Datasheet
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma Species: Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Distribution Table Top of page The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020
Continent/Country/Region
Distribution
Last Reported
Origin
First Reported
Invasive
Reference
Notes
Africa
Angola Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cabo Verde Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Côte d'Ivoire Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Djibouti Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Eswatini Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ghana Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kenya Present OIE Handistatus (2005) CAB Abstracts Data Mining
Libya Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Madagascar Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mauritius Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Morocco Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Nigeria Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Seychelles Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
South Africa Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sudan Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Tunisia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uganda Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Zambia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Asia
Bahrain Present OIE Handistatus (2005) CAB Abstracts Data Mining
Bhutan Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Georgia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Hong Kong Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Indonesia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iran Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iraq Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Israel Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Japan Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jordan Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kazakhstan Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malaysia Present CABI Data Mining (2001)
-Sarawak Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mongolia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Myanmar Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
North Korea Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Oman Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Philippines Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sri Lanka Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Syria Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Taiwan Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Thailand Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
United Arab Emirates Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uzbekistan Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vietnam Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Europe
Belarus Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Croatia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cyprus Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Estonia Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
France Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Germany Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iceland Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ireland Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jersey Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Liechtenstein Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Lithuania Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Luxembourg Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malta Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Moldova Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Netherlands Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
North Macedonia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Norway Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Poland Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Russia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Serbia and Montenegro Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Slovenia Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ukraine Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
United Kingdom Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Northern Ireland Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
North America
Barbados Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bermuda Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cayman Islands Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cuba Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Curaçao Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominica Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominican Republic Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Haiti Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Honduras Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jamaica Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Martinique Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mexico Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
United States Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Oceania
Australia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
French Polynesia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Caledonia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Zealand Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Samoa Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vanuatu Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
South America
Argentina Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Chile Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Colombia Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ecuador Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Falkland Islands Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
French Guiana Absent, No presence record(s) OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guyana Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uruguay Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Venezuela Present OIE Handistatus (2005)
Pathogen Characteristics
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a small cell wall-less bacterium that belongs to the class Mollicutes. It has a very small genome of 996,422 bp for the Rlow strain with an overall G+C content of 31 mol%. It contains 742 putative coding DNA sequences (CDSs), representing a 91% coding density (Papazisi et al., 2003). This small genome accounts for its complex nutritional requirements and its obligate parasitic mode of life with a high degree of dependence on the host animal. Mg has a flasked shaped appearance with a differentiated tip structure also known as an attachment organelle which binds to sialoglycoproteins (Glasgow and Hill, 1980 ). The organism has a gliding motility and always glides in the direction of the tip structure. Indikova et al. (2014) determined that cytadherence proteins GapA and CrmA are required for gliding. Loss of GapA and CrmA resulted in the loss of motility and led to a drastic change in the flask-shape of the cells. The organism has mechanisms which can be used for survival or to evade the host immune response or antibiotic treatment, this includes variable surface proteins VlhA (Browning et al., 2010 ) and the ability to form biofilms (Chen et al., 2013 ).
With the lack of a cell wall these highly pleomorphic organisms are not usually detected by standard light microscopy of gram stained cultures. Growth on suitable mycoplasma media results in typical “fried egg” like colonial morphology.
Mg has been shown to survive for up to 3 days in chicken droppings at 20°C or in egg yolk for up to six weeks at 20°C. It has been shown to be viable after two days on straw, cotton and rubber.
References
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Browning GF; Marenda MS; Markham PF; Noormohammadi AH; Whitear KG, 2010. Mycoplasma. In: Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, 4th Edition [ed. by Gyles, C. L. \Prescott, J. F. \Songer, J. G. \Thoen, C. O.]. Ames, Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing Professional, 549-573.
Chen HongJun; Yu ShengQing; Hu MeiRong; Han XianGan; Chen DanQing; Qiu XuSheng; Ding Chan, 2013. Identification of biofilm formation by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Veterinary Microbiology, 161(1/2):96-103. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
Glasgow LR; Hill RL, 1980. Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with sialyl glycoproteins. Infection and Immunity, 30(2):353-361.
Indikova I; Vronka M; Szostak MP, 2014. First identification of proteins involved in motility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Veterinary Research, 45(99):(17 October 2014). http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/pdf/s13567-014-0099-2.pdf
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Papazisi L; Gorton TS; Kutish G; Markham PF; Browning GF; Di Kim Nguyen; Swartzell S; Madan A; Mahairas G; Geary SJ, 2003. The complete genome sequence of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain Rlow . Microbiology (Reading), 149(9):2307-2316.
Distribution References CABI Data Mining, 2001. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Distribution Maps
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