Preferred Scientific Name
- peste des petits ruminants virus
International Common Names
- English: pest of small ruminants virus
English acronym
- PSRV
French acronym
- PPRV
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 06 Jan 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Angola | Absent | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Benin | Present | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Botswana | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Burkina Faso | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Burundi | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Cabo Verde | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Central African Republic | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Chad | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Comoros | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present, Localized | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Djibouti | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Egypt | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Eritrea | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Eswatini | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Gambia | Present | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Ghana | Present | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Guinea | Present | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Kenya | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Lesotho | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Liberia | Present | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Libya | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Madagascar | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Malawi | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Mali | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Mauritania | Present | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Mauritius | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Mayotte | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Morocco | Present | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Mozambique | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Namibia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Niger | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Réunion | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Rwanda | Absent | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Saint Helena | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
São Tomé and Príncipe | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Senegal | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Seychelles | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Somalia | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
South Africa | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Sudan | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Togo | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Tunisia | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Uganda | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Zambia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Zimbabwe | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Armenia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Azerbaijan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bahrain | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Bangladesh | Present | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Bhutan | Absent | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Brunei | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cambodia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
China | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Georgia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Hong Kong | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
India | Present, Localized | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Indonesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Iran | Present | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Iraq | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Israel | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Japan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Jordan | Absent | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Kazakhstan | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Kuwait | Present | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Kyrgyzstan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Laos | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Lebanon | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Malaysia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
-Sabah | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
-Sarawak | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Maldives | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Mongolia | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Myanmar | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Nepal | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
North Korea | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Oman | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Pakistan | Present | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Palestine | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Philippines | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Qatar | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Saudi Arabia | Present | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Singapore | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
South Korea | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Sri Lanka | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Syria | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Taiwan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Tajikistan | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Thailand | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Turkey | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Turkmenistan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
United Arab Emirates | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Uzbekistan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Vietnam | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Yemen | Present | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Andorra | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Austria | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Belarus | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Belgium | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bulgaria | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Croatia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cyprus | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Czechia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Denmark | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Estonia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Faroe Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Finland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
France | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Germany | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Greece | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2018 | |||||
Hungary | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Iceland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Ireland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Isle of Man | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Italy | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Jersey | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Latvia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Liechtenstein | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Lithuania | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Luxembourg | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Malta | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Moldova | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Montenegro | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Netherlands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
North Macedonia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Norway | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Poland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Portugal | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Romania | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Russia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
San Marino | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Serbia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Slovakia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Slovenia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Spain | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Sweden | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Switzerland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Ukraine | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
United Kingdom | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
-Northern Ireland | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Bahamas | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Barbados | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Belize | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bermuda | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
British Virgin Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Canada | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cayman Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Costa Rica | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cuba | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Curaçao | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Dominica | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Dominican Republic | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
El Salvador | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Greenland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Guadeloupe | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Guatemala | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Haiti | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Honduras | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Jamaica | Absent | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Martinique | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Mexico | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Nicaragua | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Panama | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Saint Lucia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2018 | |||||
United States | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cook Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Fiji | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
French Polynesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Kiribati | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2018 | |||||
Marshall Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
New Caledonia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
New Zealand | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Palau | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Samoa | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Timor-Leste | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Tonga | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Vanuatu | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bolivia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Brazil | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Chile | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Colombia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Ecuador | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Falkland Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
French Guiana | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Guyana | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Paraguay | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Peru | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Suriname | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Uruguay | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Venezuela | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 |
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae within the order Mononegavirales. The virus species name was changed in 2016 to Small ruminant morbillivirus (SRM). However, it is still commonly known as PPRV by people working in the field (OIE, 2020). The virus exists as a single serotype but, by means of nucleic acid sequencing, it can be differentiated into four lineages (1-4). It is antigenically similar to Rinderpest virus, Measles virus and Canine distemper virus (OIE, 2020).
The virus is considered to have a typical paramyxovirus structure, with an envelope derived from the host-cell plasma membrane, containing two transmembrane glycoproteins surrounding a nucleocapsid. The presence of the envelope renders virions sensitive to heat, lipid solvents or detergents, non-ionic detergents, formaldehyde and oxidizing agents. The half-life of virus at 37°C was estimated at 2 h, and at 50°C infectivity was destroyed in 30 minutes (Lefevre, 1982). The virus is also sensitive to low pH, being destroyed after death by the low pH which accompanies rigor mortis, but can survive in lymph nodes for 8 days at 4°C. The typical structure of paramyxoviruses has been described (ICTV, 1995).
The transmembrane glycoproteins are important to the pathogenicity and antigenicity of the virus, with separate proteins having fusion (F) and attachment (haemagglutinin/neuraminidase - HN) functions. Haemagglutinin activity of the HN protein of PPRV has been detected, whereas in the closely related Rinderpest virus (RPV) only neuraminidase activity has been detected in this protein (Seth and Shaila, 2001). The haemagglutinin/neuraminidase protein of PPRV is biologically active when transiently expressed in mammalian cells. After attachment to cell receptors, virus entry is achieved by fusion of the virus envelope with the cell-surface membrane. Both the F and HN proteins are involved in this process, which leads to syncitia of cells after fusion, with an interaction of the two glycoproteins rather than independent, concerted action (Das et al., 2000). The transmembrane proteins form spike-like projections of 8 nm from the envelope, and one or two non-glycosylated membrane proteins are associated with the inner face of the envelope.
The viral nucleocapsid consists of a single strand of viral RNA and associated proteins, and has helical symmetry. The genome is of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA, and believed to be similar to genome size of other paramyxoviruses, of between 15 and 16 kb in length. Although PPRV and RPV share antigenic determinants, comparison of nucleotide sequences indicates that PPRV and RPV are no more related than to non-ruminant morbilliviruses (Das et al., 2000). The high degree of sequence conservation between the F proteins of different morbilliviruses probably accounts for the extensive cross-protection observed between different viruses of this genus; for example, the RPV vaccine was previously used to vaccinate against PPRV. The H proteins have more antigenic divergence, and also vary in haemagglutination properties, and may play a role in host-cell specificity.
Replication of virus occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell, with the genome transcribed by virion-associated enzymes from the 3’ end into viral complementary mRNA molecules, which are then translated into viral proteins. The P, C and V mRNAs are thought to be synthesized by site-specific stuttering on the template, with a resultant frame-shift which enables more than ORF [open-reading frame] to be transcribed, and therefore more than one form of the protein to be translated from the coding sequence. Comparison of gene sequences has indicated significant genetic variation between PPRV isolates, with four distinct phylogenetic groups among 19 isolates from the Indian subcontinent, Middle East and Africa (Shaila et al., 1996).
PPRV causes pest des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats and sheep. The disease is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's Handistatus database on disease occurrence. For recent, detailed information on the occurrence of this disease worldwide, see the OIE World Animal Health Information Database (WAHIS) Interface.
PPR represents one of the most economically important animal diseases in areas that rely on small ruminants as a way of making a living. It has been targeted for eradication by 2030 by OIE and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). For more information, see the OIE Peste des Petits Ruminants Portal.
Animal name | Context | Life stage | System |
---|---|---|---|
Bos indicus (zebu) | Domesticated host | ||
Capra hircus (goats) | Domesticated host | ||
Ovis aries (sheep) | Domesticated host |
ICTV, 1995. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. In: Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, Martelli GP, Mayo MA, Summers MD, eds. Sixth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Wien, Austria: Springer-Verlag
Lefevre PC, 1982. Peste des petitis ruminants et infection bovipestique des ovins et caprins. Maisons-Alfort, France: Institut d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties
OIE, 2004. Peste des petits ruminants in Côte d’Ivoire in July 2004. Disease Information, 17(40)
OIE, 2020. Peste des petits ruminants (updated January 2020). In: OIE Technical disease cards Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health.https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/PESTE_DES_PETITS_RUMINANTS.pdf
Seth S, Shaila MS, 2001. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus is biologically active when transiently expressed in mammalian cells. Virus Research, 75(2):169-177
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/