Salmo trutta
(sea trout)

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758

Preferred Common Name

• sea trout

Other Scientific Names

• Fario argenteus Valenciennes, 1848
• Fario trutta Linnaeus, 1758
• Salar ausonii Valenciennes, 1848
• Salar ausonii parcepunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858
• Salar ausonii semipunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858
• Salar bailloni Valenciennes, 1848
• Salar gaimardi Valenciennes, 1848
• Salar spectabilis Valenciennes, 1848
• Salmo albus Bonnaterre, 1788
• Salmo brachypoma Günther, 1866
• Salmo caecifer Parnell, 1838
• Salmo cambricus Donovan, 1806
• Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877
• Salmo cornubiensis Walbaum, 1792
• Salmo cumberland Lacepède, 1803
• Salmo eriox Linnaeus, 1758
• Salmo estuaries Knox, 1854
• Salmo estuarius Knox, 1854
• Salmo fario Linnaeus, 1758
• Salmo fario loensis Walbaum, 1792
• Salmo fario major Walecki, 1863
• Salmo faris forestensis Bloch, 1801
• Salmo gadoides Lacepède, 1803
• Salmo gadoids Lacepède, 1803
• Salmo gallivensis Günther, 1866
• Salmo islayensis Thomson, 1873
• Salmo lacustris rhenana Fatio, 1890
• Salmo lacustris romanovi Kawraisky, 1896
• Salmo lacustris septentrionalis Fatio, 1890
• Salmo levenensis Yarrell, 1839
• Salmo mistops Günther, 1866
• Salmo Montana Walker, 1812
• Salmo orcadensis Günther, 1866
• Salmo orientalis McClelland, 1842
• Salmo phinoc Shaw, 1804
• Salmo polyosteus Günther, 1866
• Salmo saxatilis Paula Schrank, 1798
• Salmo spurious Pallas, 1814
• Salmo spurius Pallas, 1814
• Salmo stroemii Gmelin, 1788
• Salmo sylvaticus Gmelin, 1788
• Salmo taurinus Walker, 1812
• Salmo trutta abanticus Tortonese, 1954
• Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877
• Salmo trutta ciscaucasicus Dorofeyeva, 1967
• Salmo trutta ezenami (non Berg, 1948)
• Salmo trutta trutta Linnaeus, 1758
• Trutta fluviatilis Duhamel, 1771
• Trutta marina Duhamel, 1771
• Trutta salmanata Ström, 1784
• Trutta salmonata Rutty, 1772

International Common Names

• English: blacktail; brook trout; brown trout; brown trout; finnock; galway sea trout; gillaroo; herling; hirling; orange fin; orkney sea trout; peal; salmon trout; sea-trout; sewin; trout; trout, brown; trout, sea; whiting; whitling
• Spanish: trucha; trucha común; trucha marina; truita
• French: truite brune; truite brune de mer; truite de mer; truite d'Europe
• Russian: kumzha; losos taimen; losos' taimen; morskaya Forel'

Local Common Names

• Canada/British Columbia: k'wsech
• Canada/Quebec: truite brune
• Czech Republic: pstruh morsky; pstruh obecný; pstruh obecný severomorský
• Denmark: almindelig ørred; havørred; ørred
• Ecuador: trucha
• Finland: meritaimen; taimen
• Germany: bachforelle; forelle; lachförch; lachsforelle; lassföhren; meerforelle
• Greece: thalasopestrofa
• Iceland: sjourrioi; urriði
• Iran: mahiazad-e-Daryaye Khazar
• Ireland: an breac geal; breac geal
• Italy: salmo trota; trota; trota di mare; trota fario; truta; trutta
• Netherlands: zeeforel
• Norway: aure; ørret; sjøaure; sjøørret
• Poland: troc; troc wedrowna
• Portugal: truta marisca; truta-de-lago; truta-fário; truta-marisca
• Romania: pastrav de mare
• Russian Federation: kumzha; losos' taimen; morskaya forel'; salmon trout
• Slovakia: pstruh obycajný
• Slovenia: morska postrv
• Spain: truita
• Sweden: havsöring; öring
• Turkey: denizalabaligi; denizalasi
• UK: blacktail; brook trout; finnock; Galway sea trout; gillaroo; gwyniedyn; herling; orange fin; Orkney sea trout; pearl; sewin; siwin; whiting; whitling
• UK/England and Wales: gwyniedyn; siwin

Summary of Invasiveness

Introduction of Salmo trutta has caused both negative and positive impacts on biodiversity. They compete with native trout and other fish species, but they are not known to have been the cause of any species' extinction (Animal Diversity Web, 2004).

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Chordata
•             Subphylum: Vertebrata
•                 Class: Actinopterygii
•                     Order: Salmoniformes
•                         Family: Salmonidae
•                             Genus: Salmo
•                                 Species: Salmo trutta

Description

Salmo trutta has a fusiform body with a small pointed head, large mouth, extending mostly after the eye (Rochard and Elie, 1994). S. trutta or brown trout get their name from the brown or golden brown hue on their bodies. Body is grey-blue coloured with numerous spots, also below the lateral line (Rochard and Elie, 1994). Blackish coloured on upper part of body, usually orange on sides, surrounded by pale halos. Adipose fin is with red margin (FishBase, 2004). Sea-run S. trutta have a more silvery coloration and the spotting is less visible (Nova Scotia, 2004). It has 3-4 dorsal spines, 10-15 dorsal soft rays, 3-4 anal spines and 9-14 anal soft rays (FishBase, 2004). Caudal fin has 18-19 rays (Spillman, 1961). Caudal peduncle is thick and rounded (Rochard and Elie, 1994). It has a few scales (Rochard and Elie, 1994).

S. trutta closely resemble Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, but salmon have no red coloration on the adipose fin and rainbow trout have lines of black spots on the tail. Young S. trutta (parr) have 9-14 dark narrow parr marks along the sides and some red spotting along the lateral line (Nova Scotia, 2004). S. trutta can grow to be quite large, especially sea-run fish. It can grow to a standard length of 140 cm (Muus and Dahlström, 1967). Maximum published weight is 50.0 kg (Muus and Dahlström, 1967) and maximum reported age is 38 years (FishBase, 2004).

Distribution

The native range of Salmo trutta includes Europe, northern Africa and western Asia. The species is found in Iceland and on the northwest coast of Europe, along the Mediterranean and south to India. S. trutta has been introduced to appropriate streams all over the world (Animal Diversity Web, 2004) and today is found in rivers, lakes and coastal areas (Nova Scotia, 2004).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Introductions

Habitat List

Natural Food Sources

Water Tolerances

Natural enemies

Impact Summary

Impact: Biodiversity

Salmo trutta has been implicated in reducing native fish populations (especially other salmonids) through predation, displacement, and food competition (Taylor et al., 1984). There are some negative effects from S. trutta since the species was introduced in America (Animal Diversity Web, 2004). They compete with native trout and other fish species, but they are not known to have been the cause of any species' extinction. In California, USA, competition and predation from S. trutta may have contributed to the decline of the dolly varden, Salmo malma, in the McCloud River (Moyle, 1976), and of the golden trout, Oncorhynchus aguabonita, in the Kern River (Courtenay and Williams, 1992). S. trutta may have also depleted the Modoc sucker, Catostomus microps, an endangered species, in Rush Creek, Modoc County (Moyle and Marciochi, 1975). S. trutta have commonly replaced cutthroat trout, O. clarki, in large rivers (Behnke, 1992). Another negative effect is their contribution to the lamprey population in many rivers. The increased lamprey populations since S. trutta were introduced have been considered as a negative impact on biodiversity (Animal Diversity Web, 2004). S. trutta introductions may have caused the decline of the Tasmanian mountain shrimp, Anaspides tasmaniae, and have eliminated or reduced several Plecoptera and Trichoptera species in streams in Victoria, Australia (Arthington, 1989).

It interacts ecologically with other species and healthy populations of brown trout are necessary for the reproduction of the freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera (Laikre et al., 1999).

Threatened Species

Risk and Impact Factors

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition (unspecified)
• Predation

Uses List

Human food and beverage

• Cured meat
• Fresh meat
• Frozen meat

References

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Distribution References

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Anon, 1988. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. [ed. by Welcomme R L]. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. x + 318 pp.

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Bell-Cross G, Minshull JL, 1988. The fishes of Zimbabwe., Harare, National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe. 294 pp.

Billard R, 1997. Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne, Switzerland: Delachaux & Niestlé. 192 pp.

Blanc M, Gaudet J-L, Banarescu P, Hureau J-C, 1971. European inland water fish. A multilingual catalogue. London, UK: Fishing News (Books) Ltd.

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Coad B W, 1981. Fishes of Afghanistan, an annotated check-list. Publ. Zool. Natl. Mus. Can. 23.

Coad B W, 1996. Exotic fish species in the Tigris-Euphrates basin. Zoology in the Middle East. 71-83.

Courtenay W R Jr, Hensley D A, Taylor J N, McCann J A, 1984. Distribution of Exotic Fishes in the Continental United States. In: Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. [ed. by Courtney W R Jr, Stauffer J R Jr]. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. 41-77.

Crossman E J, 1984. Introduction of exotic fishes into Canada. In: Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. [ed. by Courtenay W Jr, Stauffer J Jr]. Baltimore, USA: John Hopkins University Press. 78-101.

Eccles DH, 1992. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. In: Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania, Rome, FAO. 145 pp.

Economidis PS, 1991. Check list of freshwater fishes of Greece (recent status of threats and protection). In: Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature, 48 pp.

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Golani D, Mires D, 2000. Introduction of fishes to the freshwater system of Israel. In: Isr. J. Aquacult./Bamidgeh, 52 (2) 47-60.

Hart JL, 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. In: Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 180 1-740.

Jonsson G, 1992. Islenskir fiskar. Reykjavik, Iceland: Fiolvi. 568 pp.

Kailola PJ, Williams MJ, Stewart PC, Reichelt RE, McNee A, Grieve C, 1993. Australian Fisheries Resources., Canberra, Australia: Bureau of Resource Science, Dept. of Primary Industries and Energy, and Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. 422 pp.

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Links to Websites

Contributors

Main Author
Sunil Siriwardena
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK

Distribution Maps