh climate and so it may not represent the dietary preferences of all goats. However, it highlights the huge adaptability of goats and their ability to subsist in particular and inhospitable landscapes.
Reproduction
Both sexes are physiologically capable of reproduction at about 6 months of age. Dominant males fight to win females. They follow a serial pattern and attend to one female after another as they come into oestrus. In one sense this is termed polygyny, as males breed with as many females as they can during a breeding period, but more properly this is serial monogamy as a male will tend a female for extended periods, both before and after copulation and before leaving in search of a different mate.
Realised reproduction varies among populations, seasons and years. At best a typical female goat would produce one young in its first pregnancy and twin kids in subsequent pregnancies. However, most females are at less than optimal condition, which may result in a twinning rate of as little as 0%. At best, herds may produce twins at a rate of 80% or more. Triplets are not uncommon.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageIntroduction pathways to new locations
Other: Goats (Capra hircus) were released as potential food for people marooned by shipwrecks.
Transportation of domesticated animals: Goats (Capra hircus) were introduced to islands for their milk.
Local dispersal methods
Escape from confinement:
Natural dispersal (local):
Pathway Causes
Top of page| Cause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal production | Yes | |||
| Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | |||
| Food | Yes | |||
| Self-propelled | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of page| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Biodiversity (generally) | Negative |
| Environment (generally) | Negative |
| Livestock production | Negative |
Impact
Top of pageGeneral Impacts
Threatened Species
Top of page| Threatened Species | Conservation Status | Where Threatened | Mechanism | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acrocephalus luscinia (nightingale reed warbler) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Guam; Northern Mariana Islands | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998d | |
| Adelocosa anops (Kauai cave wolf spider) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006a | |
| Bidens amplectens (koko'olau) | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Bidens campylotheca subsp. waihoiensis (ko`oko`olau) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013a | |
| Bidens conjuncta (ko`oko`olau) | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Bidens micrantha subsp. ctenophylla (ko`oko`olau) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013a | |
| Calamagrostis hillebrandii (Hillegrands reedgrass) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Canavalia pubescens (jack bean) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cinclodes aricomae | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered) | Peru | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | , | |
| Cyanea asplenifolia (haha) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea calycina | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Cyanea duvalliorum | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea horrida (prickly cyanea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea kunthiana (Kunth's cyanea) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea lanceolata (lanceleaf cyanea) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Cyanea magnicalyx | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea maritae | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea marksii (Marks' cyanea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013a | |
| Cyanea mauiensis | EX (IUCN red list: Extinct) | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea munroi | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea obtusa (bluntlobe cyanea) | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea profuga (Mapulehu Valley cyanea) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyanea recta (Kealia cyanea) | National list(s); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995b | |
| Cyanea solanacea (popolo) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyclura stejnegeri (Mona Island iguana) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Puerto Rico | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984a | |
| Cyrtandra ferripilosa | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyrtandra filipes | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Cyrtandra limahuliensis (Limahuli cyrtandra) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995b | |
| Cyrtandra oxybapha | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Doryopteris takeuchii (Takeuch's lipfern) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Dracaena forbesii (hala pepe) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | , | |
| Chrysodracon hawaiiensis (hala pepe) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998a | |
| Drosophila aglaia | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Drosophila differens (Hawaiian picture-wing fly) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Drosophila digressa | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013a | |
| Drosophila hemipeza | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Drosophila heteroneura | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Drosophila montgomeryi | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Drosophila musaphilia | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Drosophila ochrobasis | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Drosophila substenoptera | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | NatureServe, 2010 | |
| Emballonura semicaudata rotensis (Pacific sheath-tailed bat) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Northern Mariana Islands | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015a | |
| Epicrates monensis monensis (Mona boa) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Puerto Rico | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984b | |
| Festuca hawaiiensis (Hawai'i fescue) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015b | |
| Festuca molokaiensis | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Gardenia remyi (Remy's gardenia) | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014a | |
| Harrisia portoricensis (higo chumbo) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Puerto Rico | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010m | |
| Huperzia stemmermanniae (Stemmermann's clubmoss) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014b | |
| Hylaeus assimulans (assimulans yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014c | |
| Hylaeus facilis (easy yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014d | |
| Hylaeus hilaris (hilaris yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA species proposed for listing | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014e | |
| Hylaeus kuakea (Hawaiian yellow-faced bee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014f | |
| Hylaeus longiceps | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014g | |
| Hylaeus mana | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014h | |
| Isodendrion longifolium (longleaf isodendrion) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011f | |
| Joinvillea ascendens ascendens | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014i | |
| Korthalsella taenioides (Degener's korthal mistletoe) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | , | |
| Leiolopisma telfairii (Round Island skink) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Mauritius | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | Madagascar Reptile & Amphibian Specialist Group, 1996 | |
| Lobelia monostachya (Waianae Range lobelia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998c | |
| Lobelia niihauensis (Niihau lobelia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998c | |
| Loxioides bailleui (palila) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006b | |
| Melanthera tenuifolia (Waianae Range nehe) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998c | |
| Melanthera venosa (spreading nehe) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1994 | |
| Melanthera waimeaensis (Waimea Canyon nehe) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998b | |
| Melicope christophersenii | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Melicope hiiakae | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Melicope makahae | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Melicope makahae | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Mucuna sloanei var. persericea | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Myrsine linearifolia (narrowleaf colicwood) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2003 | |
| Nothocestrum latifolium (broadleaf aiea) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013c | |
| Nothocestrum peltatum (Oahu aiea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995b | |
| Nototrichium humile (kaala rockwort) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | National Tropical Botanical Garden, 2007; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008c | |
| Oceanodroma castro (band-rumped storm-petrel) | LC (IUCN red list: Least concern); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Montana | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | , | |
| Ochrosia haleakalae (island yellowwood) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014j | |
| Ochrosia kilaueaensis (Hawai'i yellowwood) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996a | |
| Oreomystis bairdi (akikiki) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006b | |
| Oreomystis mana (Hawaii creeper) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006b | |
| Osmoxylon mariannense | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Northern Mariana Islands | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2007 | |
| Ovis ammon (argali) | NT (IUCN red list: Near threatened); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Tajikistan | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2002 | |
| Ovis canadensis sierrae (Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Pathogenic | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008h | |
| Panicum fauriei (Carter's panicgrass) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011g | |
| Paroreomyza flammea (Molokai creeper) | EX (IUCN red list: Extinct); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006b | |
| Partula gibba (humped tree snail) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Guam; Northern Mariana Islands | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015a | |
| Partula langfordi (Langford's tree snail) | USA ESA listing as endangered species; CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered) | Northern Mariana Islands | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015a | |
| Partula radiolata (Guam tree snail) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Guam | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015a | |
| Partulina semicarinata (Lanai tree snail) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Partulina variabilis (Lanai tree snail) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011d | |
| Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis (ulihi phyllostegia) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995a | |
| Phyllostegia knudsenii (Waimea phyllostegia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009b | |
| Phyllostegia mannii (Mann's phyllostegia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011h | |
| Phyllostegia mollis (Waianae Range phyllostegia) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009f | |
| Phyllostegia parviflora (smallflower phyllostegia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008d | |
| Phyllostegia renovans (red-leaf phyllostegia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010l | |
| Phyllostegia waimeae (Kauai phyllostegia) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008e | |
| Phyllostegia wawrana (fuzzystem phyllostegia) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009a | |
| Phytotoma raimondii (Peruvian plantcutter) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Peru | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | , | |
| Pittosporum napaliense (royal cheesewood) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010l | |
| Plantago hawaiensis (Hawai'i plantain) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996a | |
| Plantago princeps | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010n | |
| Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); NatureServe | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012a | |
| Platydesma rostrata | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010l | |
| Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010b | |
| Portulaca sclerocarpa | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996a | |
| Pritchardia hardyi (Makaleha pritchardia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010o | |
| Pritchardia kaalae (Waianae Range pritchardia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998c; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008f | |
| Pritchardia munroi (Kamalo pritchardia) | No Details | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996b; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011b | |
| Pritchardia napaliensis | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010c | |
| Pritchardia remota (Remota loula palm) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011a | |
| Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium var. molokaiense (enaena) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014k | |
| Psittirostra psittacea (Ou) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006b; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009k | |
| Psychotria grandiflora (large-flowered balsamo) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010l | |
| Psychotria hobdyi (Hobdy's wild-coffee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010l | |
| Pteralyxia kauaiensis (Kauai pteralyxia) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995b; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010d | |
| Pteralyxia laurifolia (ridged pteralyxia) | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | , | |
| Pterodroma sandwichensis | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable) | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011e | |
| Pteropus mariannus mariannus (Mariana fruit bat) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Guam; Northern Mariana Islands | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009e | |
| Ranunculus hawaiensis (Hawai'ian buttercup) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014l | |
| Ranunculus mauiensis (Maui buttercup) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | , | |
| Remya kauaiensis (Kauai remya) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010e | |
| Remya mauiensis (Maui remya) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition (unspecified) | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009g | |
| Remya montgomeryi (Kalalau Valley remya) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010a | |
| Sanicula mariversa (Waianae Range blacksnakeroot) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998c; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008g | |
| Schiedea apokremnos (Kauai schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010p | |
| Schiedea haleakalensis (Haleakala schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011i | |
| Schiedea helleri (Kaholuamanu schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010f | |
| Schiedea helleri (Kaholuamanu schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010f | |
| Schiedea hookeri (sprawling schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011j | |
| Schiedea jacobii (Jacobi's schiedea) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Schiedea kaalae (Oahu schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998c | |
| Schiedea kauaiensis (Kauai schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008a | |
| Schiedea kealiae (Waianae Range schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010g | |
| Schiedea lydgatei (Kamalo Gulch schiedea) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011k | |
| Schiedea membranacea | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010h | |
| Schiedea nuttallii | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1999; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009h | |
| Schiedea pubescens | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014m | |
| Schiedea salicaria | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013b | |
| Schiedea sarmentosa | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011l | |
| Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | , | |
| Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995b | |
| Schiedea stellarioides | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010i | |
| Sesbania tomentosa | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010q | |
| Sibara filifolia (Santra Cruz Island Rockcress) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006c | |
| Silene alexandri | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008i | |
| Silene hawaiiensis (Hawaii catchfly) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996a | |
| Silene lanceolata (Kauai catchfly) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010r | |
| Solanum incompletum | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008b | |
| Solanum sandwicense | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009i | |
| Spermolepis hawaiiensis (Hawaii scaleseed) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010s | |
| Stenogyne campanulata (Kalalau Valley stenogyne) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009c | |
| Stenogyne kanehoana (Oahu stenogyne) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998c | |
| Stenogyne purpurea (purplefruit stenogyne) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010o | |
| Streptanthus bracteatus (bracted twistflower) | USA ESA species proposed for listing | Texas | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014n | |
| Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (Xantus' murrelet) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered) | Canada; Mexico; California; Oregon | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012b | |
| Tetramolopium arenarium (Maui tetramolopium) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996a | |
| Tetramolopium filiforme (ridgetop tetramolopium) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010t | |
| Tetramolopium lepidotum (Waianae Range tetramolopium) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009j | |
| Tetramolopium remyi (Awalua Ridge tetramolopium) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995a | |
| Tetraplasandra flynnii | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995b | |
| Urera kaalae | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Pest and disease transmission | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011m | |
| Urocyon littoralis catalinae (Santa Catalina Island fox) | USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004 | |
| Verbesina dissita (big-leaved crownbeard) | National list(s); USA ESA listing as threatened species | California | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010u | |
| Vetericaris chaceorum (anchialine pool shrimp) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013a | |
| Vicia menziesii (Hawaiian vetch) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984c | |
| Vigna o-wahuensis (Oahu cowpea) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011c | |
| Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana (pamakani) | USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008j | |
| Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010j | |
| Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Herbivory/grazing/browsing | US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009d |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page Invasiveness- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Negatively impacts animal health
- Negatively impacts livelihoods
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition (unspecified)
- Pest and disease transmission
- Herbivory/grazing/browsing
- Interaction with other invasive species
- Pathogenic
Uses
Top of pageThe ability of goat herds to survive in harsh environments has led to their introduction onto many islands, including Saint Helena Island, the Juan Fernandez Islands and Hawaii. They provided food for colonising people (specifically European colonisers and ship crews) (Campbell and Donlan 2005). Fishermen may have spread goats onto new islands, such as San Benitos (Mexico) and Pinta Island and Marchena Island (Galapagos Islands, Ecuador) (Campbell and Donlan 2005).
Goats were domesticated 10,000 years ago in the highlands of western Iran (Zeder and Hesse 2000, in Campbell and Donlan 2005). Goats are used for their fur and meat as well as for milk and cheese production. Goat meat is the most highly consumed meat source in the world. More goat’s milk is consumed than cow’s milk. Angora goats have long soft fur which is utilised to produce a soft silk-like fabric called mohair. In New Zealand, mohair prices are strong (2006) and farm gate returns are good. Although little is known of optimum farm management systems, it is considered that the farming of angora goats could contribute to the positive growth of the economy (Mohair NZ Business Plan 2006). The French are well known for utilising goat products for economic purposes; making cheese and other goat milk products (Canus Undated). Some cosmetic products have claimed to help eczema sufferers (Johnson 2006).
Uses List
Top of pageHuman food and beverage
- Fresh meat
- Milk and dairy products
Materials
- Skins/leather/fur
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Management Information
Goats have been eradicated from approximately 120 islands and there is hope that native communities will recover rapidly (Hamann 1979, 1993, in Campbell and Donlan 2005). The largest islands on which substantial goat populations have been removed are: Lanai Island (Hawaii), San Clemente (USA), Pinta Island and Santiago Island (Galapagos Islands, Ecuador) and Raoul Island (New Zealand) (Campbell and Donlan 2005; Cruz et al., 2009). In general, goat eradication management for islands larger than 500 hectares requires detailed planning and the use of specialised technology, equipment and personnel. Securing funds for eradication programmes may be an obstacle to goat control (Campbell and Donlan 2005). The recent eradication of feral goats from Santiago Island (58,465 ha) in <5 years cost US$6.1 million, and was achieved with a combination of techniques and technologies (Cruz et al. 2009).
The introduction of modern eradication technology has greatly improved the effectiveness of goat control programmes, making goat eradication more likely. Some control methods include the employment of aerial hunting (helicopter), specially trained goat-hunting dogs, Global Positioning Systems and Geographic Information System techniques as well as sterilised goats marked with radiotelemetry collars, called “Judas goats”, which gravitate to, and therefore detect, wild goat herds. Judas goats are used to find wild herds and are especially suitable for finding the last few survivors or to detect the presence of wild goats when it is uncertain whether they have been eradicated. Hunting dogs are particularly useful in situations when goat density is low and vegetation density is high. Aerial hunting is appropriate in situations where there is less ground cover and a higher density of goats. Eradication is always the better option when compared to short-term control. If short-term control is chosen, goats should be kept at low densities.
Although effective eradication technology is available, Benjamin et al. (2011) demonstrate the potential of strategic water management as a non-lethal technique to protect biodiversity from the impacts of feral goats. In the study area in New South Wales, feral goats were found to remain in close proximity to artificial water points. However, they were able to access and impact upon areas of conservation importance which were nearby to these water points. However, by using fencing, the distance the goats needed to travel from the water points to gain access to conservation areas was increased – this protected biodiversity without eradicating the goat population (although the population was locally reduced). This solution was favourable with local landholders some of whom harvest the feral goats.
Guidelines for managing the impact of feral goats have been developed under the Vertebrate Pest Program (VPP) Australia administered by the Bureau of Resource Sciences (BRS). The purpose of these guidelines is to assist in the development of cost-effective strategies to reduce the damage feral goats cause to production and conservation. Management techniques and strategies for feral goat management are recommended and illustrated by case studies. Deficiencies in knowledge, management and legislation are identified. Please follow this link to view and download Parkes, J., R Henzell & G Pickles, 1995. Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Goats
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References
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Distribution References
CABI Data Mining, 2001. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Daltry JC, 2009. The Status and Management of Saint Lucia's Forest Reptiles and Amphibians. In: SFA 2003/SLU/BIT-04/0711/EMF/LC, Finland: FCG Fauna & Flora. 80 pp. http://www.bananatrustslu.com/index.php?link=doccentre&project=sfa2003
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Links to Websites
Top of page| Website | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
| Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of pageReviewed by: Dr. Bruce Coblentz, Oregon State University, USA.
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Distribution Maps
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