Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss
Preferred Common Name
- giant thorny bamboo
Other Scientific Names
- Arundarbor agrestis (Lour.) Kuntze
- Arundarbor arundinacea (Retz.) Kuntze
- Arundarbor bambos (L.) Kuntze
- Arundarbor orientalis (Nees) Kuntze
- Arundarbor spinosa (Buch.-Ham.) Kuntze
- Arundarbor teba (Miq.) Kuntze
- Arundo agrestis Lour.
- Arundo arborea Mill.
- Arundo bambos L.
- Arundo bambu Lour.
- Bambos arundo J.F.Gmel.
- Bambusa agrestis (Lour.) Poir.
- Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.
- Bambusa arundinacea Willd.
- Bambusa arundinacea var. orientalis (Nees) Gamble
- Bambusa bambos var. gigantea Bahadur ex Bennet & Gaur
- Bambusa bambos var. spinosa (Buch.-Ham.) E.G.Camus
- Bambusa orientalis Nees
- Bambusa spinosa Roxb.
- Ischurochloa arundinacea var. orientalis (Nees) Buse
International Common Names
- English: Indian thorny bamboo; spiny bamboo; thorny bamboo
- Spanish: bambú espinoso; banbu cafia de indios (Spain)
- French: bambou épineux; bambou roseau
Local Common Names
- Cambodia: russei khlei; russei prei
- Cuba: bambú espinoso
- Germany: Bambus, Dorniger
- India: bambu duri; baroowa; khare bans; kotoba
- Indonesia: bambu duri
- Indonesia/Java: pring ori
- Laos: phaix pa:x
- Myanmar: kya-kat-wa
- Philippines: Indian bamboo
- Thailand: phai-nam; phai-pa
- Vietnam: tre gai [ruw]ng; tre l[af] ng[af]
EPPO code
- BAMAR (Bambusa arundinacea)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageB. bambos has been widely cultivated across tropical and temperate regions of the world (PROTA, 2015; USDA-ARS, 2015). It is a multipurpose bamboo with a range of uses ranging from edible shoots (vegetable), leaves (forage) and seeds (famine food) to valuable culms (wood and construction material). As its culms and branches root very readily, it often naturalizes forming monospecific stands along river banks, roadsides and disturbed sites. It has the potential to invade relative unaltered forests moving along streams and undisturbed clumps are almost impenetrable because of the interlacing thorny branches (Duriyaprapan and Jansen 1995; Ohrnberger, 1999). At present, it has been listed as invasive in Cuba (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012). A risk assessment carried out for Florida (IFAS, 2014) gave it a high invasiveness risk score of 10.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Cyperales
- Family: Poaceae
- Genus: Bambusa
- Species: Bambusa bambos
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
The genus Bambusa (family Poaceae) consists of around 120 bamboo species indigenous to Asia and the New World. B. bambos was the first bamboo to receive a valid name, described by Linnaeus (1753) as Arundo bambos. To separate it from the grass genus Arundo the name was turned around, giving a new genus Bambos and a new species name arundinacea (Retzius, 1788). This was modified the following year to Bambusa arundinacea (Schreber, 1789), used until McClure (1946) pointed out that Bambos should have priority over Bambusa and that bambos should have priority over arundinacea.
To allow continued use of Bambusa the name was conserved against Bambos (Lanjouw, 1961). However, confusion over typification of the species names B. bambos and B. arundinacea persisted for some time (McClure, 1946; Holttum, 1956a, 1956b; McClure, 1957; Soderstrom, 1986), even with suggestions of application of the name B. arundinacea to the non-thorny bamboo B. vulgaris. This was all clarified by the discovery of a good type specimen for B. bambos from Sri Lanka, allowing sound lectotypification of the relevant names (Xia and Stapleton, 1997). By that time B. bambos had come into widespread use rather than B. arundinacea, so that it was no longer appropriate to conserve B. arundinacea, which is now a synonym of B. bambos, along with B. spinosa.
There is considerable variation within the species in stature, culm wall thickness and degree of thorniness. The varietal name gigantea is used but has not been published validly. Coming from small areas of south India, it was distinguished on the grounds of large culm size alone (Bahadur and Jain, 1981). Bennet and Gaur (1990) illustrated it, but implied that its taxonomic status could be questioned. Muralidharan (1997) reported a height of up to 35 m in this variety (usual height 30 m), with diameter at breast height of 25 cm (usually approximately 18 cm), noting that it was flowering at the same time as the smaller variety.
B. bambos is related to the other thorny bamboos of China and South-East Asia, B. blumeana, B. sinospinosa and B. dissemulator, which have more strongly developed and more separate culm sheath auricles, less culm sheath pubescence, and spikelets without any apparent cleavage.
Description
Top of page
The following description is taken from Clayton et al. (2015):
Perennial; caespitose, rhizomes short. Culms erect; 2000–3000 cm long; 100–150 mm diameter; woody; with root thorns from the nodes. Culm-internodes terete; glaucous; distally pruinose. Culm-nodes pubescent (brown). Lateral branches dendroid. Branch complement one, or two, or three; in a clump; with 1 branch dominant; thinner than stem. Culm-sheaths deciduous; glabrous. Culm-sheath ligule 1–2 mm high; ciliolate. Culm-sheath blade triangular; erect; hispid; acute. Leaf-sheaths glabrous on surface; outer margin hairy. Leaf-sheath oral hairs setose; 4–6 mm long; pale. Leaf-sheath auricles erect. Ligule an eciliate membrane. Leaf-blade base broadly rounded; with a brief petiole-like connection to sheath; petiole 0.3–0.5 cm long. Leaf-blades lanceolate; 7–18 cm long; 10–18 mm wide. Leaf-blade apex acuminate. Inflorescence bractiferous; clustered at the nodes; in untidy tufts; dense; with glumaceous subtending bracts; with axillary buds at base of spikelet; prophyllate below lateral spikelets; leafless between clusters. Spikelets comprising 5–7 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets lanceolate; laterally compressed; 15–20 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. Rachilla internodes definite. Glumes several; 2–3 empty glumes; persistent; similar; shorter than spikelet. Fertile lemma ovate; 8–9 mm long; without keel; 15 -veined. Lemma margins ciliolate. Lemma apex acute; mucronate. Palea oblong; 1 length of lemma. Palea keels wingless; ciliate. Apical sterile florets resembling fertile though underdeveloped. Fruit a caryopsis with adherent pericarp; ellipsoid; sulcate on hilar side; 7–7.5 mm long. Embryo 0.2 length of caryopsis.
Distribution
Top of pageB. bambos is native to tropical and temperate Asia: it is common throughout the plains of India and in Myanmar, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It is less common in countries of Indo-China, and also occurs in South-eastern China. It has been introduced in Australia, Africa, tropical Asia, Central America, Cuba and northern South America (Clayton et al., 2015; USDA-ARS, 2015).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Kenya | Present | Planted | ||||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Asia |
||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Native | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | Native | ||||||
China | Present | Native | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | |||||||
-Guangxi | Present | |||||||
India | Present | Native | ||||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | |||||||
-Assam | Present | Native | ||||||
-Bihar | Present | |||||||
-Haryana | Present | |||||||
-Jharkhand | Present | Native | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | |||||||
-Kerala | Present | Native | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | |||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | |||||||
-Manipur | Present | |||||||
-Meghalaya | Present | |||||||
-Mizoram | Present | |||||||
-Odisha | Present | |||||||
-Punjab | Present | |||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | |||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | |||||||
-West Bengal | Present | |||||||
Indonesia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Java | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Maluku Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Laos | Present | Native | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Maldives | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | Native | ||||||
Philippines | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | ||||||
Thailand | Present | Native | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | Native | ||||||
Europe |
||||||||
Italy | Present | Introduced | Casual, not naturalized | |||||
North America |
||||||||
Costa Rica | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Honduras | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Nicaragua | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Panama | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Oceania |
||||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Introduced | ||||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | ||||||
South America |
||||||||
Suriname | Present | Introduced |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageBambusa species have been actively introduced throughout tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world since the 19th century mostly to be used as fencing plants, to control erosion, and to create plantations in order to commercialize their culms (PROTA, 2015). B. bambos has been introduced to several other Asian countries on a small scale, usually because of seed availability rather than desirable species characteristics. Kigomo (1991) also reported steady establishment across different sites in Kenya, including a site with an annual rainfall as low as 600 mm.
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of B. bambos is high. This species has been actively introduced in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It has escaped and naturalized into natural and disturbed habitats. It shows a remarkable ability to spread vegetative by rhizomes and culm fragments. Extensive clumps can be easily formed from single culms. Therefore, its potential to expand and colonize new areas remains high.
Habitat
Top of pageB. bambos prefers to grow in humid tropical climates and grows best along river valleys and in other moist conditions. It is found most abundantly in mixed moist habitats up to 1000 m altitude (Duriyaprapan and Jansen, 1995; PROTA, 2015).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for B. bambos varies from 2n = 70 to 2n = 72 (Duriyaprapan and Jansen, 1995).
Reproductive Biology
B. bambos is highly allogamous. It flowers gregariously over a region at intervals of 16 to 45 years. A complete flowering period of the whole clump takes as long as 3 years. Flowering is followed by profuse seeding after which the old clump dies (Duriyaprapan and Jansen, 1995). Like most other grasses, bamboos have inconspicuous flowers, usually light brown or straw-coloured which are probably wind-pollinated (Little and Skolmen, 2003).
Physiology and Phenology
The clumps of B. bambos reach about 5 m height in 7 years and about 20 years are necessary to reach full growth comprising 25—50 (—100) culms. Twelve-year-old clumps are regarded as mature. Undisturbed clumps are almost impenetrable after some years because of the interlacing thorny branches. Clumps die after reproduction (Duriyaprapan and Jansen, 1995).
Environmental Requirements
Growth is better on fertile soils, but the natural habitat includes relatively dry sites on poor soils in deciduous hill forest. Although a species of the plains, freely-drained conditions are essential and steeply sloping sites are also appropriate. Severe waterlogging of flat sites will lead to unhealthy foliage, death of new shoots, and may be associated with symptoms of the syndrome known as bamboo blight (Boa and Rahman, 1987).
B. bambos is found in tropical and subtropical sites up to 1000 m in altitude, where frost will not be encountered. Annual rainfall as low as 600 mm is tolerated, especially if it falls in the summer months to allow adequate shoot growth, but it performs better with 1500-2000 mm rainfall, which reduces the deciduous habit in winter.
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
30 | 5 | 0 | 1000 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 0 | 2 |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 15 | 35 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 25 | 50 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 10 | 30 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 9 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 600 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algedonia coclesalis | All Stages | not specific | ||||
Astegopteryx bambusae | All Stages | not specific | ||||
Cyrtotrachelus dux | All Stages | not specific | ||||
Estigmena chinensis | All Stages | not specific | ||||
Serpula eurocephala | Pathogen | All Stages | not specific |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageWithin its native distribution range, B. bambos is seriously damaged by diseases and pests. Major diseases reported from India are damping-off (Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp.), culm rot (Fusarium spp., Arthrinium spp., Craterellus spp.), and rhizome and root rot (Merulius eurocephalus [Serpula eurocephala]). Major pests recorded in India are the bamboo leaf roller (Pyrausta coclesalis [Algedonia coclesalis]), the bamboo hispine borer (Estigmena chinensis), the bamboo aphid (Oregma bambusae [Astegopteryx bambusae]) and the bamboo culm borer (Cyrtotrachelus dux; Duriyaprapan and Jansen, 1995).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageB. bambos spreads by seeds and vegetatively by rhizome and cuttings. It has a remarkably easy vegetative propagation (PROTA, 2015).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crop production | Cultivated throughout the tropics for its culms | Yes | Yes | PROTA (2015) |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Often escaped from cultivation | Yes | Yes | Ohrnberger (1999) |
Forage | Leaves used as forage | Yes | Yes | Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) |
Habitat restoration and improvement | Yes | Yes | USDA-ARS (2015) | |
Hedges and windbreaks | Yes | Yes | Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) | |
Industrial purposes | Raw material for paper, pulp and plywood industries | Yes | Yes | Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) |
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes | Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Seeds, rhizomes and cuttings | Yes | Yes | Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) |
Soil, sand and gravel | Seeds, rhizomes and cuttings | Yes | Yes | Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive and negative |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageB. bambos has the potential to form extensive monospecific stands that outcompete native vegetation by shading and smothering native plants and monopolizing resources. This species also represent a serious environmental concern because dense clumps are almost impenetrable because of the interlacing thorny branches. It also disrupts the successional process in disturbed areas, secondary forests, and forest edges in moist and riparian forests (Duriyaprapan and Jansen, 1995; Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; PROTA, 2015; USDA-ARS, 2015).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Reproduces asexually
- Altered trophic level
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - smothering
- Pest and disease transmission
- Rapid growth
- Produces spines, thorns or burrs
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageB. bambos is a multipurpose bamboo. Its edible shoots are consumed by humans as a vegetable and its leaves are used for animal forage. It is often planted for erosion control and as a wind-break plant around farms and along rivers to check water floods. The culms are used as a construction material and they are also important raw material for paper, pulp and plywood industries. In Asia, an infusion of the leaves is used as an eye wash and internally it is given for bronchitis, gonorrhea and fever (Duriyaprapan and Jansen, 1995; PROTA, 2015; USDA-ARS, 2015).
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Forage
Environmental
- Boundary, barrier or support
- Erosion control or dune stabilization
- Windbreak
Human food and beverage
- Vegetable
Materials
- Cane
- Fibre
- Wood/timber
Ornamental
- Propagation material
Wood Products
Top of pagePulp
- Long-fibre pulp
- Short-fibre pulp
Roundwood
- Building poles
Sawn or hewn building timbers
- Exterior fittings
- Fences
- For light construction
- Wall panelling
Textiles
Wood extractives (including oil)
Wood-based materials
- Plywood
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
There are no management strategies currently proposed for the control of B. bambos. However, for the control of other Bambusa species, it is recommended that all stems and culms should be removed using specialized equipment. Regrowth should be treated with herbicides such as glyphosate or amitrole. In forests and other non-cropland, imazapyr or glyphosate plus fluazifop are effective (Motooka et al., 2003).
References
Top of pageAdarsh Kumar; Sharma VK; Dhiman RC, 1995. Natural selfing in Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss, Besch (syn. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.) as estimated from albino frequencies. Indian Forester, 121(2):156-158; 7 ref.
Aggarwal SK; Dhawan VK, 1996. Economics of harvesting and marketing of bamboo. Indian Forester, 122(9): 795-799; 4 ref.
Bahadur KN; Jain SS, 1981. Rare bamboos of India. Indian Journal of Forestry, 4(4):280-286; 13 ref.
Bennet SSR; Gaur RC, 1990. Thirty-seven bamboos growing in India. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Chaiwatthana S; Anantachote A, 1989. Germination of bamboo seeds stored under different storage temperatures. Proceedings of the 2nd bamboo seminar, 8-10 November 1989, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Clayton WD; Govaerts R; Harman KT; Williamson H; Vorontsova M, 2015. World Checklist of Poaceae. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
DAISIE, 2015. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Invasive Alien Species Gateway. www.europe-aliens.org/default.do
Duriyaprapan S; Jansen PCM, 1995. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss. In: Dransfield S, Widjaja EA, eds, Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 7. Bamboos. Leiden, Netherlands; Backhuyes: 56-60.
Holttum RE, 1956. The type specimen of Bambos arundinacea Retzius. Taxon, 5: 65-67.
Holttum RE, 1956. The typification of the generic name Bambusa and the status of the name Arundo bambos L. Taxon, 5: 26-28.
Holttum RE, 1958. The Bamboos of the Malay Peninsula. Gdns'. Bull. 16 (1-135).
IFAS, 2014. Assessment of non-native plants in Florida's natural areas: Bambusa bambos. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida. http://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu/assessments/bambusa-bambos/
Kigomo BN, 1991. Introduction and early performance of some Asian bamboo species in Kenya. In: Bamboo in Asia and the Pacific. FAO, Bangkok, FORSPA Publication No. 6: 79-84.
Lanjouw J, 1961. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Linnaeus C, 1753. Species Plantarum, ed. 1. Stockholm, Sweden: L. Salvius.
Little EL; Skolmen RG, 2003. Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). Hawaii, USA: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Univeristy of Hawaii.
McClure FA, 1946. The genus Bambusa and some of its first-known species. Blumea Suppl. III: 90-112.
McClure FA, 1957. Typification of the genera of the Bambusoideae. Taxon 6(7): 199-210.
Menachery MD; Chandran K, 1984. Estrogenic activity of bamboo Bambusa arundinacea buds. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(1): 38-44.
Muralidharan EM, 1997. A giant in flowering. INBAR Newsletter, 5:21.
Ohrnberger D, 1999. The Bamboos of the World. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Ltd.
Oviedo Prieto R; Herrera Oliver P; Caluff MG, et al. , 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2011). Bissea: Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantas del Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, 6(Special Issue 1):22-96.
PROTA, 2015. PROTA4U web database. Grubben GJH, Denton OA, eds. Wageningen, Netherlands: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. http://www.prota4u.info
Retzius AJ, 1788. Observationes botanicae. Vol. 5, Leipzig.
Shaji Philip; Baby Chacko, 1992. Vegetative propagation of Bambusa bambos [B. arundinacea] by branch cuttings. BIC India Bulletin, 2(2):19-20.
Shanmughavel P; Anburaj A; Hemalatha S; Francis K, 1997. Biochemical characteristics of plantation bamboo (Bambusa bambos) leaf with reference to organic productivity. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 9(4): 558-560; 10 ref.
Shanmughavel P; Francis K, 1996. Performance of Bambusa bambos plantations at Kummittapuram Sathyamangalam forests, Tamil Nadu. Van Vigyan, 34(3): 128-130; 6 ref.
Soderstrom TR, 1986. Bamboo systematics: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of the American Bamboo Society, 6: 4-16.
Soreng RJ, 2000. Bambusa. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 39:29-35. [Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae.]
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
USDA-ARS, 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
Wong KM, 1993. A revision of Bambusa (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) in the Malay Peninsula, with two new species. Sandakania, No. 3, 17-41; 23 ref.
Xia NH; Stapleton CMA, 1997. Typification of Bambusa bambos (Gramineae, Bambusoideae). Kew Bull. 52(3):693-698.
Zhu SL; Ma NX; Fu MY, 1994. A compendium of Chinese bamboo, 25. China Forestry Publishing House.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Clayton WD, Govaerts R, Harman KT, Williamson H, Vorontsova M, 2015. World Checklist of Poaceae., Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
DAISIE, 2015. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
Duriyaprapan S, Jansen PCM, 1995. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss. In: Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 7, [ed. by Dransfield S, Widjaja EA]. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuyes. 56-60.
USDA-ARS, 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
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Top of page01/02/15 Updated by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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