Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
(chinook salmon)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Salmon using a by-pass channel Caption King salmons (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) swimming upstream. These images (originally from video) were taken in a by-pass channel, which was specifically constructed for salmon enabling them to swim by sluice systems. Copyright Adriaan Gittenberger/GiMaRIS	Salmon using a by-pass channel	King salmons (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) swimming upstream. These images (originally from video) were taken in a by-pass channel, which was specifically constructed for salmon enabling them to swim by sluice systems.	Adriaan Gittenberger/GiMaRIS
Title Salmon using a by-pass channel Caption King salmons (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) swimming upstream. These images (originally from video) were taken in a by-pass channel, which was specifically constructed for salmon enabling them to swim by sluice systems. Copyright Adriaan Gittenberger/GiMaRIS	Salmon using a by-pass channel	King salmons (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) swimming upstream. These images (originally from video) were taken in a by-pass channel, which was specifically constructed for salmon enabling them to swim by sluice systems.	Adriaan Gittenberger/GiMaRIS

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792)

Preferred Common Name

• chinook salmon

Other Scientific Names

• Oncorhynchus chouicha Bean, 1894
• Oncorhynchus cooperi Suckley, 1862
• Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum, 1792)
• Oncorhynchus tshawytsha (Walbaum, 1792)
• Salmo cooperi Suckley, 1862
• Salmo orientalis Pallas, 1814
• Salmo quinnat Richardson, 1836
• Salmo richardi Suckley, 1861
• Salmo tschawytscha Bloch and Schneider, 1801
• Salmo tshawytscha Walbaum, 1792
• Salmo warreni Suckley, 1862

International Common Names

• English: blackmouth; blackmouth salmon; chinook; king; king salmon; locks; lox; Pacific salmon; quinnat; quinnat salmon; salmon; salmon, chinook; smilie; spring; spring salmon; tyee; tyee salmon
• Spanish: salmon chinook; salmon real; salmón real
• French: saumon chinook; saumon royal
• Russian: chavycha

Local Common Names

• Canada/British Columbia: k'with'thet; k'wolexw; saæup; sa-cin; schaanexw; shamet skelex; shmexwalsh; sináech; sk'wel'eng's schaanexw; slhop' schaanexw; spak'ws schaanexw; st'thokwi; su-ha; taagun; taagun gaaw gaada; taagun gaaw sg'iida; taagwun; t'aown; yee
• Denmark: kongelaks
• Finland: kuningaslohi
• Germany: konigslachs; Königslachs; Quinnat
• Italy: salmone reale
• Japan: masunosuke
• Netherlands: chinook zalm
• Norway: chinook
• Poland: czawycza
• Portugal: salmao-real; salmão-real
• Sweden: kungslax
• USA/Alaska: iqallugpak; tarjaxfaq
• Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): vrsta lososa

Summary of Invasiveness

Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) are the largest of the Pacific salmon group and are found throughout the northern Pacific area from latitudes of 35°N to approximately 70°N. Native areas include Alaska, Canada, northwestern USA, Russia, and Japan. These salmon have been introduced throughout the world but have established breeding populations only a few select places. Introduced populations have established themselves in New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, and the Great Lakes along the USA-Canada border. All other attempts at introduction have failed. 

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Chordata
•             Subphylum: Vertebrata
•                 Class: Actinopterygii
•                     Order: Salmoniformes
•                         Family: Salmonidae
•                             Genus: Oncorhynchus
•                                 Species: Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Description

O. tshawytscha are the largest of the Pacific coastal salmon, reaching as much as 125 lbs (56.7 kg). Bodies of the adults are fusiform and laterally compressed, especially in males near spawning. The head is approximately 20% of the total length, although it is longer in mature males. At breeding time, the head of the male is transformed into a ‘kype’, with a deformed, upturned jaw and a hooked nose. The mouth is unable to close after the kype has developed. Both males and females have well-developed, moderately large, sharp teeth in both jaws. Gill rakers are rough and widely spaced with 10-16 rakers on the lower limb and 6-10 on the upper limb.

O. tshawytscha have a long, narrow adipose fin and a centrally located dorsal fin that is soft rayed, has square edges, and contains 10-14 principal rays. The caudal fin is broad, emarginate to shallowly forked. Pectoral fins are low, somewhat pointed and contain 14-17 rays. Anal fins contain 14-19 rays, a characteristic that distinguishes members of the genus Oncorhynchus from other trout.

At spawning, males and females are easily distinguished by their head and body shape. Females have a small, somewhat pointed head and are more rounded laterally. Males have a prolonged, hooked snout, gaping mouth, enlarged teeth and a body which is strongly compressed laterally.

Adult O. tshawytscha are identified by fishermen by the black gum tissue next to the lower teeth. Adults captured in the ocean are dark greenish or bluish on top and silver underneath. As they enter freshwater, they take on a golden colour and slowly become darker as they approach spawning time.

Juvenile O. tshawytscha are brownish in colour with 6-12 parr marks, long transverse dark marks on the sides of the fish. Parr marks in O. tshawytscha are longer and wider than those of other salmon juveniles. The first ray of the anal fin is elongate but not as long as that in coho salmon juveniles. As the fish undergo parr-smolt transformation, the parr-marks become obscured by a layer of purines, causing the fish to appear uniformly silver. The caudal fin at this time develops a black band.

Distribution

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha inhabit streams and rivers along the eastern Pacific Ocean from Point Hope, Alaska to the Ventura River, California, USA, with occasional strays as far south as San Diego, California. In the western Pacific Ocean, they are found in the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk south to Honshu, Japan, and the Sea of Japan.

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Introductions

Habitat List

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Air Temperature

Water Tolerances

Natural enemies

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Environmental Impact

O. tshawytscha have been widely imported to countries outside their natural range but the introductions have failed to produce viable breeding populations, with a few exceptions. An effort to introduce O. tshawytscha to New Zealand was initiated in 1875 and lasted until 1910. By 1907, a few adults were being caught, although they may have been returning as early as 1898 (Waugh, 1980). A sustainable run of O. tshawytscha, known as quinnat salmon, has developed in the South Island of New Zealand (McDowell, 1994).

In 1958, William Ellis Ripley, a fisheries advisor to the United Nations Development Programme, arranged for 400,000 eggs from Nimbus Hatchery on the American River, California, to be planted in the Rio Grande de Sul in Brazil (Joyner, 1980). Four years later, fish unknown to the residents were seen trying to leap the unnavigable falls at Salto on the Rio Uruguay. The fish were seen for 2 to 3 weeks, then were never seen again. A local fish biologist tentatively identified them as O. tshawytscha.

Sustainable runs of O. tshawytscha have been mentioned from time to time that have resulted from escapees from pen culture in Chile. Returns have been reported from sea-ranching operations there (Lindbergh, 1982). In recent years, a number of papers have reported the spread of feral O. tshawytscha throughout Chile and through the Straits of Magellan to Argentina (Becker et al., 2007; Correa and Gross, 2007; Soto et al., 2007). There is insufficient information to determine whether these fish will compete with native galaxiid fishes. The authors are confident, however, that these runs will cause substantial disruption of ecosystems.

Various efforts have been made to introduce O. tshawytscha into the Great Lakes, North America. Some of the latest introductions have resulted in naturally spawning populations (Carl, 1982). Naturally produced and cultured O. tshawytscha are valuable components of the sport fishery in the Great Lakes at present [2004].

Risk and Impact Factors

• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
• Highly mobile locally
• Long lived
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential
• Gregarious
• Reproduces asexually

• Altered trophic level
• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of natural benthic communities
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Pest and disease transmission
• Predation

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forage

• Eggs cured for bait
• Meat and bonemeal

General

• Laboratory use
• Ritual uses
• Sport (hunting, shooting, fishing, racing)

Human food and beverage

• Canned meat
• Cured meat
• Eggs (roe)
• Fish meal
• Fish oil
• Fresh meat
• Frozen meat
• Meat/fat/offal/blood/bone (whole, cut, fresh, frozen, canned, cured, processed or smoked)
• Whole

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

The spread of O. tshawytscha populations throughout the southern part of South America may be threatening indigenous species, especially the threatened galaxiid fishes. Immediate research needs include the following:

• A survey of the extent to which O. tshawytscha have utilized southern river systems.
• Interaction of juvenile salmon with the native fishes.
• Competition of juvenile salmon with native fishes for food and territory.
• Utilization of the salmon for sport or food sources.
• Determination of the extent to which O. tshawytscha present a problem for native fishes.

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Links to Websites

Contributors

04/12/2007 Updated by:

Richard Ewing, Biotech Research & Consulting, Inc., 2340 SE Ryan Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA

Main Author
Richard Ewing
Biotech Research & Consulting, Inc., 2340 SE Ryan Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA

Distribution Maps