Salmo salar
(Atlantic salmon)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Adult Caption Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon); adult. Atlanterhavsparken, Ålesund, Norway. July 2006. Copyright ©Hans-Petter Fjeld/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 2.5	Adult	Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon); adult. Atlanterhavsparken, Ålesund, Norway. July 2006.	©Hans-Petter Fjeld/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 2.5

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758

Preferred Common Name

• Atlantic salmon

Other Scientific Names

• Salmo brevipes Smitt, 1882
• Salmo caerulescens Schmidt, 1795
• Salmo goedenii Bloch, 1784
• Salmo gracilis Couch, 1865
• Salmo hamatus Cuvier, 1829
• Salmo hardinii Günther, 1866
• Salmo nobilis Olafsen, 1772
• Salmo ocla Nilsson, 1832
• Salmo renatus Lacepède, 1803
• Salmo rilla Lacepède, 1803
• Salmo salar biennis Berg, 1912
• Salmo salar brevipes Smitt, 1882
• Salmo salar brevipes relictus Berg, 1912
• Salmo salar europaeus Payne, Child & Forrest, 1971
• Salmo salar lacustris Hardin, 1862
• Salmo salar saimensis Seppovaara, 1962
• Salmo salmo Valenciennes, 1848
• Salmo salmulus Walbaum, 1792
• Trutta relicta Malmgren, 1863
• Trutta salar Linnaeus, 1758

International Common Names

• English: bay salmon; black salmon; breeder; caplin-scull salmon; common Atlantic salmon; fiddler; grayling; grilse; grilt; kelt; kippered salmon; landlocked salmon; n. Atlantic salmon; ouananiche; ouinanish; outside salmon; parr; salmon; salmon peel; salmon, Atlantic; sea salmon; sebago salmon; silver salmon; slink; smolt; spring fish; spring salmon; winnish
• Spanish: salmó; salmón; salmón del Atlántico
• French: saumon Atlantique; saumon d'eau douce; tacon Atlantique
• Russian: Amerikanskiy atlanticheskiy losos'; losos; semga

Local Common Names

• Belarus: losos
• Canada: fiddler; grilse; grilt; landlocked salmon; ouananiche; parr; unaniche
• Canada/British Columbia: k'wit'thet; k'wolexw; schaanexw; shamet skelex; shmexwalsh; sináech; sk'wel'eng's schaanexw; slhop' schaanexw; spak'ws schaanexw; st'thkway'
• Canada/Newfoundland and Labrador: kavisilik
• Canada/Quebec: kumaliq; saama; saamakutaak; saamarug; sâma; saumon Atlantique; saumon d'eau douce
• Chile: salmón del Atlántico
• Czech Republic: losos Atlantsky; losos obecný
• Denmark: Atlanterhavslaks; Atlantisk laks; gravlaks; laks; nedfaldslaks; skællaks
• Estonia: salmon
• Faroe Islands: laksur; smolt
• Finland: graavisuolattu lohi; kutenut lohi; lohi
• Germany: Atlantischer Lachs; Atlantischer Salmon; Echter Lachs; Lachs; Las; Salm; Salmling; Wildlachs
• Greece: solomos; solomós
• Greenland: kapisalirksoak; kapisilik; kebleriksorsoak
• Iceland: graflax; hoplax; lax
• Ireland: an bradán; bradan; braden; salmon
• Isle of Man (UK): braddan; salmon
• Italy: filetti di salmone svedesi; salmo; salmone; salmone Atlantico; salmone del Reno; salmone kipper
• Japan: sake masu-rui
• Latvia: losos
• Netherlands: drooggezouten gekruide zalm; hengst; ijle zalm; jacobzalm; zalm
• Norway: laks; laks Atlantisk; lax
• Poland: losos; losos szlachetny a. Atlantycki
• Portugal: filetes de salmão àsueca; salmao; salmâo; salmão; salmâo-do-Atlântico; salmão-do-Atlântico; sãlmao-do-Atlântico
• Romania: somon de Atlantic
• Slovakia: losos obycajný
• Spain: salmó
• Sweden: gravlax; gullspångslax; lax; vraklax
• Turkey: alabalik Atlantik
• UK: black salmon; common Atlantic salmon; eog; grilse; kelt; parr; salmon; sea salmon; silver salmon
• UK/England and Wales: eog
• USA: sebago salmon
• Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): losos; salmon

Summary of Invasiveness

Native to the Atlantic, S. salar has been introduced throughout the world for the purposes of aquaculture. Although a popular food fish, concerns have been raised over the negative impacts of farming this species both on native fish populations and the surrounding environment. Transmission of disease and hybridization with wild populations are of particular concern.

When compared to Salmo trutta, which is highly invasive and is implicated in the extirpation of native fish in many regions of the world, S. salar, is a poor colonizer and has rarely been associated with species loss (Welcomme, 1988). However, S. salar is one of the 100 invasive species listed in 2004 by the Oregon Invasive Species Council (Oregon Invasive Species Council, 2005). This listing is done on the basis of the possibility of invasion at anytime and would have serious economic and ecological negative effects.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Chordata
•             Subphylum: Vertebrata
•                 Class: Actinopterygii
•                     Order: Salmoniformes
•                         Family: Salmonidae
•                             Genus: Salmo
•                                 Species: Salmo salar

Description

The adult S. salar is a graceful fish with a fusiform body (Rochard and Elie, 1994) and little scales (FishBase, 2005). There are 114-130 small scales in the lateral line, 11-15 obliquely from the adipose fin to the lateral line (Jones, 2005). The body deepens rearward from a small pointed head to the deepest point under the dorsal fin, then tapers to a slender caudal peduncle which supports a spreading and slightly emarginate caudal fin (Renzi, 1999). The tip of the upper jaw reaches to the hind margin of the eye, but not beyond. Jaws in adult males become greatly hooked just before and during breeding (Jones, 2005). S. salar has a caudal fin with 19 rays (Spillman, 1961). The dorsal fin rays are 9-12, while pelvic fin rays are 8-9 and anal fin rays 7-9 (Jones, 2005). Atlantic salmon are distinguished from the Pacific salmon because they have fewer than 13 rays in the anal fin. The mouth is moderately large and the shape, length of head, and depth of body vary with each stage of sexual maturity (Renzi, 1999).

The body colour of S. salar varies with age of the fish. Adults are blue-green colored with a silvery coating and a few spots in salt water; no spots are found under the lateral line (Bigelow et al., 1963; Rochard and Elie, 1994). Small 'parr', older young salmon, have 8 to 11 pigmented bars, or 'parr marks', along each side of their body, alternating with a single row of red spots along the lateral line and these markings are lost when the 'smolt' age is reached (Renzi, 1999). During the reproductive period, in freshwater, it loses the silvery guanin coat and becomes greenish or reddish brown mottled with red or orange, certainly the males (Bigelow et al., 1963; Rochard and Elie, 1994). After spawning, the 'kelts' are so dark in colour that these fish are also called 'black salmon' (Renzi, 1999). Juveniles have 8 to 12 blue-violet spots on the flanks with little red spots in-between (Rochard and Elie, 1994).

Sea-run Atlantic salmon usually attain a larger size than do landlocked (those living in entirely fresh water) salmon. Sea-run salmon range from 2.3 to 9.1 kg and commercially caught fish average 4.5 to 5.4 kg. The world record rod-caught Atlantic salmon weighed 35.89 kg and was caught in the Tana River of Norway (Renzi, 1999). It is reported that the maximum attainable total length is 150 cm for males (Robins and Ray, 1986) and 120 cm for females (FishBase, 2005). The maximum published weight and age is 46.8 kg (Daymond, 1963) and 13 years (Fishbase, 2005), respectively.

Distribution

S. salar is found in the Atlantic Ocean in the temperate and arctic zones in the northern hemisphere (Rochard and Elie, 1994). The Atlantic salmon is native to the basin of the North Atlantic Ocean, from the Arctic Circle to Portugal in the eastern Atlantic, from Iceland and southern Greenland, and from the Ungava region of northern Quebec south to the Conneticut River (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Landlocked stocks are present in Russia, Finland, Sweden and Norway (Kazakov, 1992) and in North America (Scott and Crossman, 1973). S. salar is widely distributed within Europe, ranging from Portugal in the south to Sweden and Finland in the north.

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Introductions

Habitat

The Atlantic salmon is an anadromous species, living in freshwater for at least the first 2 or 3 years of life before migrating to sea. Relatively large cool rivers with extensive gravelly bottom headwaters are essential during their early life (Renzi, 1999). Smolts migrate to sea where they may live for 1 or 2 years before returning to freshwater, but the movements of Atlantic salmon at sea are not well understood (Renzi, 1999). Tagging has shown that while some salmon wander, the great majority return to the river in which they were spawned. S. salar prefer cool temperatures (Bigelow et al., 1963).

Habitat List

Natural Food Sources

Climate

Water Tolerances

Natural enemies

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

Impact on Habitats

Atlantic salmon farming has long been controversial and its effect on the environment and on wild fisheries (particularly salmonid fisheries) is questioned by many individuals and organizations (Jones, 2005).

The major areas of concern are:

• Local nutrient pollution into water systems by waste feed/faeces.
  
• Local chemical pollution, by use of chemical treatments.
  
• Effect on wild fish of escapees, through disease spread.
  
• Global environmental impact and issues of sustainability, since salmon production relies on supplies of fishmeal and fish oil for feed production, from industrial fisheries.

Farmed S. salar escape and invade rivers throughout the North Atlantic annually, which has generated growing concern about their impacts on native salmon populations. However, farmed S. salar is competitively and reproductively inferior, achieving less than one third of the breeding success of the native fish (Fleming et al., 2000). Nevertheless, annual invasions of farmed S. salar have the potential for impacting on population productivity, disrupting local adaptations and reducing the genetic diversity of wild S. salar (Fleming et al., 2000). In contrary to this potential impact, the risks associated with escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in Puget are low in particular:

The expectation that Atlantic salmon will increase current disease incidences in wild and hatchery salmon is low.

The risk that escaped salmon will compete with wild salmon for food or habitat is low, considering their well known inability to succeed away from their historic range.

The risk that salmon farms will adversely impact essential habitat is low, especially when compared to other accepted activities that also occur in near shore marine environments (Waknitz et al., 2002).

Risk and Impact Factors

• Invasive in its native range
• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
• Highly mobile locally
• Long lived
• Fast growing

• Changed gene pool/ selective loss of genotypes
• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Pest and disease transmission
• Hybridization

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses List

General

• Sport (hunting, shooting, fishing, racing)

Human food and beverage

• Canned meat
• Cured meat
• Fresh meat
• Frozen meat
• Whole

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Links to Websites

Contributors

20/01/2010 Updated by:

Vicki Bonham, CABI, Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, OX10 8DE, UK

Main Author
Sunil Siriwardena
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK

Distribution Maps