| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Viral genome | Feather follicle epithelium showing Marek's Disease viral genome by in situ hybridisation. | K. Venugopal |
Datasheet
Gallid herpesvirus 2
Index
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Gallid herpesvirus 2 ICTV
International Common Names
- English: Marek's disease herpesvirus 1; Marek's disease virus; MD virus
English acronym
- GaHV-2
- MDV
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Virus
- Group: "ssDNA viruses"
- Group: "DNA viruses"
- Order: Herpesvirales
- Family: Herpesviridae
- Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae
- Genus: Mardivirus
- Species: Gallid herpesvirus 2
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
| Angola | Present | ||||||
| Benin | Present | CAB Abstracts Data Mining | |||||
| Cabo Verde | Present | ||||||
| Cameroon | Present | ||||||
| Central African Republic | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Côte d'Ivoire | Present | ||||||
| Djibouti | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Eswatini | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Ethiopia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Guinea | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Kenya | Present | ||||||
| Libya | Present | ||||||
| Mauritius | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Morocco | Present | ||||||
| Nigeria | Present | ||||||
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
| Seychelles | Present | ||||||
| South Africa | Present | ||||||
| Togo | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
| Bhutan | Present | ||||||
| China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
| Indonesia | Present | ||||||
| Iraq | Present | ||||||
| Japan | Present | ||||||
| Jordan | Present | ||||||
| Kazakhstan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Malaysia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Peninsular Malaysia | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
| -Sarawak | Present | ||||||
| Mongolia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Myanmar | Present | ||||||
| Nepal | Present | ||||||
| Oman | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Philippines | Present | ||||||
| South Korea | Present | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
| Syria | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Taiwan | Present | ||||||
| Tajikistan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Thailand | Present | ||||||
| Vietnam | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Andorra | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Belarus | Present | ||||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Croatia | Present | ||||||
| Cyprus | Present | ||||||
| Czechia | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
| Denmark | Present | ||||||
| Estonia | Present | ||||||
| Finland | Present | ||||||
| France | Present | ||||||
| Germany | Present | ||||||
| Hungary | Present | ||||||
| Ireland | Present | ||||||
| Jersey | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Latvia | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
| Lithuania | Present | CAB Abstracts Data Mining | |||||
| Netherlands | Present | ||||||
| North Macedonia | Present | ||||||
| Norway | Present | ||||||
| Poland | Present | ||||||
| Portugal | Present | ||||||
| Russia | Present | ||||||
| Serbia and Montenegro | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
| -Northern Ireland | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
| Barbados | Present | ||||||
| Bermuda | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| British Virgin Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Canada | Present | ||||||
| Cayman Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Cuba | Present | ||||||
| Curaçao | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Dominica | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Dominican Republic | Present | ||||||
| Haiti | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Honduras | Present | ||||||
| Jamaica | Present | ||||||
| Martinique | Present | ||||||
| Mexico | Present | ||||||
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Present | ||||||
| United States | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
| Australia | Present | ||||||
| French Polynesia | Present | ||||||
| New Caledonia | Present | ||||||
| New Zealand | Present | ||||||
| Samoa | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Vanuatu | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
| Argentina | Present | ||||||
| Chile | Present | ||||||
| Colombia | Present | ||||||
| Ecuador | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Falkland Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| French Guiana | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Guyana | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
| Paraguay | Present | ||||||
| Peru | Present | ||||||
| Uruguay | Present | ||||||
Pathogen Characteristics
Top of pageMarek’s disease virus (MDV), or Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus which infects avian species. The virion has a spherical structure consisting of an electron-opaque core containing viral DNA, an icosadeltahedral capsid surrounding the core, an amorphous tegument surrounding the capsid, and an outer envelope containing viral glycoprotein spikes on the surface. MDV DNA is a linear double-stranded molecule of about 170 kb consisting of a unique long region (UL) flanked by a set of inverted repeat (TRL and IRL) regions and a unique short region (US) flanked by another set of inverted repeat (IRS and TRS) regions (Ross, 1999). The complete genomic sequence of MDV has been described (Lee et al., 2000; Tulman et al., 2000). The viral genomes in the infected cells are maintained either as circular episomes or as integrated forms. MDV is a member of the genus Mardivirus which has three closely related but distinct serotypes; Gallid herpesvirus 2 (serotype 1), Gallid herpesvirus 3 (serotype 2) and turkey herpesvirus (serotype 3). All the virulent strains and some attenuated vaccine strains belong to the serotype 1. Serotype 2 includes naturally occurring non-pathogenic strains of MDV. Serotype 3 includes turkey herpesvirus (HVT), the non-oncogenic MDV-related virus isolated from turkeys. A large diversity exists within serotype 1, with viruses varying in their virulence and oncogenicity. On the basis of their ability to induce MD lesions in vaccinated chickens, serotype 1 viruses are classified as mild (mMDV), virulent (vMDV), very virulent (vvMDV) and very virulent + (vv+MDV) pathotypes (Witter, 1998).
Host Animals
Top of page| Animal name | Context | Life stage | System |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anser (geese) | |||
| Coturnix | Domesticated host | ||
| Gallus | Domesticated host | ||
| Meleagris | Domesticated host | ||
| Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) |
Vectors and Intermediate Hosts
Top of page| Vector | Source | Reference | Group | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alphitobius diaperinus | Insect | World |
References
Top of pageLee LF, Wu P, Sui D, Ren D, Kamil J, Kung HJ, Witter RL, 2000. The complete unique long sequence and the overall genomic organization of the GA strain of Marek's disease virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97(11):6091-6096
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
Ross LJN, 1999. T cell transformation by Marek's disease virus. Trends in Microbiology, 7:22-29
Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Zsak L, Rock DL, Kutish GF, 2000. The genome of a very virulent Marek's disease virus. Journal of Virology, 74(17):7980-7988
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Distribution Maps
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