Taura syndrome

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Taura syndrome

International Common Names

English: taura syndrome virus infection of penaeid shrimp

English acronym

TS

Pathogen/s

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Taura syndrome virus

Overview

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Taura syndrome (TS) is a disease of penaeid shrimp caused by infection with Taura syndrome virus (TSV). It is a major disease of the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Brock, 1997). TSV has caused severe losses in shrimp-farming regions of the Americas and Southeast Asia (Neilsen et al., 2005; Tang and Lightner, 2005; Lightner, 2011). Impacts are declining due to the introduction of tolerant stocks and to the implementation of good biosecurity practices (Flegel, 2012; Lightner et al., 2012; Moss et al., 2012).

Taura syndrome is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). For further information on this disease from OIE, see the website: www.oie.int

Host Animals

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Animal name	Context	Life stage	System
Farfantepenaeus aztecus (northern brown shrimp)	Experimental settings	Aquatic\|Adult; Aquatic\|Fry; Aquatic\|Larval	Enclosed systems/Other enclosed systems; Enclosed systems/Ponds
Farfantepenaeus duorarum (northern pink shrimp)		Aquatic\|Adult; Aquatic\|Fry; Aquatic\|Larval	Enclosed systems/Ponds
Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Chinese fleshy prawn)	Experimental settings
Litopenaeus schmitti (southern white shrimp)	Domesticated host; Wild host
Litopenaeus setiferus (northern white shrimp)		Aquatic\|Adult; Aquatic\|Larval	Enclosed systems/Ponds
Litopenaeus stylirostris (western blue shrimp)
Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp)	Domesticated host	Aquatic\|Adult; Aquatic\|Broodstock; Aquatic\|Fry	Enclosed systems/Ponds; Enclosed systems/Raceways / running water ponds
Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn)

Hosts/Species Affected

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Taura syndrome virus causes disease in a wide range of penaeids, but the most susceptible species are the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the western blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris (Lightner, 1996; Bonami et al., 1997; Overstreet et al., 1997; Erickson et al., 2003).

Distribution

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The first known instance of a TSV outbreak was in 1992 when the virus impacted the shrimp population near the Taura River in Ecuador (Lightner et al., 1995). The disease quickly spread to other countries in the Americas. By 1999, TSV was introduced into Southeast Asia through infected stocks of L. vannamei intended for aquaculture and subsequently spread throughout much of the region (Tu et al. 1999; Nielsen et al. 2005; Lightner et al. 2012).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 06 Jan 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Botswana	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Burundi	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Cabo Verde	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Central African Republic	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Egypt	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ghana	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Guinea-Bissau	Absent	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Kenya	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Lesotho	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2009)	Jan-Jun-2019
Libya	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Madagascar	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Mauritius	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Mayotte	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Morocco	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Mozambique	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nigeria	Absent	OIE (2019)	Jul-Dec-2019
Réunion	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Saint Helena	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Seychelles	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Somalia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
South Africa	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Sudan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tunisia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Asia
Afghanistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Armenia	Absent	OIE (2020)	Jul-Dec-2020
Azerbaijan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Bahrain	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2009)
Bangladesh	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Brunei	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
China	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2009) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Georgia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Hong Kong	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
India	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Indonesia	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2009) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Iran	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Iraq	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Israel	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Japan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Jordan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018)	Jul-Dec-2018
Kuwait	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kyrgyzstan	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Malaysia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2009)
Maldives	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Mongolia	Absent	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Myanmar	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Korea	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Philippines	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Saudi Arabia	Absent	OIE (2019) Tang et al. (2012) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Singapore	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
South Korea	Absent	OIE (2019) Do JeongWan et al. (2006) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Taiwan	Absent	OIE (2019) Tu Chien et al. (1999) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Tajikistan	Absent	OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Thailand	Present, Localized	OIE (2019a) Nielsen et al. (2005) OIE (2019)	Jan-Jun-2019
United Arab Emirates	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Uzbekistan	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Vietnam	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Europe
Andorra	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belarus	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Belgium	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Croatia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cyprus	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Czechia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Denmark	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Estonia	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Faroe Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2018
Finland	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
France	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Germany	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Greece	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Hungary	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Iceland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Ireland	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Italy	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Jersey	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Latvia	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Liechtenstein	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Lithuania	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Malta	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Moldova	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Netherlands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
North Macedonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Norway	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Poland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Portugal	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Serbia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Slovakia	Absent	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Slovenia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Spain	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Sweden	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Switzerland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Ukraine	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
United Kingdom	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
North America
Bahamas	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Barbados	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Belize	Absent	OIE (2019) Erickson et al. (2005) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bermuda	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
British Virgin Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Canada	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cayman Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Costa Rica	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2009) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cuba	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Dominica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Dominican Republic	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
El Salvador	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Greenland	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jul-Dec-2018
Guadeloupe	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Guatemala	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2009)
Honduras	Present	Valderrama and Engle (2004)
Jamaica	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2009)
Martinique	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Mexico	Absent	OIE (2019) Zarain-Herzberg and Ascencio-Valle (2001) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Nicaragua	Absent	OIE (2019) Robles-Sikisaka et al. (2002) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Panama	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Trinidad and Tobago	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
United States	Present	Dhar et al. (2010) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)
-Hawaii	Present	Lighter et al. (1995)
-Texas	Present	Dhar et al. (2010)
Oceania
Australia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Cook Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Federated States of Micronesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Fiji	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
French Polynesia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Kiribati	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Marshall Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
New Caledonia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
New Zealand	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Palau	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Papua New Guinea	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Samoa	Absent	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Tonga	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020a) OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jan-Jun-2020
Vanuatu	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
South America
Argentina	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Bolivia	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Brazil	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2009)
Chile	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2019a) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Colombia	Absent	OIE (2019a) Aranguren et al. (2013) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Ecuador	Absent	OIE (2019a) Lighter et al. (1995) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019
Falkland Islands	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2018)	Jul-Dec-2018
French Guiana	Absent	OIE (2019) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Guyana	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE Handistatus (2005)
Paraguay	Absent, No presence record(s)	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Peru	Absent	OIE (2019) Lighter et al. (1995) OIE (2019a)	Jul-Dec-2019
Uruguay	Absent	OIE (2020) OIE (2020a)	Jul-Dec-2020
Venezuela	Absent	OIE (2019a) Côté et al. (2008) OIE (2018) OIE (2018a)	Jan-Jun-2019

References

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Aranguren LF; Salazar M; Tang K; Caraballo X; Lightner D, 2013. Characterization of a new strain of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) from Colombian shrimp farms and the implication in the selection of TSV resistant lines. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 112(1):68-73. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201112002212

Bonami JR; Hasson KW; Mari J; Poulos BT; Lightner DV, 1997. Taura syndrome of marine penaeid shrimp: characterization of the viral agent. Journal of General Virology, 78(2):313-319.

Brock JA, 1997. Special topic review: Taura syndrome, a disease important to shrimp farms in the Americas. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 13(4):415-418.

Côté I; Navarro S; Tang KFJ; Noble B; Lightner DV, 2008. Taura syndrome virus from Venezuela is a new genetic variant. Aquaculture, 284(1/4):62-67. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T4D-4T6CTHY-2&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F01%2F2008&_rdoc=11&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234972%232008%23997159998%23700653%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4972&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=44&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a3981d348a00f177026ad3509092a4d4

Dhar AK; Lakshman DK; Amundsen K; Robles-Sikisaka R; Kaizer KN; Roy S; Hasson KW; Allnutt FCT, 2010. Characterization of a Taura syndrome virus isolate originating from the 2004 Texas epizootic in cultured shrimp. Archives of Virology, 155(3):315-327. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/g7t7l3647l406728/?p=f256f064ed0541f1a8869c7ad6b6dfa7&pi=2

Do JeongWan; Cha SeungJu; Lee NamSil; Kim YiCheong; Kim JinWoo; Kim JaeDong; Park JeongWoo, 2006. Taura syndrome virus from Penaeus vannamei shrimp cultured in Korea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 70(1/2):171-174.

Erickson HS; Poulos BT; Tang KFJ; Bradley-Dunlop D; Lightner DV, 2005. Taura syndrome virus from Belize represents a unique variant. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 64(2):91-98.

Erickson HS; Zarain-Herzberg M; Lightner DV, 2003. Detection of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) strain differences using selected diagnostic methods: diagnostic implications in penaeid shrimp. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 52(1):1-10.

Flegel TW, 2012. Historic emergence, impact and current status of shrimp pathogens in Asia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(2):166-173. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201112000602

Lightner DV, 1996. Epizootiology, distribution and the impact on international trade of two penaeid shrimp viruses in the Americas. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, 15(2):579-601.

Lightner DV, 2011. Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas): a review. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 106(1):110-130. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJV-51W6NYJ-C&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2011&_rdoc=12&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236888%232011%23998939998%232846757%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6888&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=15&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f2aa7e0630b64e23a3130a3be65a3bf8&searchtype=a

Lightner DV; Redman RM; Hasson KW; Pantoja CR, 1995. Taura syndrome in Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Decapoda): gross signs, histopathology and ultrastructure. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 21(1):53-59.

Lightner DV; Redman RM; Pantoja CR; Tang KFJ; Noble BL; Schofield P; Mohney LL; Nunan LM; Navarro SA, 2012. Historic emergence, impact and current status of shrimp pathogens in the Americas. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(2):174-183. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201112000638

Moss SM; Moss DR; Arce SM; Lightner DV; Lotz JM, 2012. The role of selective breeding and biosecurity in the prevention of disease in penaeid shrimp aquaculture. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(2):247-250. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201112000663

Nielsen L; Sang-oum W; Cheevadhanarak S; Flegel TW, 2005. Taura syndrome virus (TSV) in Thailand and its relationship to TSV in China and the Americas. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 63(2/3):101-106.

OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.

OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4. World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. http://www.oie.int

Overstreet RM; Lightner DV; Hasson KW; McIlwain S; Lotz JM, 1997. Susceptibility to Taura syndrome virus of some penaeid shrimp species native to the Gulf of Mexico and the Southeastern United States. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 69(2):165-176.

Robles-Sikisaka R; Hasson KW; Garcia DK; Brovont KE; Cleveland KD; Klimpel KR; Dhar AK, 2002. Genetic variation and immunohistochemical differences among geographic isolates of Taura syndrome virus of penaeid shrimp. Journal of General Virology, 83(12):3123-3130.

Tang KFJ; Lightner DV, 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of Taura syndrome virus isolates collected between 1993 and 2004 and virulence comparison between two isolates representing different genetic variants. Virus Research, 112(1/2):69-76. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681702

Tang KFJ; Navarro SA; Pantoja CR; Aranguren FL; Lightner DV, 2012. New genotypes of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Taura syndrome virus (TSV) from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 99(3):179-185. http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v99/n3/p179-185/

Tu Chien; Huang HsuTien; Chuang ShengHsiung; Hsu JungPing; Kuo ShuTing; Li NanJung; Hsu TienLai; Li MingChang; Lin ShihYuh, 1999. Taura syndrome in pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei cultured in Taiwan. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 38(2):159-161.

Valderrama D; Engle CR, 2004. Farm-level economic effects of viral diseases on Honduran shrimp farms. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 16(1/2):1-26.

Zarain-Herzberg M; Ascencio-Valle F, 2001. Taura syndrome in México: follow-up study in shrimp farms of Sinaloa. Aquaculture, 193(1/2):1-9.