Arterivirus
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Arterivirus
Other Scientific Names
- Lelystad virus Wensvoort et al., 1991
International Common Names
- English: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
English acronym
- LV
- PRRSV
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Virus
- Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
- Group: "RNA viruses"
- Order: Nidovirales
- Family: Arteriviridae
- Genus: Artervirus
- Species: Arterivirus
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
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Algeria | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Angola | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Central African Republic | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Djibouti | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Eritrea | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Eswatini | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Ethiopia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Ghana | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Guinea | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Libya | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Madagascar | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Mauritius | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Namibia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Nigeria | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Réunion | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
São Tomé and Príncipe | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Sudan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Togo | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Tunisia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Uganda | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bahrain | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Bhutan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Brunei | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
Georgia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
India | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Indonesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Iran | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Iraq | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
Jordan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Kazakhstan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Kuwait | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Lebanon | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | ||||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
-Sabah | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
-Sarawak | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
Mongolia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Myanmar | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
North Korea | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Oman | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
Singapore | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Syria | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Thailand | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
United Arab Emirates | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Uzbekistan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Belgium | Present | ||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Bulgaria | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Croatia | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
Cyprus | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Czechia | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
Denmark | Present | ||||||
Finland | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Germany | Present | ||||||
Iceland | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Ireland | Present | ||||||
Isle of Man | Present | ||||||
Jersey | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Latvia | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
Liechtenstein | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Lithuania | Present | ||||||
Moldova | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | ||||||
Norway | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Slovakia | Present | ||||||
Slovenia | Present, Serological evidence and/or isolation of the agent | ||||||
Sweden | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Ukraine | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
-Northern Ireland | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Barbados | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Belize | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Bermuda | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
British Virgin Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Canada | Present | ||||||
Cayman Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Cuba | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Curaçao | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Dominica | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
El Salvador | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Guatemala | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Haiti | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Jamaica | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Martinique | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Mexico | Present | ||||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
United States | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
French Polynesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
New Caledonia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
New Zealand | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Samoa | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Vanuatu | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Bolivia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Brazil | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Colombia | Present | ||||||
Ecuador | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Falkland Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
French Guiana | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Guyana | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Paraguay | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Peru | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Uruguay | Absent, No presence record(s) |
Pathogen Characteristics
Top of pageThe causative agent of PRRS is an enveloped virus of 45-65 nm diameter, with a relatively smooth surface and an isometric, occasionally icosahedral nucleocapsid core of 25-35 nm diameter. Short (8-12 nm) granular projections are sometimes seen on the surface of negatively-stained extracellular viral particles. Three proteins have been detected in purified virions: a nucleocapsid protein (VP1), a matrixprotein (VP2), and a glycosylated envelope protein (VP3). PRRS viruses are sensitive to lipid solvents. They can pass through 200 nm filters with high efficiency and 50 nm filters with low efficiency. PRRSV is sensitive to pH variations away from neutral; the virus is stable at pH 6-7.5 but infectivity is quickly lost above or below this range. The virus is stable for long periods at -70 and -20ºC, but 90% infectivity was lost after storage at 4ºC for a week. Infectivity persists for 1-6 days at 20-21ºC, 3-24 h at 37ºC, and 6-20 min at 56ºC. (Bloemraad et al., 1994).
In the laboratory, PRRSV can be neutralized by convalescent sow or rabbit hyperimmune sera (Benfield et al., 1992) at titres of 1:256 and 1:512, respectively. Cytopathic effects (in cell line CL 2621 or alveolar macrophages) begin as small rounded clumps of cells appearing raised above the uninfected remaining monolayer. Many cells develop pyknotic nuclei and detach from the monolayer within 2-4 days. PRRSV has no serological cross-reaction with other vertebrate RNA viruses. It most closely resembles lactic (lactate) dehydrogenase (elevating) virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV).
Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's Handistatus database on disease occurrence. Please see the AHPC library for further information from OIE, including the International Animal Health Code and the Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Also see the website: www.oie.int.
Host Animals
Top of pageAnimal name | Context | Life stage | System |
---|---|---|---|
Anas platyrhynchos | Experimental settings | ||
Gallus | Experimental settings | ||
Numida | Experimental settings | ||
Sus scrofa (pigs) | Domesticated host; Experimental settings |
References
Top of pageGodeny EK; Chen L; Kumar SN; Methven SL; Koonin EV; Brinton MA, 1993. Complete genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Virology, 194:585-596.
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Plagemann PGW, 1992. Lactate Dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), Equine arteritis virus (EAV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV): a new group of positive-stranded RNA viruses. Proceedings of International Symposium on SIRS/PRRS/PEARS, Minnesota, USA, 5.
Distribution References
CABI Data Mining, 2001. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
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CABI Summary Records
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