Mytilus galloprovincialis
(Mediterranean mussel)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Colony Caption Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel); colony in natural habitat. Trieste, Italy. Copyright ©Roberto Pillon/WoRMS - CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	Colony	Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel); colony in natural habitat. Trieste, Italy.	©Roberto Pillon/WoRMS - CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819

Preferred Common Name

• Mediterranean mussel

Other Scientific Names

• Mytilus edulis form galloprovincialis
• Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis

International Common Names

• English: black mussel; Black Sea mussel; blue mussel; common mussel; edible mussel; European mussel; mussel
• Spanish: mejillón; mejillón Mediterráneo
• French: moule; moule commune; moule Méditerranéenne
• Arabic: tamr el bahr

Local Common Names

• Canada: gallo mussel
• Croatia: dagnja
• Germany: Miesmuschel; Mittelmeer-Miesmuschel
• Greece: mýdi
• Israel: zidpit galit
• Italy: mitilo
• Spain: clotxina; musclo
• Turkey: midye
• Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): dagnja

Summary of Invasiveness

The Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, has been introduced to various regions around the world outside its native Mediterranean range, both unintentionally through shipping and through cultivation. It is considered highly invasive, at least in some parts of the world, due to its quick rate of spread and its ability to displace and outcompete native mussels.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Mollusca
•             Class: Bivalvia
•                 Subclass: Pteriomorphia
•                     Order: Mytiloida
•                         Unknown: Mytiloidea
•                             Family: Mytilidae
•                                 Genus: Mytilus
•                                     Species: Mytilus galloprovincialis

Description

All Mytilus species have distinctive shells ranging in colouration from black with blue or purplish hues to dark brown and occasionally light brown. Although Mytilus galloprovincialis differs in shape from other Mytilus species, in practice analyses of multiple morphological characters in combination (i.e. morphometrics) are most frequently used to reliably distinguish it from other Mytilus species (McDonald et al., 1991; Beaumont, 2008; Gardner and Thompson, 2009). In Puget Sound (Pacific North America), Elliot et al. (2008) report that ratios of shell height to length can be used to identify M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus. In the Sea of Japan, Semenikhina et al. (2008) describe morphological differences between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus larvae. According to ISSG (2019), M. galloprovincialis tends to grow larger than other species, up to 15 cm, although typically it only reaches 5-8 cm.

Distribution

Mytilus galloprovincialis lives on hard substrates from the intertidal zone to depths of 40 m. It is found along coasts and rocky shores, and in sheltered harbours and estuaries. The native range is in the Mediterranean (Barsotti and Meluzzi, 1968) and the eastern Atlantic, from Ireland and the United Kingdom (Gosling, 1992) to northern Africa (Comesana et al., 1998); presumably range expansion into the Atlantic has been natural. This species is also found on the Pacific coast of North America (McDonald and Koehn, 1988) and in Japan (Wilkins et al., 1983), Hong Kong (Lee and Morton, 1985), South Africa (Grant and Cherry, 1985), Chile (Hilbish et al., 2000; Gérard et al., 2008), and Australia (Hilbish et al., 2000; Gérard et al., 2008). Introduction to these regions has undoubtedly been due to human activities, unless the native Australian mussels are considered to be part of the same species as M. galloprovincialis (McDonald et al., 1991; Daguin and Borsa, 2000; Gérard et al., 2008; Hilbish et al., 2000). Historical introductions have probably been accidental, but this species is actively cultivated so aquaculture may also be the source of secondary introductions; it was introduced into Washington State through hatcheries because of its putative greater resistance to disseminated-hemic neoplasia than the native M. trossulus, and its subsequent spread in the region has probably been through shipping and boating (Wonham, 2004). Fly et al. (2015) provide a paper on the physiology and biogeography of European mussels (including M. galloprovincialis) in response to climate change.

Delineating the exact range of Mytilus galloprovincialis is complicated by the lack of reliable morphological differences between Mytilus species and by hybridization. For example, in France, Britain and Ireland, M. galloprovincialis is sympatric with M. edulis and the two interbreed (Gosling, 1992). Outside its native range, M. galloprovincialis is known to hybridize with M. trossulus in the Pacific (Rawson and Hilbish, 1995; Brannock et al., 2009). In Chile, Australia, and New Zealand there is evidence for two distinct types of mussels, one of which is M. galloprovincialis (Hilbish et al., 2000; Gérard et al., 2008), but whether or not they are hybridizing is unknown.

Mytilus galloprovincialis is cultivated in Albania, Bulgaria (where it is one of the most important commercial species -- Merdzhanova et al., 2016), China, Croatia, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Spain, South Africa, Turkey, Ukraine, the former Yugoslavia (Hickman, 1992; FIGIS, 2005), Canada (J Shields, University of Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2010), and Scotland (UK) (Beaumont, 2008). Because of the difficulties of species identification, it is likely that some farms may be inadvertently rearing M. galloprovincialis in addition to native Mytilus species. Aquaculture facilities may use new techniques to produce triploid and tetraploid mussels, which are functionally sterile, thereby eliminating the risk of wild populations establishing (McEnnulty et al., 2001).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Introductions

Habitat List

Biology and Ecology

Reproductive Biology

Genetics

There have been numerous population genetic studies of M. galloprovincialis, motivated by the poor resolution of morphology for species identification and the propensity of this species to hybridize with other mussels – with M. edulis in the natural species range, and M. trossulus in its introduced range.

Genetic markers have been developed to differentiate these species, but each marker varies in its ability to distinguish between them:

• ITS – distinguishes between M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis/M. edulis, but not between M. galloprovincialis and M. edulis (Heath et al., 1995).

• PLIIa – distinguishes between M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis/M. edulis, but not between M. galloprovincialis and M. edulis (Heath et al., 1995).

• Glu5’ (same as Me15/16 (Inoue et al., 1995)) – a nuclear DNA locus that produces three alleles diagnostic for M. edulis, M. galloprovincialisand M. trossulus. Hybrid mussels are identified as heterozygous (Rawson et al., 1996).

Genomic research of M. galloprovincialis has recently been advanced by the latest next-generation pyrosequencing technology (Craft et al., 2010). This recent pyrosequencing has provided extensive genomic information for M. galloprovincialis and identified novel expression differences among various tissues, mitochondria and associated microorganisms (Craft et al., 2010). It will also facilitate the much needed production of an oligonucleotide microarray for M. galloprovincialis, further advancing genomic research of this organism.

Water Tolerances

Natural enemies

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

Impact on Habitats

A number of studies have looked at the impact of mussel farming on the surrounding natural habitat, e.g. Neofitou et al. (2014) and Nizzoli et al. (2006).

Impact on Biodiversity

The effect of Mytilus galloprovincialis on native species is an area of active study. The effects of introduced M. galloprovincialis at the community level have been best studied in South Africa, where since introduction for aquaculture in the 1970s it has now become the dominant intertidal organism over 1500 km from Namibia to the eastern Cape (Griffiths and Robinson, 2003). North of the Cape of Good Hope, it has displaced a native mussel (Aulacomya atra) and polychaete (Gunnarea gaimardi, formerly Gunnarea capensis) from exposed shorelines, adversely affected one native limpet (Scutellastra argenvillei) in more exposed habitats but not less exposed ones, and caused mass mortality of the crab Ovalipes trimaculatus (Griffiths et al., 1992; Branch and Steffani, 2004); it has had mixed but net positive effects on the abundance of another limpet (Scutellastra granularis) (Branch et al., 2010) and provided an additional source of food for the rare and endangered African black oystercatcher, Haematopus moquini (Branch and Steffani, 2004). On the southern coast of South Africa, M. galloprovincialis and the resident dominant bivalve Perna perna coexist with some niche displacement of each species (Bownes and McQuaid, 2006).

In the Aegean Sea, juveniles of the endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis have been found growing on M. galloprovincialis in long line and rope aquaculture (Theodorou et al., 2015a).

On the Pacific coast of North America, research has primarily focused on habitat competition and hybridization of Mytilus galloprovincialis with its congener M. trossulus (Heath et al., 1995; Dutton and Hofmann, 2008; Shields et al., 2008, 2010). Historically, M. trossulus was abundant along much of this coast (Geller, 1999), but current distribution is now more restricted to central California and northwards. M. galloprovincialis hybridizes with M. trossulus forming multiple discrete hybrid zones along the entire coast from California up through Puget Sound in Washington (Wonham, 2004) and into Canada (Heath et al., 1995; Yanick et al., 2003; Shields et al., 2008, 2010). In southern California, M. galloprovincialis has become the dominant mussel (Dutton and Hofmann, 2008) and the transition between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus appears to be near 40° or 41°N latitude (Suchanek et al., 1997). On Vancouver Island, Canada, hybrid (M. galloprovicialis x M. trossulus) mussels have a higher fitness than either parental species in certain environments (Shields et al., 2008).

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential

• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Hybridization
• Rapid growth

• Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses List

Environmental

• Pollution indicator

General

• Research model

Human food and beverage

• Canned meat
• Fresh meat
• Frozen meat
• Meat/fat/offal/blood/bone (whole, cut, fresh, frozen, canned, cured, processed or smoked)

References

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Contributors

31/10/2017 Updated by:

Vicki Bonham, consultant, UK

30/03/2010 Updated by:

Jody Shields, The University of Queensland, Australia

Cynthia Riginos, The University of Queensland, Australia

29/05/2005: Original text by:

Vicki Bonham, consultant, UK

Distribution Maps