Datasheet
Arterivirus
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Pictures
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Picture Title Caption Copyright Title Virus structure Caption Copyright T. Drew
Virus structure T. Drew
Identity
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Preferred Scientific Name Other Scientific Names Lelystad virus Wensvoort et al., 1991 International Common Names English:
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virusEnglish acronym
Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Virus Unknown: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses" Unknown: "RNA viruses" Order: Nidovirales Family: Arteriviridae Genus: Artervirus Species: Arterivirus
Distribution Table
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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive Reference Notes Asia Azerbaijan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bahrain Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bhutan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brunei Darussalam Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 China Present Present based on regional distribution. -Hong Kong Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Georgia (Republic of) Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 India Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Indonesia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iran Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iraq Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Israel No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Japan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jordan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kazakhstan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, DPR Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Korea, Republic of Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kuwait Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lebanon Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malaysia Present CAB ABSTRACTS Data Mining 2001 -Peninsular Malaysia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sabah Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Sarawak Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mongolia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Myanmar Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nepal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oman Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Philippines Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Qatar No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Singapore Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sri Lanka Last reported 2000 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Syria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Taiwan Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tajikistan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Thailand Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkey No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Turkmenistan No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 United Arab Emirates Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uzbekistan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vietnam Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yemen No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Africa Algeria Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Angola Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Benin No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Botswana No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burkina Faso No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Burundi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cameroon No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cape Verde No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central African Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chad No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Congo Democratic Republic Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Côte d'Ivoire Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Djibouti Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Egypt No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Eritrea Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ethiopia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ghana Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guinea-Bissau No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Kenya No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Libya Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Madagascar Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malawi No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mali No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mauritius Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Morocco No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mozambique No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Namibia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nigeria Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Réunion Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Rwanda No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sao Tome and Principe Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Senegal No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Seychelles No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Somalia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 South Africa Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sudan Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Swaziland Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tanzania No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Togo Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Tunisia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uganda Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zambia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Zimbabwe Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 North America Bermuda Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Canada Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Mexico Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 USA Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Central America and Caribbean Barbados Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belize Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 British Virgin Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cayman Islands Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Costa Rica No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cuba Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Curaçao Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominica Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Dominican Republic OIE Handistatus,
2005 El Salvador Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guadeloupe No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guatemala Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Haiti Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jamaica Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Martinique Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Nicaragua No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Panama No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Kitts and Nevis No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Trinidad and Tobago Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 South America Argentina Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bolivia Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Brazil Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Chile OIE Handistatus,
2005 Colombia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ecuador Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Falkland Islands Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Guiana Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Guyana Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Paraguay Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Peru Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Uruguay Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Venezuela OIE Handistatus,
2005 Europe Andorra No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Austria Last reported 1995 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belarus No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Belgium Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bosnia-Hercegovina Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Bulgaria Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Croatia Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Cyprus Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Czech Republic Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Denmark Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Estonia OIE Handistatus,
2005 Finland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 France Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Germany Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Greece Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Hungary OIE Handistatus,
2005 Iceland Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ireland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Isle of Man (UK) Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Italy No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Jersey Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Latvia Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Liechtenstein Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Lithuania Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Luxembourg No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Macedonia No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Malta Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 Moldova Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Netherlands Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Norway Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Poland No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Portugal Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Romania OIE Handistatus,
2005 Russian Federation OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovakia Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Slovenia Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent OIE Handistatus,
2005 Spain OIE Handistatus,
2005 Sweden Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Switzerland Last reported 2001 OIE Handistatus,
2005 UK Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 -Northern Ireland Reported present or known to be present OIE Handistatus,
2005 Ukraine Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (former) No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) Disease not reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Oceania Australia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 French Polynesia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Caledonia Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 New Zealand Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Samoa Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Vanuatu Disease never reported OIE Handistatus,
2005 Wallis and Futuna Islands No information available OIE Handistatus,
2005
Pathogen Characteristics
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The causative agent of PRRS is an enveloped virus of 45-65 nm diameter, with a relatively smooth surface and an isometric, occasionally icosahedral nucleocapsid core of 25-35 nm diameter. Short (8-12 nm) granular projections are sometimes seen on the surface of negatively-stained extracellular viral particles. Three proteins have been detected in purified virions: a nucleocapsid protein (VP1), a matrixprotein (VP2), and a glycosylated envelope protein (VP3). PRRS viruses are sensitive to lipid solvents. They can pass through 200 nm filters with high efficiency and 50 nm filters with low efficiency. PRRSV is sensitive to pH variations away from neutral; the virus is stable at pH 6-7.5 but infectivity is quickly lost above or below this range. The virus is stable for long periods at -70 and -20ºC, but 90% infectivity was lost after storage at 4ºC for a week. Infectivity persists for 1-6 days at 20-21ºC, 3-24 h at 37ºC, and 6-20 min at 56ºC. (Bloemraad et al., 1994 ).
In the laboratory, PRRSV can be neutralized by convalescent sow or rabbit hyperimmune sera (Benfield et al., 1992 ) at titres of 1:256 and 1:512, respectively. Cytopathic effects (in cell line CL 2621 or alveolar macrophages) begin as small rounded clumps of cells appearing raised above the uninfected remaining monolayer. Many cells develop pyknotic nuclei and detach from the monolayer within 2-4 days. PRRSV has no serological cross-reaction with other vertebrate RNA viruses. It most closely resembles lactic (lactate) dehydrogenase (elevating) virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV).
Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's Handistatus database on disease occurrence. Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int .
References
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Benfield DA; Nelson E; Collins JE; Harris L; Goyal SM; Robison D; Christianson WT; Morrison RB; Gorcyca D; Chladek D, 1992. Characterization of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 4(2):127-133; 16 ref.
Bloemraad M; Kluijver EPde; Petersen A; Burkhardt GE; Wensvoort G, 1994. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: temperature and pH stability of Lelystad virus and its survival in tissue specimens from viraemic pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 42(4):361-371; 28 ref.
Godeny EK; Chen L; Kumar SN; Methven SL; Koonin EV; Brinton MA, 1993. Complete genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Virology, 194:585-596.
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Plagemann PGW, 1992. Lactate Dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), Equine arteritis virus (EAV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV): a new group of positive-stranded RNA viruses. Proceedings of International Symposium on SIRS/PRRS/PEARS, Minnesota, USA, 5.
Wensvoort G; Terpstra C; Pol JMA; Laak EAter; Bloemraad M; Kluyver EPde; Kragten C; Buiten Lvan; Besten Aden; Wagenaar F; Broekhuijsen JM; Moonen PLJM; Zetstra T; Boer EAde; Tibben HJ; Jong MFde; Veld Pvan 't; Groenland GJR; Gennep JAvan; Voets MT; Verheijden JHM; Braamskamp J, 1991. Mystery swine disease in the Netherlands: the isolation of Lelystad virus. Veterinary Quarterly, 13(3):121-130; 31 ref.
Distribution Maps
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