haemorrhagic septicaemia

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

External symptoms. Haemorrhagic septicaemia.

Extensive oedematous swelling of the head and neck.

©USDA-2002/Foreign Animal Diseases Training Set/USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

Pathology. Haemorrhagic septicaemia.

Extensive serofibrinous exudation and necrosis in the musculature of the neck.

©USDA-2002/Foreign Animal Diseases Training Set/USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

haemorrhagic septicaemia

Pathogen/s

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Pasteurella multocida

Overview

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Haemorrhagic septicaemia is an important disease of cattle and buffaloes in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. It is caused by certain serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and is characterised by an acute, highly fatal septicaemia with high morbidity and mortality.

Haemorrhagic septicaemia is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). For information on this disease from OIE, see the website: www.oie.int.

For further information, also see the datasheet on Pasteurella multocida infections.

Host Animals

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Animal name	Context	Life stage	System
Bos grunniens (yaks)	Domesticated host
Bos taurus (cattle)	Domesticated host
Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo)	Domesticated host
Camelus dromedarius (dromedary camel)	Domesticated host
Cervus dama	Domesticated host; Wild host
Sus scrofa (pigs)	Domesticated host

Distribution

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For current information on disease incidence, see OIE's WAHID Interface.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 04 Jan 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Angola	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Benin	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Botswana	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Burkina Faso	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Burundi	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Cabo Verde	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cameroon	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Central African Republic	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Chad	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Côte d'Ivoire	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Djibouti	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Egypt	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Eritrea	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Eswatini	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ethiopia	Present	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Gambia	Present	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Ghana	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Guinea	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Guinea-Bissau	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kenya	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Lesotho	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Liberia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Libya	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Madagascar	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Mali	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mauritius	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mayotte	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Morocco	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mozambique	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Namibia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Niger	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Nigeria	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Réunion	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Rwanda	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Helena	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
São Tomé and Príncipe	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Senegal	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Seychelles	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Sierra Leone	Present, Localized	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Somalia	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
South Africa	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
South Sudan	Present	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Sudan	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tanzania	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Togo	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tunisia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Zambia	Present	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Zimbabwe	Present	OIE (2020) OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2020; in wild animals only
Asia
Afghanistan	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Armenia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Azerbaijan	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bahrain	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Bangladesh	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Bhutan	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Brunei	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cambodia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2018) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
China	Present, Localized	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Georgia	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Hong Kong	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
India	Present, Localized	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Indonesia	Present, Localized	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Iran	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Iraq	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Israel	Present, Localized	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Japan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Jordan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Kazakhstan	Present	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Kuwait	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kyrgyzstan	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Laos	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Lebanon	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Malaysia	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a) CABI (Undated)	Jan-Jun-2019
-Peninsular Malaysia	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sabah	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sarawak	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)	CAB Abstracts Data Mining
Maldives	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Mongolia	Present	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Myanmar	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nepal	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Korea	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Oman	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Pakistan	Present	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Palestine	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Philippines	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Qatar	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Saudi Arabia	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Singapore	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
South Korea	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Sri Lanka	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Syria	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Taiwan	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tajikistan	Absent	OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Thailand	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Turkmenistan	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
United Arab Emirates	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Uzbekistan	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Vietnam	Present	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Europe
Andorra	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Austria	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belarus	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belgium	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bulgaria	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Croatia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cyprus	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Czechia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Denmark	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Estonia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Faroe Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Finland	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
France	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Germany	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Greece	Absent	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Hungary	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Iceland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ireland	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Isle of Man	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Italy	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Jersey	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Liechtenstein	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Lithuania	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Luxembourg	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malta	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Moldova	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Montenegro	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Netherlands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Macedonia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Norway	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Poland	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Portugal	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Romania	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Russia	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
San Marino	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Serbia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Serbia and Montenegro	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Slovakia	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Slovenia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Spain	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Sweden	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Switzerland	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Ukraine	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
United Kingdom	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
-Northern Ireland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
North America
Bahamas	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Barbados	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Belize	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bermuda	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cayman Islands	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Costa Rica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cuba	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Curaçao	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005)	Jan-Jun-2019
El Salvador	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Greenland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Guadeloupe	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guatemala	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Haiti	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Honduras	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jamaica	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Martinique	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mexico	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Panama	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Saint Lucia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Trinidad and Tobago	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a) OIE Handistatus (2005)	Jan-Jun-2018
United States	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Oceania
Australia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cook Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Federated States of Micronesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Fiji	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
French Polynesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kiribati	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Marshall Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
New Caledonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
New Zealand	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Palau	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020)	Jul-Dec-2020
Samoa	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Timor-Leste	Present	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Tonga	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Vanuatu	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
South America
Argentina	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bolivia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Brazil	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Chile	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Colombia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ecuador	Present	OIE (2019) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Falkland Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
French Guiana	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Paraguay	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Peru	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Suriname	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Uruguay	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Venezuela	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE Handistatus (2005) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019

References

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African Union-Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, 2011. Panafrican Animal Health Yearbook 2011. Pan African Animal Health Yearbook, 2011:xiii + 90 pp. http://www.au-ibar.org/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=71&id=109&Itemid=56&lang=en

Alwis MCLde, 1992. Haemorrhagic septicaemia - a general review. British Veterinary Journal, 148(2):99-112.

Bain RVS; Alwis MCLde; Carter GR; Gupta BK, 1982. Haemorrhagic septicaemia. Haemorrhagic septicaemia. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization, 54pp.

Carter GR; Myint A; Khar Rvan; Khin A, 1991. .

Dziva F; Muhairwa AP; Bisgaard M; Christensen H, 2008. Diagnostic and typing options for investigating diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology, 128(1/2):1-22. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135

Mustafa AA; Ghalib HW; Shigidi MT, 1978. Carrier rate of Pasteurella multocida in a cattle herd associated with an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia in the Sudan. British Veterinary Journal, 134(4):375-378.

OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE, 2012. World Animal Health Information Database. Version 2. World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Wahidhome/Home

Distribution References

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE, 2018. World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS): Jul-Dec. In: OIE-WAHIS Platform, Paris, France: OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). unpaginated. https://wahis.oie.int/

OIE, 2018a. World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS): Jan-Jun. In: OIE-WAHIS Platform, Paris, France: OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). unpaginated. https://wahis.oie.int

OIE, 2019. World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS): Jul-Dec. In: OIE-WAHIS Platform, Paris, France: OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). unpaginated. https://wahis.oie.int/

OIE, 2019a. World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS): Jan-Jun. In: OIE-WAHIS Platform, Paris, France: OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). unpaginated. https://wahis.oie.int/

OIE, 2020. World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS): Jul-Dec. In: OIE-WAHIS Platform, Paris, France: OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). unpaginated. https://wahis.oie.int/

OIE, 2020a. World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS). Jan-Jun. In: OIE-WAHIS Platform, Paris, France: OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). unpaginated. https://wahis.oie.int/

Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
HS – A Review. PJS 2009	http://www.paas.com.pk/images/volume/pdf/379705178-3.pdf
HS – CFSPH Technical Factsheet	http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/hemorrhagic_septicemia.pdf
HS – OIE Code	http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/2010/chapitre_1.11.10.pdf
HS – OIE Manual	http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.04.12_HAEMORRHAGIC_SEPTICAEMIA.pdf
HS – OIE Technical Disease Card	http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/HAEMORRHAGIC_SEPTICEMIA_FINAL.pdf
OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals	http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/	The Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Terrestrial Manual) aims to facilitate international trade in animals and animal products and to contribute to the improvement of animal health services world-wide. The principal target readership is laboratories carrying out veterinary diagnostic tests and surveillance, plus vaccine manufacturers and regulatory authorities in Member Countries. The objective is to provide internationally agreed diagnostic laboratory methods and requirements for the production and control of vaccines and other biological products.
OIE Technical Disease Cards	http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/technical-disease-cards/	An updated compilation of 33 technical disease cards, containing summary information, mainly directed to a specialised scientific audience, including 32 OIE-listed priority diseases. USDA-APHIS (USA) are also credited with contributing to the maintenance of the cards.
USAHA: Foreign Animal Diseases. Seventh Edition	http://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/nahems/fad.pdf	Copyright © 2008 by United States Animal Health Association ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Library of Congress Catalogue Number 2008900990 ISBN 978-0-9659583-4-9. Publication with 472pp. aimed at providing information for practitioners within the USA to prevent and or mitigate the incursion of foreign animal diseases into that country. Contains general chapters on surveillance, diagnosis, etc. as well as 48 chapters covering individual diseases, mostly those notifiable to the OIE.

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