Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Petiveria alliacea L., 1753
Preferred Common Name
- guinea hen weed
Other Scientific Names
- Petiveria alliacea var. grandifolia Moq.
- Petiveria alliacea var. octandra (L.) Moq.
- Petiveria corrientina Rojas
- Petiveria hexandria Sessé & Moc.
- Petiveria ochroleuca Moq.
- Petiveria octandra L.
- Petiveria paraguayensis D. Parodi
International Common Names
- English: Congo root; garlic weed; Guinea hen plant; Guinea-hen weed; gully root; skunk root; skunk weed; strong man's weed
- Spanish: ajillo; anamú; apacina; epasina; hierba gallinita; hierba zorrillo; hoja de zorrillo; ipasina; mapurite; pipí; zorrillo
- French: chasse vermine; chasser vermine; feuilles avé; herbe aux poules; pétivere à odeur d’ail; verveine puante
Local Common Names
- Argentina: calauchín; mikura; sinikila
- Bahamas: garlic-weed; obeah-bush
- Brazil: erva guiné; guiné; mucuracá; tipí
- Dominican Republic: avé; huevo de gato; mal pourri
- El Salvador: hierba de toro
- Guatemala: apacin
- Haiti: avette
- Honduras: ipacina
- Lesser Antilles: conga root; cudjoe root; dandail; danday; douvan neg; douvant-negre; fey douvan; garlic root; gonga root; kudjoe root; marie purie; mawi pouwi; strong man bush
- Mexico: carricillo silvestre; japachumi
- Peru: chanvico; mucura; sacha ajo
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageP. alliacea is a herbaceous perennial herb, with medicinal properties, included in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). Within its native distribution range, this species is a common weed in pastures, agricultural lands, waste areas, roadsides, and riverbanks. It is listed as an “agricultural weed” in Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Central America where it affects mainly coffee and maize plantations (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967; Garcia et al., 1975; Más and Lugo, 2013). Seeds of P. alliacea can be easily dispersed at local and long-distances attached to animals’ fur and feathers and human clothes by spiky hooks and barbed projections present in the fruits (Mori and Brown, 1998; Nienaber and Thieret, 2003). The species is a fast-growing herb with a wide environmental tolerance which may aid its survival as a successful weed.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Caryophyllales
- Family: Phytolaccaceae
- Genus: Petiveria
- Species: Petiveria alliacea
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pagePhytolaccaceae is a small family of flowering plants including 18 genera and 65 species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines, mostly distributed in tropical and warm temperate areas principally in America, but also in Tropical Africa, Tropical Asia, and Australia (Stevens, 2012). Taxonomic delimitation of the family Phytolaccaceae has been a matter of debate. Although for many botanists Phytolaccaceae clearly belongs to the Caryophyllales, there is a debate about its circumscription and exact position (Nienaber and Thieret, 2003; Steinmann, 2013). Recently, some genera historically considered within the family have been segregated as separate families. For example, the North American genus Stegnosperma is now considered in the monogeneric family Stegnospermataceae. Similarly the Old World genera Barbeuia and Gisekia are now treated as the families Barbeuiaceae and Gisekiaceae (Steinmann, 2013). The New World genera Achatocarpus and Phaulothamnus were recognized by some specialists as members of Phytolaccaceae, but these genera are now treated in the family Achatocarpaceae. Even with these genera removed, controversy exists, and the core of the family is sometimes additionally divided into two families (Steinmann, 2013):
- Phytolaccaceae: characterized by ovary of 3-16 carpels, corresponding to subfamiles Agdestioideae and Phytolaccoideae.
- Petiveriaceae: characterized by ovary of one carpel, corresponding to subfamilies Rivinioideae and Microteoideae.
The Plant List (2013) places the genus Petiveria still within the Phytolaccaceae, which is the taxonomic status used for this datasheet. P. alliacea is the only accepted species name within the genus in The Plant List (2013), although the infraspecific taxon P. alliacea var. tetrandra (Ortega) Hauman is also listed as accepted.
Description
Top of pageP. alliacea is a herbaceous plant, stems erect, up to 1 m tall, pubescent to glabrate. Leaves are alternate, simple and entire, stipules 2 mm; petiole 0.4-2 cm; blade elliptic to oblong or obovate, to 20 × 7 cm, base acute to cuneate, apex acuminate or acute to obtuse or rounded. Leaves and stems with garlic smell. Inflorescences often drooping distally, 0.8-4 dm; peduncle 1-4 cm; pedicel 0.5-2 mm. Flowers are bisexual, zygomorphic, slightly imbricate to rather remote; sepals white or greenish to pinkish, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 3.5-6 mm; ovary superior. Fruits are narrowly oblong achenes subtended by persistent bracts and perianth, 6-8 mm long, striate with recurved hooks, 1 seed (Nienaber and Thieret, 2003; Alegre and Clavo, 2007).
Distribution
Top of pageP. alliacea is native to America: North America (i.e., Florida and Texas), Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. It has been introduced in India and tropical Africa (Benin, Burundi, Nigeria, and Democratic Republic of Congo; Alegre and Clavo, 2007; Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; Pauwels, 2012; USDA-ARS, 2012), and is grown as a medicinal herb.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Benin | Present | Introduced | |||||
Burundi | Present | Introduced | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | |||||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
India | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Native | |||||
Bahamas | Present | Native | |||||
Barbados | Present | Native | |||||
Belize | Present | Native | |||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Native | Guana and Tortola | ||||
Costa Rica | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
Cuba | Present | Native | Agricultural weed in coffee plantations (Acuna, 1974) | ||||
Dominica | Present | Native | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Native | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | Listed as a weed by Garcia et al, 1975 | ||||
Grenada | Present | Native | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Native | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | |||||
Haiti | Present | Native | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
Jamaica | Present | Native | |||||
Martinique | Present | Native | |||||
Mexico | Present | Native | Listed as agricultural weed in coffee, maize, and apple plantations | ||||
Montserrat | Present | Native | |||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present | Native | Saba, St Martin, St Bartheleny, St. Eustatius | ||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
Panama | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | Considered a weed in pastures and agricultural land | ||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present | Native | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Native | Weed | ||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | St Thomas, St Croix, St John | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Florida | Present | Native | |||||
-Texas | Present | Native | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Native | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | |||||
Brazil | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Acre | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
-Parana | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
Colombia | Present | Native | Listed as a weed (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967) | ||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | |||||
French Guiana | Present | Native | |||||
Guyana | Present | Native | |||||
Paraguay | Present | Native | |||||
Peru | Present | Native | |||||
Suriname | Present | Native | |||||
Uruguay | Present | Native | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Native |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of P. alliacea is high. In Latin America and the West Indies, this species is commonly cultivated to be used in traditional herbal medicine and ritual ceremonies. It is also frequently used in Yoruba magical rituals in Brazil, Cuba, and tropical Africa (Alegre and Clavo, 2007). Within its native distribution range, P. alliacea behaves as a weed and its seeds may be easily dispersed, favouring the probability of colonizing new areas.
Habitat
Top of pageWithin its native distribution range P. alliacea is very common in disturbed areas, edges of humid forests, along roadsides, riverbanks, pastures, and gardens. This species can also be found growing as a weed in plantations, farming areas, and pastureland (Alegre and Clavo, 2007; Vibrans, 2009; Más and Lugo, 2013). In West Africa it is found in gardens, forest edges, and disturbed localities near human settlements (Alegre and Clavo, 2007).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageP. alliacea is considered an “agricultural weed” in coffee, maize, and apple plantations in Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Central America. It is also listed as a weed in pasturelands and secondary forests (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967; Garcia et al., 1975; Más and Lugo, 2013).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee) | Rubiaceae | Main | |
Malus domestica (apple) | Rosaceae | Main | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Chromosome number in P. alliacea is 2n = 34 (Cherian and Kuriachan, 1986).
Physiology and Phenology
In Florida and Texas, P. alliacea reproduces all year around (Nienaber and Thieret, 2003). In Mexico, this species also reproduces all year around but with peaks in flowering and fruiting activity occurring during September-October (Vibrans, 2009). In Central America it has been recorded flowering and fruiting from July to January (Stevens, 2001).
Associations
P. alliacea is frequently associated to riparian vegetation, deciduous forest vegetation, secondary wet forests, grasslands, and pasturelands (Vibrans, 2009; Más and Lugo, 2013).
Environmental Requirements
P. alliacea grows in warm and moist to dry climates at elevations from sea level to 1300 m. It is adapted to a widely variety of substrates but prefers to grow in well-drained and fertile soils (Nienaber and Thieret, 2003; Vibrans, 2009).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 500 | 3000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- shallow
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageAlegre and Clavo (2007) suggest that seeds of P. alliacea in South America are wind-dispersed. However, other authors suggest that seeds are dispersed by animals when seeds attach to fur and feathers. P. alliacea fruits (achenes) have spiky hooks and barbed projections which facilitate dispersal by sticking to animal fur, feathers or human clothing (Mori and Brown, 1998; Nienaber and Thieret, 2003).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disturbance | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Vibrans (2009) |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Widely planted for traditional medicine purposes | Yes | Yes | Alegre and Clavo (2007) |
Nursery trade | Widely planted for traditional medicine purposes | Yes | Yes | Alegre and Clavo (2007) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Livestock | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Vibrans (2009) |
Machinery and equipment | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Vibrans (2009) |
Soil, sand and gravel | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Vibrans (2009) |
Wind | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Alegre and Clavo (2007) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive and negative |
Economic/livelihood | Negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Human health | Positive and negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageP. alliacea may cause dermatitis in humans and taints the milk and meat of animals that graze on it and may also induce abortion (Nienaber and Thieret, 2003; Más and Lugo, 2013). When this species is fed to animals on a regular basis it may cause adverse reactions. The plant can accumulate nitrates and may cause nitrate poisoning in cattle (Alegre and Clavo, 2007). P. alliacea is a common weed in coffee, maize, and apple plantations as well as in pasturelands and natural forests (Cardenas and Coulston, 1967; Garcia et al., 1975; Vibrans, 2009; Más and Lugo, 2013).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Tolerant of shade
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Damages animal/plant products
- Causes allergic responses
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - smothering
- Induces hypersensitivity
- Rapid growth
- Produces spines, thorns or burrs
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
Uses
Top of pageP. alliacea is a very important plant in traditional Latin America herbal medicine where it is used as an anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, to treat fever, headache, diabetes, malaria, arthritis, skin allergies, cancer, and to induce abortions (Pérez-Leal et al., 2006). Studies have demonstrated that it has biologically active compounds such as benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, benzyl 2-hydroxyethyl trisulphide, coumarin, isoarborinol, isoarborinol acetate, isoarborinol cinnamate, isothiocyanates, polyphenols, senfol, tannins, and trithiolaniacine, many of which show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunological activity (Pérez-Leal et al., 2006; Alegre and Clavo, 2007). The leaves of P. alliacea have a strong garlic-like odour when crushed, and in some areas of tropical America it serves as an insect and bat repellent, and as an acaridice (Nienaber and Thieret, 2003; Pérez-Leal et al., 2006). In Latin America and the West Indies, it is commonly used by “medicine men” in ritual ceremonies. In Brazil, Cuba, and tropical Africa it is important in Yoruba magical rituals (Alegre and Clavo, 2007).
Uses List
Top of pageDrugs, stimulants, social uses
- Religious
Environmental
- Amenity
General
- Ritual uses
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
There is little published information on control of P. alliacea. Caro et al. (1985) reported good control of weeds including P. alliacea in a coffee plantation from a single post-emergence application of diuron + paraquat.
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Alegre JC; Clavo M, 2007. Petiveria alliacea L. Record from PROTA4U. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) [ed. by Schmelzer, G. H. \Gurib-Fakim, A.]. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA. http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp
Balick MJ; Nee M; Atha DE, 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 85:1-246.
Broome R; Sabir K; Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Cardenas J; Coulston L, 1967. Weeds: A List of Common and Scientific Names for Brazil, Colombia, Puerto Rico, and Central America.
Cherian M; Kuriachan PI, 1986. Cytotaxonomy of two species of Phtyolaccaceae. Current Science, 55:1099-1100.
Correa A; Galdames MDC; Stapf MNS, 2004. Catalogue of vascular plants of Panama (Catalogo de Plantas Vasculares de Panama.), Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 599 pp.
Correll DS; Correll HB, 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. Vaduz, Germany: J. Cramer, 1692 pp.
Forzza RC; Leitman PM; Costa AF; Carvalho Jr AA, et al. , 2012. List of species of the Flora of Brazil (Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012/
Graveson R, 2012. Plants of Saint Lucia. http://www.saintlucianplants.com
Hatch SL; Gandhi KN; Brown LE, 1990. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Texas, USA: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Idárraga-Piedrahita A; Ortiz RDC; Callejas Posada R; Merello M, 2011. Flora de Antioquia. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares, vol. 2. Listado de las Plantas Vasculares del Departamento de Antioquia ([English title not available]). 939 pp.
Liogier HA, 1998. Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. A Systematic Synopsis. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
Más EG; Lugo MLT, 2013. Common Weeds in Puerto Rico & U.S Virgin Islands., Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, 395 pp.
Morales JF, 2007. Phytolaccaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 111:894-902. [Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 6.]
Mori SA; Brown JL, 1998. Epizoochorous dispersal by barbs, hooks, and spines in a lowland moist forest in central French Guiana. Brittonia 50: 2, 165-173.
Nienaber MA; Thieret JW, 2003. Phytoloccaceae. In: Flora of North America north of Mexico, 4 [ed. by Flora of North America Editorial Committee]. New York and Oxford: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 3-5.
Pauwels L, 2012. Plantes cultivées et/ou exotiques en Afrique Centrale: R.D. Congo-Rwanda-Burindi ([English title not available]). http://users.telenet.be/cr28796/CultAfrC.htm
Randall RP, 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp. http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2013/20133109119.pdf
Steinmann VW, 2013. Phytolaccaceae. Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics [ed. by Milliken, W. \Klitgard, B. \Baracat, \A.]. http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Phytolaccaceae.htm
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Stevens WD, 2001. Phytolaccaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 85(3):1924-1928. [Flora de Nicaragua.]
The Plant List, 2013. The Plant List: a working list of all plant species. Version 1.1. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.theplantlist.org
USDA-ARS, 2013. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
Vibrans H, 2009. Malezas de México- Pennisetum purpureum ([English title not available]). http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/poaceae/pennisetum-purpureum/fichas/ficha.htm
Villaseñor JL; Espinosa-Garcia FJ, 1998. Catálogo de malezas de México ([English title not available])., Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Wunderlin RP; Hansen BF, 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Tampa, Florida, USA: University of South Florida. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/
Distribution References
Alegre JC, Clavo M, 2007. Petiveria alliacea L. Record from PROTA4U. In: PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa), Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA. http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp
Balick MJ, Nee M, Atha DE, 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. In: Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 85 1-246.
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean., Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Cardenas J, Coulston L, 1967. Weeds: A List of Common and Scientific Names for Brazil, Colombia, Puerto Rico, and Central America.,
Correa A, Galdames MDC, Stapf MNS, 2004. Catalogue of vascular plants of Panama. (Catalogo de Plantas Vasculares de Panama)., Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. 599 pp.
Correll DS, Correll HB, 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago., Vaduz, Germany: J Cramer. 1692 pp.
Forzza RC, Leitman PM, Costa AF, Carvalho Jr AA et al, 2012. List of species of the Flora of Brazil. (Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012/
Graveson R, 2012. Plants of Saint Lucia., http://www.saintlucianplants.com
Hatch SL, Gandhi KN, Brown LE, 1990. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Texas., Texas, USA: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Idárraga-Piedrahita A, Ortiz RDC, Callejas Posada R, Merello M, 2011. [English title not available]. (Flora de Antioquia). In: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares, 2 Listado de las Plantas Vasculares del Departamento de Antioquia. 939 pp.
Liogier HA, 1998. Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. In: A Systematic Synopsis, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
Más EG, Lugo MLT, 2013. Common Weeds in Puerto Rico & U.S Virgin Islands., Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus. 395 pp.
Morales JF, 2007. Phytolaccaceae. In: Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 111 894-902.
Pauwels L, 2012. [English title not available]. (Plantes cultivées et/ou exotiques en Afrique Centrale: R.D. Congo-Rwanda-Burindi)., http://users.telenet.be/cr28796/CultAfrC.htm
Stevens WD, 2001. Phytolaccaceae. In: Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden [Flora de Nicaragua.], 85 (3) 1924-1928.
USDA-ARS, 2013. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
Vibrans H, 2009. [English title not available]. (Malezas de México- Pennisetum purpureum)., http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/poaceae/pennisetum-purpureum/fichas/ficha.htm
Villaseñor JL, Espinosa-Garcia FJ, 1998. [English title not available]. (Catálogo de malezas de México)., Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Wunderlin RP, Hansen BF, 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants., Tampa, Florida, USA: University of South Florida. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website | http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ | |
Common weeds in Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands | http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/plantsanimals/plants/feature/?cid=stelprdb1078250 | |
Flora of the West Indies | http://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/ | |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
PROTA: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa | http://www.prota4u.org/ | |
Weeds of Mexico | http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/2inicio/home-malezas-mexico.htm |
Contributors
Top of page15/07/13 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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