Datasheet
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma Species: Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Distribution Table
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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive Reference Notes Asia Azerbaijan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bahrain CAB Abstracts data mining OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bhutan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brunei Darussalam No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 China -Hong Kong Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Georgia (Republic of) Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 India OIE Handistatus,
2005 Indonesia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iran Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iraq Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Israel Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Japan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jordan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kazakhstan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, DPR Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, Republic of Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kuwait Last reported 1998 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lebanon Last reported 2000 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malaysia Present CAB ABSTRACTS Data Mining 2001 -Peninsular Malaysia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sabah Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sarawak Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mongolia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Myanmar Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nepal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oman Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Philippines Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Qatar No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Singapore Last reported 1986 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sri Lanka Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Syria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Taiwan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tajikistan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Thailand Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkey No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkmenistan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 United Arab Emirates Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uzbekistan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vietnam Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yemen No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Africa Algeria No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Angola Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Benin No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Botswana Last reported 1998 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burkina Faso No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burundi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cameroon No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cape Verde Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central African Republic No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chad No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Congo Democratic Republic No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Côte d'Ivoire Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Djibouti Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Egypt Last reported 1999 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Eritrea No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ethiopia Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ghana Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea-Bissau No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kenya CAB Abstracts data mining OIE Handistatus,
2005 Libya Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Madagascar Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malawi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mali No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mauritius Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Morocco Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mozambique Last reported 2002 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Namibia Last reported 1996 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nigeria Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Réunion No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Rwanda No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sao Tome and Principe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Senegal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Seychelles Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Somalia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 South Africa Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sudan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Swaziland Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tanzania No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Togo No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tunisia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uganda Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zambia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zimbabwe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 North America Bermuda Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Canada Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mexico Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 USA Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central America and Caribbean Barbados Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belize No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 British Virgin Islands Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cayman Islands Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Costa Rica No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cuba Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Curaçao Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominica Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominican Republic Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 El Salvador No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guadeloupe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guatemala No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Haiti Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Honduras Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jamaica Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Martinique Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nicaragua No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Panama Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Kitts and Nevis Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Trinidad and Tobago No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 South America Argentina Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bolivia OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brazil Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chile Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Colombia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ecuador Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Falkland Islands Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Guiana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guyana Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Paraguay No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Peru OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uruguay Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Venezuela Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Europe Andorra No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Austria No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belarus Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belgium No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bosnia-Hercegovina Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bulgaria No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Croatia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cyprus Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Czech Republic Last reported 2003 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Denmark Last reported 1967 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Estonia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Finland Last reported 1988 OIE Handistatus,
2005 France Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Germany Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Greece OIE Handistatus,
2005 Hungary OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iceland Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ireland Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Isle of Man (UK) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Italy No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jersey Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Latvia Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Liechtenstein Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lithuania Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Luxembourg Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Macedonia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malta Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Moldova Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Netherlands Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Norway Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Poland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Portugal Last reported 1997 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Romania OIE Handistatus,
2005 Russian Federation Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovakia Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovenia Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Spain OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sweden Last reported 2000 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Switzerland No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 UK Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Northern Ireland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ukraine Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (former) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oceania Australia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Polynesia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Caledonia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Zealand Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Samoa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vanuatu Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Wallis and Futuna Islands No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005
Pathogen Characteristics
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a small cell wall-less bacterium that belongs to the class Mollicutes. It has a very small genome of 996,422 bp for the Rlow strain with an overall G+C content of 31 mol%. It contains 742 putative coding DNA sequences (CDSs), representing a 91% coding density (Papazisi et al., 2003). This small genome accounts for its complex nutritional requirements and its obligate parasitic mode of life with a high degree of dependence on the host animal. Mg has a flasked shaped appearance with a differentiated tip structure also known as an attachment organelle which binds to sialoglycoproteins (Glasgow and Hill, 1980 ). The organism has a gliding motility and always glides in the direction of the tip structure. Indikova et al. (2014) determined that cytadherence proteins GapA and CrmA are required for gliding. Loss of GapA and CrmA resulted in the loss of motility and led to a drastic change in the flask-shape of the cells. The organism has mechanisms which can be used for survival or to evade the host immune response or antibiotic treatment, this includes variable surface proteins VlhA (Browning et al., 2010 ) and the ability to form biofilms (Chen et al., 2013 ).
With the lack of a cell wall these highly pleomorphic organisms are not usually detected by standard light microscopy of gram stained cultures. Growth on suitable mycoplasma media results in typical “fried egg” like colonial morphology.
Mg has been shown to survive for up to 3 days in chicken droppings at 20°C or in egg yolk for up to six weeks at 20°C. It has been shown to be viable after two days on straw, cotton and rubber.
References
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Browning GF; Marenda MS; Markham PF; Noormohammadi AH; Whitear KG, 2010. Mycoplasma. In: Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, 4th Edition [ed. by Gyles, C. L. \Prescott, J. F. \Songer, J. G. \Thoen, C. O.]. Ames, Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing Professional, 549-573.
Chen HongJun; Yu ShengQing; Hu MeiRong; Han XianGan; Chen DanQing; Qiu XuSheng; Ding Chan, 2013. Identification of biofilm formation by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Veterinary Microbiology, 161(1/2):96-103. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
Glasgow LR; Hill RL, 1980. Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with sialyl glycoproteins. Infection and Immunity, 30(2):353-361.
Indikova I; Vronka M; Szostak MP, 2014. First identification of proteins involved in motility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Veterinary Research, 45(99):(17 October 2014). http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/pdf/s13567-014-0099-2.pdf
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Papazisi L; Gorton TS; Kutish G; Markham PF; Browning GF; Di Kim Nguyen; Swartzell S; Madan A; Mahairas G; Geary SJ, 2003. The complete genome sequence of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain Rlow . Microbiology (Reading), 149(9):2307-2316.
Distribution Maps
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