Stomoxys calcitrans
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus)
International Common Names
- English: biting housefly; biting stable fly; dog fly; flies on cattle, musca autumnalis, m. domestica, stomoxys calcitrans fly; flies, biting stable; insect hypersensitivity causing skin disease in horses, cattle and sheep; stable fly; stable fly, biting; stable fly, stomoxys irritation
Parasitoses name
- stable fly bites
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Diptera
- Family: Muscidae
- Genus: Stomoxys
- Species: Stomoxys calcitrans
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
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Egypt | Present | Original citation: Hafez and Gamal-Eddin (1959a) | |||||
Mauritius | Present | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | ||||||
Réunion | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Uganda | Present | ||||||
Zambia | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | ||||||
Georgia | Present | ||||||
India | Present | ||||||
-Assam | Present | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | ||||||
Israel | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
-Honshu | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
Saudi Arabia | Present | ||||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
Thailand | Present | ||||||
Uzbekistan | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present | ||||||
Belgium | Present | ||||||
Bulgaria | Present | ||||||
Denmark | Present | ||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Germany | Present | ||||||
Hungary | Present | ||||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
Lithuania | Present | ||||||
Malta | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | ||||||
Poland | Present | ||||||
Romania | Present | ||||||
Russia | Present | ||||||
Spain | Present | ||||||
-Canary Islands | Present | ||||||
Sweden | Present | ||||||
Ukraine | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | ||||||
-Alberta | Present | ||||||
-Manitoba | Present | ||||||
-Quebec | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present | ||||||
Puerto Rico | Present | ||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | ||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | ||||||
United States | Present | ||||||
-California | Present | ||||||
-Colorado | Present | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Georgia | Present | ||||||
-Indiana | Present | ||||||
-Iowa | Present | ||||||
-Kansas | Present | ||||||
-Maryland | Present | ||||||
-Michigan | Present | ||||||
-Missouri | Present | ||||||
-Nebraska | Present | ||||||
-New Jersey | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present | ||||||
-North Dakota | Present | ||||||
-South Dakota | Present | ||||||
-Texas | Present | ||||||
-Utah | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | ||||||
-New South Wales | Present | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | ||||||
-Victoria | Present | ||||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | 1849 | ||||
Norfolk Island | Present | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | ||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Easter Island | Present | ||||||
Colombia | Present |
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Nervous Signs / Hyperesthesia, irritable, hyperactive | Sign | |
Pain / Discomfort Signs / Skin pain | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Alopecia, thinning, shedding, easily epilated, loss of, hair | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Cracked skin, fissure | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Hyperkeratosis, thick skin | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Matted or dirty hair | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Moist skin, hair or feathers | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Parasite visible, skin, hair, feathers | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Pruritus, itching skin | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Rough hair coat, dull, standing on end | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Skin crusts, scabs | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Skin erythema, inflammation, redness | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Skin hypopigmentation, decreased pigment, vitiligo | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Skin papules | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Skin scales, flakes, peeling | Sign | |
Skin / Integumentary Signs / Skin ulcer, erosion, excoriation | Sign |
References
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Beadles ML, Gingrich AR, Miller JA, 1977. Slow-release devices for livestock insect control: Cattle body surfaces conducted by five types of devices. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70:72-75
Bruce WG, Decker GC, 1958. The relationship of stable fly abundance to milk production in dairy cattle. Journal of Economic Entomology, 51:269-274
Butler JF, 1992. External parasite control. In: Large Dairy Herd Management. American Dairy Science Association, Champaign, Illinois, 568-584
Campbell JB, 1993. The economics of the fly problem. In: Thomas GD, Skoda SR, eds. Rural Flies in the Urban Environment. North Central Regional Research Publication Number 335, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 34-39
Campbell JB, White RG, Wright JE, Crookshank R, Cranton DC, 1977. Effects of stable flies on weight gains and feed efficiency of calves on growing and finishing rations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70(3):592-594
Cheng TH, Kesler EM, 1961. A three-year study on the effect of fly control on milk production by selected and randomized dairy herds. Journal of Economic Entomology, 54:751-757
Farkas R, Hogsette JH, 2000. Current and prospective control possibilities of filth-breeding flies in livestock and poultry production. In: Papp L, Darvas B, eds. Manual of Palearctic Diptera, Vol. 1 General and Applied Dipterology. Budapest: Science Herald, 889-904
Fye RL, Brown J, Ruff J, Buschman L, 1980. A survey of Northwest Florida for potential stable fly breeding. Florida. Entomologist 63:246251
Gersabeck EF, Merritt RW, 1985. Dispersal of adult Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from known immature developmental areas. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78:617-621
Greene GL, 1993. Chemical, cultural, and mechanical control of stable flies and house flies. In: Thomas GD, Skoda SR, eds. Rural Flies in the Urban Environment. North Central Regional Research Publication Number 335, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 83-90
Greene GL, Broce AB, 1985. Control of stable flies with ear tags and dye distribution on feedlot cattle from ear tags. In: 1985 Cattle Feeders' Day Report of Progress 474. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas, 49-56
Hafez M, Gamal-Eddin FM, 1959a. Ecological studies on Stomoxys calcitrans L. and sitiens Rond. In Egypt, with suggestions on their control. Bulletin de la Société Entomological d'Egypte, 43:245-283
Hafez M, Gamal-Eddin FM, 1959b. On the feeding habits of Stomoxys calcitrans L. and sitiens Rond., with special reference to their biting cycle in nature. Bulletin de la Société Entomological d'Egypte, 43:291-301
Hansens EJ, 1951. The stable fly and its effect on seashore recreational areas in New Jersey. Journal of Economic Entomology, 44:482-487
Hogsette JA, 1981. Fly control by composting manure at a south Florida equine facility. In: Patterson RS, Koehler PG, Morgan PB, Harris RL, eds. Status of Biological Control of Filth Flies, Proceedings of a Workshop. Gainesville, Florida: USDA-SEA, 105-113
Hogsette JA, Farkas R, 2000. Secretophagous and hematophagous higher Diptera. In: Papp L, Darvas B, eds. Manual of Palearctic Diptera, Vol. 1 General and Applied Dipterology. Budapest: Science Herald, 769-792
Hogsette JA, Ruff JP, 1985. Stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) migration in northwest Florida. Environmental Entomology, 14:170-175
Hogsette JA, Ruff JP, 1996. Permethrin-Impregnated Yarn: Longevity of Efficacy and Potential Use on Cylindrical Fiberglass Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Traps. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89:1521-1525
Hogsette JA, Ruff JP, McGowan MJ, 1981. Stable fly integrated pest management (IPM) in Northwest Florida. Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association, 52:48-52
Jones CJ, Hogsette JA, Patterson RS, Milne DE, Propp GD, Milio J F, Rickard LG, Ruff JP, 1991. Origin of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on west Florida beaches: Electrophoretic analysis of dispersal. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28:787-795
Killough RA, McKinstry DM, 1965. Mating and oviposition studies of the stable fly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 58:489-491
King WV, Lenert LG, 1936. Outbreaks of Stomoxys calcitrans L. ("dog flies") along Florida's northwest coast. Florida Entomologist, 19:33-39
Koehler PG, Patterson RS, 1982. Stable fly control with fiberglass panels. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Cooperative Extension Service Livestock Protection Pointer No. 14, Gainesville, Florida, 4 pp
Larsen EB, Thomsen M, 1940. The influence of temperature on the development of some species of diptera. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Bd. 104:1-75
Levine ND, 1968. Nematode Parasites of Domestic Animals and of Man. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Burgess Pub. Co., 600 pp
McNeal CD, Campbell JB, 1981. Insect pest management in Nebraska feedlots and dairies; a pilot integrated pest management project. Nebraska University Department of Entomology Report. No. 10
Meifert DW, Patterson RS, Whitfield T, LaBrecque GC, Weidhaas DE, 1978. A unique attractant-toxicant system to control stable fly populations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 71: 290-292
Meyer JA, Petersen JJ, 1982. Sampling stable fly and house fly pupal parasites on beef feedlots and dairies in eastern Nebraska. Southwestern Entomologist 7:119-123
Meyer JA, Petersen JJ, 1983. Characterization and seasonal distribution of breeding sites of stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on eastern Nebraska feedlot and dairies. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76:103-108
Miller RW, Pickens LG, Morgan NO, Thimijan RW, Wilson RL, 1973. Effect of stable flies on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Economic Entomology, 66:711-713
Mock DE, Greene GL, 1989. Current approaches in chemical control of stable flies. In: Petersen JJ, Greene GL, eds. Current Status of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Research. Lanham, Maryland: Entomological Society of America Miscellaneous Publication 74, 46-53
Monty J, 1972. A review of the stable fly problem in Mauritius. Revue Agricole Sucriere. Ile Maurice. 51:13-29
Morgan DWT, Bailie HD, 1980. A field trial to determine the effect of fly control using permethrin on milk yields in dairy cattle in the UK. Veterinary Record, 106:121-123
Morgan NO, Pickens LG, Thimijan RW, 1970. House flies and stable flies captured by two types of traps. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63:672-673
Newson HD, 1977. Arthropod problems in recreation areas. Annual Review of Entomology, 22:333-353
Patterson RS, Koehler PG, Morgan PB, Harris RL eds, 1981. Status of biological control of filth flies, proceedings of a workshop. University of Florida, Gainesville: USDA-SEA, 212 pp
Petersen JJ, 1989. Potential for biological control of stable flies associated with confined livestock. In: Petersen JJ, Greene GL, eds. Current Status of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Research. Lanham, Maryland: Entomological Society of America Miscellaneous Publication, 74, 41-45
Petersen JJ, Meyer JA, Stage DA, Morgan PB, 1983. Evaluation of sequential releases of Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for control of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) associated with confined livestock in eastern Nebraska. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76:283-286
Pickens LG, Hayes DK, 1984. Evaluation of a new face fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) trap which segregates the catch of the two species. Environmental Entomology, 13:1256-1260
Pickens LG, Miller RW, 1987. Techniques for trapping flies on farms. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 4:305-313
Pickens LG, Miller RW, Grasela JJ, 1977. Sticky panels as traps for Musca autumnalis. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70:549-552
Rugg D, 1982. Effectiveness of Williams traps in reducing the numbers of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 75:857-859
Schmidtmann ET, 1991. Suppressing immature house and stable flies in outdoor calf hutches with sand, gravel, and sawdust bedding. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3956-3960
Schreck CE, Posey K, Gouck HK, 1975. Evaluation of the electrocutor grid trap baited with carbon dioxide against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 12:338-340
Skidmore P, 1985. The Biology of the Muscidae of the World. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 550 pp
Soós Á, Papp L, 1986. Catalogue of palaearctic Diptera, Vol. 11: Scathophagidae-Hypodermatidae. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 346 pp
Stage DA, Petersen JJ, 1981. Mass release of pupal parasites for control of stable flies and house flies in confined feedlots in Nebraska. In: Patterson RS, Koehler PG, Morgan PB, Harris RL, eds. Status of Biological Control of Filth Flies, Proceedings of a Workshop. Gainesville, Florida: USDA-SEA, 52-58
Steelman CD, 1976. Effects of external and internal arthropod parasites on domestic livestock production. Annual Revue of Entomology, 21:155-178
Stork MG, 1979. The epidemiological and economic importance of fly infestation of meat and milk producing animals in Europe. Veterinary Record, 105:341-343
Thomson RCM, 1937. Observations on the biology and larvae of the Anthomyidae. Parasitology, 19: 273-358
Tseng JM, Hogsette JA, Patterson RS, 1986. Effect of yarn on attractiveness of the Williams trap to Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) adults. Florida Entomologist, 69:261-263
Voegtline AC, Ozburn GW, Gill GD, 1965. The relation of weather to biting activity of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) along Lake Superior. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science Arts and Letters, 50:107-114
Weidhaas DE, Haile DG, 1978. A theoretical model to determine the degree of trapping required for insect population control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 24 (1):18-20
Williams DF, 1973. Sticky traps for sampling populations of Stomoxys calcitrans. Journal of Economic Entomology, 66:1279-1280
Williams DF, Rogers AJ, 1976. Vertical and lateral distribution of stable flies in Northwestern Florida. Journal of Medical Entomology, 13: 95-98
Williams DF, Rogers AJ, Hester P, Ruff J, Levy R, 1980. Preferred breeding media of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in Northwestern Florida. Mosquio News, 40:276-279
Zumpt F, 1973. The Stomoxyine Biting Flies of the World. Diptera: Muscidae. Taxonomy, Biology, Economic Importance and Control Measures. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 175 pp
Distribution References
CABI Data Mining, 2001. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Campbell JB, 1993. The economics of the fly problem. In: Rural Flies in the Urban Environment. North Central Regional Research Publication Number 335, [ed. by Thomas GD, Skoda SR]. Lincoln, University of Nebraska. 34-39.
King WV, Lenert LG, 1936. Outbreaks of Stomoxys calcitrans L. ("dog flies") along Florida's northwest coast. In: Florida Entomologist, 19 33-39.
McNeal CD, Campbell JB, 1981. Insect pest management in Nebraska feedlots and dairies; a pilot integrated pest management project. In: Nebraska University Department of Entomology Report. No. 10,
Newson HD, 1977. Arthropod problems in recreation areas. In: Annual Review of Entomology, 22 333-353.
Voegtline AC, Ozburn GW, Gill GD, 1965. The relation of weather to biting activity of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) along Lake Superior. In: Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science Arts and Letters, 50 107-114.
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