Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)

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Picture

Title

Caption

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Exposed mussels

Mussels on the public wharf in Nanaimo, central Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. May 2005.

Jody Shields

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819

Preferred Common Name

Mediterranean mussel

Other Scientific Names

Mytilus edulis form galloprovincialis
Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis

International Common Names

English: black mussel; blue mussel; common mussel; edible mussel; European mussel; mussel
Spanish: mejillón; mejillón Mediterráneo
French: moule; moule commune; moule Méditerranéenne
Arabic: tamr el bahr

Local Common Names

Canada: gallo mussel
Croatia: dagnja
Germany: Miesmuschel; Mittelmeer-Miesmuschel
Greece: mýdi
Israel: zidpit galit
Italy: mitilo
Spain: clotxina; musclo
Turkey: midye
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): dagnja

Summary of Invasiveness

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The Mediterranean mussel, M. galloprovincialis, has been unintentionally introduced to various regions around the world outside of its native Mediterranean range, both through shipping and cultivation. M. galloprovincialis is considered highly invasive due to its quick rate of spread and its ability to displace and outcompete native mussels.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorphia
Order: Mytiloida
Unknown: Mytiloidea
Family: Mytilidae
Genus: Mytilus
Species: Mytilus galloprovincialis

Description

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Morphology

All Mytilus have distinctive shells ranging in colouration from black with blue or purplish hues to dark brown and occasionally light brown. Although M. galloprovincialis differs in shape from other Mytilus species, in practice analyses of multiple morphological characters in combination (i.e. morphometrics) are most frequently used to reliably distinguish M. galloprovincialis from other Mytilus species (McDonald, 1991; Beaumont, 2008; Gardner and Thompson, 2009). In Puget Sound (Pacific North America), Elliot et al. (2008) report that ratios of shell height to length can be used to identify M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus. In the Sea of Japan, Semenikhina et al. (2008) describe morphological differences between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus larvae.

Distribution

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M. galloprovincialis lives on hard substrates from the intertidal zone to depths of 40 m. It is found along coasts and rocky shores, and in sheltered harbours and estuaries. The native species range is in the Mediterranean (Barsotti and Meluzzi, 1968) and the eastern Atlantic - from Ireland and the United Kingdom (Gosling, 1992) to northern Africa (Comesana et al., 1998); presumably range expansion into the Atlantic has been natural. This species is also found in the Pacific coast of North America (McDonald and Koehn, 1988), Japan (Wilkins et al., 1983), Hong Kong (Lee and Morton, 1985), South Africa (Grant and Cherry, 1985), Chile (Hilbish et al., 2000; Gérard et al., 2008), and Australia (Hilbish et al., 2000; Gérard et al., 2008). Introduction to these regions has undoubtedly been due to human activities. Historical introductions have probably been accidental, but this species is actively cultivated so aquaculture may also be the source of secondary introductions (Wonham, 2004).

Delineating the exact range of M. galloprovincialis is complicated by the lack of reliable morphological differences and by hybridization with other Mytilus species. For example, in France, Britain and Ireland M. galloprovincialis is sympatric with M. edulis and the two interbreed (Gosling, 1992). Outside of its native range, M. galloprovincialis is known to hybridize with M. trossulus in the Pacific (Rawson and Hilbish, 1995; Brannock et al., 2009). In Chile, Australia, and New Zealand there is evidence for two distinct types of mussels, one of which is M. galloprovincialis (Hilbish et al., 2000; Gérard et al., 2008), but whether or not they are hybridizing is unknown.

M. galloprovincialis is cultivated in Albania, Bulgaria, China, Egypt, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Spain, South Africa, Turkey, Ukraine (Hickman, 1992; FIGIS, 2005), Canada (J Shields, University of Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2010), and in the Scottish lakes (Beaumont, 2008). Because of the difficulties in identifying M. galloprovincialis, it is likely that some farms may be inadvertently rearing M. galloprovincialis in addition to native Mytilus species. Aquaculture facilities may use new techniques to produce triploid and tetraploid mussels, which are functionally sterile, thereby eliminating the risk of wild populations establishing (McEnnulty et al., 2001).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Sea Areas
Mediterranean and Black Sea	Present	Native		Gosling, 1992
Asia
China	Present			McDonald et al., 1990
-Hong Kong	Present	Introduced		Lee and Morton, 1985; DIAS, 2005
Japan	Present	Introduced		Wilkins et al., 1983; DIAS, 2005; Brannock et al., 2009
Korea, Republic of	Present	Introduced		Daguin and Borsa, 2000
Turkey	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Africa
Egypt	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Morocco	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992; Comesana et al., 1998
Namibia	Present	Introduced		DIAS, 2005
South Africa	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Grant and Cherry, 1985; ISSG, 2005
North America
Canada	Present				Present based on regional distribution.
-British Columbia	Present	Introduced		Heath et al., 1995; Wonham, 1999; Government of British Columbia, 2005; Shields et al., 2008; Shields et al., 2010
Mexico	Present	Introduced		DIAS, 2005
USA	Present	Introduced		DIAS, 2005
-California	Present	Introduced		McDonald and Koehn, 1988; Wonham, 1999
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced	Invasive	ISSG, 2005
-Washington	Present	Introduced		King and Cortés-Monroy, 2002
South America
Chile	Present			Daguin and Borsa, 2000; Gérard et al., 2008
Europe
Albania	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Bulgaria	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
France	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Greece	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Italy	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Portugal	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Russian Federation	Present			Hickman, 1992
Spain	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
UK	Present			Gosling, 1992
Ukraine	Present			FIGIS, 2005
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)	Present	Native		Hickman, 1992
Oceania
Australia	Present			McDonald et al., 1991; Daguin and Borsa, 2000; Gérard et al., 2008
-Tasmania	Present			McDonald et al., 1991; Daguin and Borsa, 2000; Gérard et al., 2008
-Western Australia	Present			McDonald et al., 1991; Daguin and Borsa, 2000; Gérard et al., 2008
New Zealand	Present			McDonald et al., 1991; Daguin and Borsa, 2000; Gérard et al., 2008

Introductions

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Introduced to	Introduced from	Year	Reason	Introduced by	Established in wild through		References	Notes
Introduced to	Introduced from	Year	Reason	Introduced by	Natural reproduction	Continuous restocking	References	Notes
Hong Kong		1983		Unknown	Yes
Japan		1926		Unknown	Yes
Mexico	Mediterranean and Black Sea			Unknown	Yes
Namibia		1990s	Aquaculture (pathway cause)	Unknown
South Africa	Mediterranean and Black Sea	1970s		Unknown	Yes
USA	Mediterranean and Black Sea	1800s		Unknown	Yes

Habitat List

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Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Marine
	Inshore marine	Principal habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
	Inshore marine	Principal habitat	Natural
	Benthic zone	Principal habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
	Benthic zone	Principal habitat	Natural

Biology and Ecology

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Reproductive Biology

Genetics

There have been numerous population genetic studies of M. galloprovincialis, motivated by the poor resolution of morphology for species identification and the propensity of this species to hybridize with other mussels – with M. edulis in the natural species range, and M. trossulus in its introduced range.

Genetic markers have been developed to differentiate these species, but each marker varies in its ability to distinguish between them:

ITS – distinguishes between M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis/M. edulis, but not between M. galloprovincialis and M. edulis (Heath et al., 1995).

PLIIa – distinguishes between M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis/M. edulis, but not between M. galloprovincialis and M. edulis (Heath et al., 1995).

Glu5’ (same as Me15/16 (Inoue et al., 1995)) – a nuclear DNA locus that produces three alleles diagnostic for M. edulis, M. galloprovincialisand M. trossulus. Hybrid mussels are identified as heterozygous (Rawson et al., 1996).

Genomic research of M. galloprovincialis has recently been advanced by the latest next-generation pyrosequencing technology (Craft et al., 2010). This recent pyrosequencing has provided extensive genomic information for M. galloprovincialis and identified novel expression differences among various tissues, mitochondria and associated microorganisms (Craft et al., 2010). It will also facilitate the much needed production of an oligonucleotide microarray for M. galloprovincialis, further advancing genomic research of this organism.

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	References
Asterias rubens	Predator
Aves	Predator
Carcinus maenas	Predator
Charybdis japonica	Predator	Oikawa et al., 2004
Diplodus sargus sargus	Predator
Pisaster ochraceus	Predator	Wonham, 1999
Sparus aurata	Predator
Telmessus acutidens	Predator	Oikawa et al., 2004

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Aquaculture		Yes	Yes

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Ship ballast water and sediment		Yes
Ship hull fouling		Yes

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Fisheries / aquaculture	Positive
Native fauna	Negative

Environmental Impact

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Impact on Biodiversity

The effects of M. galloprovincialis on native species is an area of active study. The effects of introduced M. galloprovincialis at the community level have been best studied in South Africa. North of the Cape of Good Hope, M. galloprovincialis has displaced a native mussel and polychaete from exposed shorelines (Griffiths et al., 1992; Branch and Steffani, 2004), but has facilitated the abundance of a native limpet (Branch et al., 2010) and a rare shore bird (Branch and Steffani, 2004). On the southern coast of South Africa, M. galloprovincialis and the resident dominant bivalve coexist with some niche displacement of each species (Bownes and McQuaid, 2006).

On the Pacific coast of North America, research has primarily focused on habitat competition with its congener M. trossulus, (Heath et al., 1995; Dutton and Hofmann, 2008; Shields et al., 2008, 2010). Historically, M. trossulus was abundant along much of the Pacific coast of North America (Geller, 1999) but current distributions are now more restricted to central California and northward. M. galloprovincialis hybridizes with M. trossulus forming multiple discrete hybrid zones along the entire coast from California up through Puget Sound in Washington (Wonham, 2004) and into Canada (Heath et al., 1995; Yanick et al., 2003; Shields et al., 2008, 2010). In southern California, M. galloprovincialis has become the dominant mussel (Dutton and Hofmann, 2008) and the transition between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus appears to be near 40° or 41°N latitude (Suchanek et al., 1997). On Vancouver Island, Canada, hybrid (M. galloprovicialis x M. trossulus) mussels have a higher fitness than either parental species in certain environments (Shields et al., 2008).

Impact: Biodiversity

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In South Africa, M. galloprovincialis is replacing the indigenous black and brown mussels (ISSG, 2005). However, it has also provided an additional source of food for the rare and endangered African black oystercatcher, Haematopus moquini (Branch and Steffani, 2004).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Proved invasive outside its native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential

Impact outcomes

Reduced native biodiversity

Impact mechanisms

Rapid growth

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses List

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General

Research model

Human food and beverage

Canned meat
Fresh meat
Frozen meat
Meat/fat/offal/blood/bone (whole, cut, fresh, frozen, canned, cured, processed or smoked)

References

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Apte S; Holland BS; Godwin LS; Gardner JPA, 2000. Jumping ship: a stepping stone event mediating transfer of a non-indigenous species via a potentially unsuitable environment. Biological Invasions, 2:75-79.

Aquaculture Western Australia, 2005. Online at www.fish.wa.gov.au/aqua/broc/aqwa/mussels/index.html. Accessed 22 July 2005.

Barsotti G; Meluzzi C, 1968. [English title not available]. (Osservazioni su Mytilus edulis L. e Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark.) Conchiglie, 4:50-58.

Beaumont AR, 2008. Genetic studies of laboratory reared mussels, Mytilus edulis: heterozygote deficiencies, heterozygosity and growth. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44:273-285.

Beaumont AR; Turner G; Wood AR; Skibinski DOF, 2004. Hybridisation between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis and performance of pure species and hybrid veliger larvae at different temperatures. J. Ex. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 302(2):177-188.

Bownes SJ; McQuaid CD, 2006. Will the invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck replace the indigenous Perna perna L. on the south coast of South Africa? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 338(1):140-151. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00220981

Branch GM; Odendaal F; Robinson TB, 2010. Competition and facilitation between the alien mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and indigenous species: moderation by wave action. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 383(1):65-78. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8F-4XRBH6M-1&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235085%232010%23996169998%231577668%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5085&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=11&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4dbeaa48a50b335602372d4b0b1e104b

Branch GM; Steffani CN, 2004. Can we predict the effects of alien species? A case history of the invasion of South Africa by Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck). J. Ex. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 300(1/2):189-215.

Brannock PM; Wethey DS; Hilbish TJ, 2009. Extensive hybridization with minimal introgression in Mytilus galloprovincialis and M. trossulus in Hokkaido, Japan. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 383:161-171.

Comesana AS; Posada D; Sanjuan A, 1998. Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. in northern Africa. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, 223:271-283.

Craft JA; Gilbert JA; Temperton B; Dempsey KE; Ashelford K; Tiwari B; Hutchinson TH; Chipman JK, 2010. Pyrosequencing of mytilus galloprovincialis cDNAs: tissue-specific expression patterns. PLoS ONE, 5(1):e8875.

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Dutton JM; Hofmann GE, 2008. Spatial and temporal variation in distribution and protein ubiquitination for Mytilus congeners in the California hybrid zone. Marine Biology, 154:1067-1075.

Elliot J; Holmes K; Chambers R; Leon K; Wimberger P, 2008. Differences in morphology and habitat use among the native mussel Mytilus trossulus, the non-native M. galloprovincialis and their hybrids in Puget Sound, Washington. Marine Biology, 156:39-53.

Erkom Schurink CVan; Griffiths CL, 1990. Marine mussels of southern Africa their distribution, standing stocks, exploitation and culture. J. Shellfish Res, 9:75-85.

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Geller JB, 1999. Decline of a native mussel masked by sibling species invasion. Conservation Biology, 13:661-664.

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Contributors

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30/03/2010 Updated by:

Jody Shields, The University of Queensland, Australia

Cynthia Riginos, The University of Queensland, Australia

Main Author
Vicki Bonham
146 City Road, Tilehurst, Reading, RG31 5SD, UK

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Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)

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