Arterivirus

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Arterivirus

Other Scientific Names

Lelystad virus Wensvoort et al., 1991

International Common Names

English: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

English acronym

LV
PRRSV

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Virus
Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
Group: "RNA viruses"
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Arteriviridae
Genus: Artervirus
Species: Arterivirus

Diseases Table

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porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Jan 2020

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Angola	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Central African Republic	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Côte d'Ivoire	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Djibouti	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Eritrea	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Eswatini	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ethiopia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ghana	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guinea	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Libya	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Madagascar	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mauritius	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Namibia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Nigeria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Réunion	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
São Tomé and Príncipe	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
South Africa	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sudan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Togo	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Tunisia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uganda	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Zimbabwe	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Asia
Bahrain	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bhutan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Brunei	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
China	Present	CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional distribution.
Georgia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Hong Kong	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
India	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Indonesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iran	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iraq	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Japan	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jordan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kazakhstan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Kuwait	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Lebanon	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Malaysia	Present	CABI Data Mining (2001)
-Peninsular Malaysia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sabah	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Sarawak	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mongolia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Myanmar	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
North Korea	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Oman	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Philippines	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Singapore	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
South Korea	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Syria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Taiwan	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Thailand	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
United Arab Emirates	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uzbekistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vietnam	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Europe
Belgium	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bulgaria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Croatia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cyprus	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Czechia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Denmark	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Finland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
France	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Germany	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Iceland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ireland	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Isle of Man	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jersey	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Liechtenstein	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Lithuania	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Moldova	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Netherlands	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Norway	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Portugal	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Serbia and Montenegro	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Slovakia	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Slovenia	Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Sweden	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ukraine	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
United Kingdom	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
-Northern Ireland	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
North America
Barbados	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Belize	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bermuda	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cayman Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cuba	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Curaçao	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
El Salvador	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guatemala	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Haiti	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Jamaica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Martinique	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Mexico	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Trinidad and Tobago	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
United States	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Oceania
Australia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
French Polynesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Caledonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
New Zealand	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Samoa	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vanuatu	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
South America
Argentina	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Bolivia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Brazil	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Colombia	Present	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Ecuador	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Falkland Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
French Guiana	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Guyana	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Paraguay	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Peru	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Uruguay	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)

Pathogen Characteristics

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The causative agent of PRRS is an enveloped virus of 45-65 nm diameter, with a relatively smooth surface and an isometric, occasionally icosahedral nucleocapsid core of 25-35 nm diameter. Short (8-12 nm) granular projections are sometimes seen on the surface of negatively-stained extracellular viral particles. Three proteins have been detected in purified virions: a nucleocapsid protein (VP1), a matrixprotein (VP2), and a glycosylated envelope protein (VP3). PRRS viruses are sensitive to lipid solvents. They can pass through 200 nm filters with high efficiency and 50 nm filters with low efficiency. PRRSV is sensitive to pH variations away from neutral; the virus is stable at pH 6-7.5 but infectivity is quickly lost above or below this range. The virus is stable for long periods at -70 and -20ºC, but 90% infectivity was lost after storage at 4ºC for a week. Infectivity persists for 1-6 days at 20-21ºC, 3-24 h at 37ºC, and 6-20 min at 56ºC. (Bloemraad et al., 1994).

In the laboratory, PRRSV can be neutralized by convalescent sow or rabbit hyperimmune sera (Benfield et al., 1992) at titres of 1:256 and 1:512, respectively. Cytopathic effects (in cell line CL 2621 or alveolar macrophages) begin as small rounded clumps of cells appearing raised above the uninfected remaining monolayer. Many cells develop pyknotic nuclei and detach from the monolayer within 2-4 days. PRRSV has no serological cross-reaction with other vertebrate RNA viruses. It most closely resembles lactic (lactate) dehydrogenase (elevating) virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV).

Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's Handistatus database on disease occurrence. Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int.

Host Animals

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Animal name	Context	Life stage	System
Anas platyrhynchos	Experimental settings
Gallus	Experimental settings
Numida	Experimental settings
Sus scrofa (pigs)	Domesticated host; Experimental settings

References

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Benfield DA; Nelson E; Collins JE; Harris L; Goyal SM; Robison D; Christianson WT; Morrison RB; Gorcyca D; Chladek D, 1992. Characterization of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 4(2):127-133; 16 ref.

Bloemraad M; Kluijver EPde; Petersen A; Burkhardt GE; Wensvoort G, 1994. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: temperature and pH stability of Lelystad virus and its survival in tissue specimens from viraemic pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 42(4):361-371; 28 ref.

Godeny EK; Chen L; Kumar SN; Methven SL; Koonin EV; Brinton MA, 1993. Complete genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Virology, 194:585-596.

OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

Plagemann PGW, 1992. Lactate Dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), Equine arteritis virus (EAV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV): a new group of positive-stranded RNA viruses. Proceedings of International Symposium on SIRS/PRRS/PEARS, Minnesota, USA, 5.

Wensvoort G; Terpstra C; Pol JMA; Laak EAter; Bloemraad M; Kluyver EPde; Kragten C; Buiten Lvan; Besten Aden; Wagenaar F; Broekhuijsen JM; Moonen PLJM; Zetstra T; Boer EAde; Tibben HJ; Jong MFde; Veld Pvan 't; Groenland GJR; Gennep JAvan; Voets MT; Verheijden JHM; Braamskamp J, 1991. Mystery swine disease in the Netherlands: the isolation of Lelystad virus. Veterinary Quarterly, 13(3):121-130; 31 ref.

Distribution References

CABI Data Mining, 2001. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

Distribution Maps

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Invasive Species Compendium

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Arterivirus

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Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

Other Scientific Names

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Taxonomic Tree

Diseases Table

Distribution Table

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Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

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Pathogen Characteristics

Host Animals

References

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