white spot disease
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Generate reportPictures
Top of page| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| WSSV in Asia | Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn); explosive emergence of WSSV in Asia. | ©Peter Walker | |
| WSSV in Asia | Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn); explosive emergence of WSSV in Asia. | ©Peter Walker |
Identity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- white spot disease
International Common Names
- English: China virus disease; red disease (white spot disease); rod-shaped nuclear virus of Penaeus japonicus (RV-PJ) infection; SEMBV infection; shrimp explosive epidermal disease; white spot baculovirus infection; white spot disease of penaeid shrimp; white spot syndrome; white spot syndrome baculovirus complex of penaeid shrimp; whitespot disease
English acronym
- SEED
- systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus infection
- WSD
Overview
Top of pageWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the aetiological agent of white spot disease (WSD), is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of shrimp culture worldwide (Escobedo-Bonilla et al., 2008; Lightner 2011). The virus was first reported in Taiwan in 1992 (Chou et al. 1995) and rapidly spread around the world (Zwart et al. 2010). WSSV is one of the most damaging shrimp pathogens to date, inflicting loss of production of approximately 300,000 tons of shrimp or about 1 billion US$ annually (Stentiford et al. 2012).
Gross clinical signs of WSD are the appearance of white spots at the cephalothorax region of the shrimp cuticle due to abnormal deposition of calcium salts, rapid reduction in food consumption, lethargy, and reddening of appendages. In the field, WSSV-infected shrimp gather near the pond edge and display clinical signs 1 or 2 days before the first mortalities occur. Cumulative mortality may reach 100% within 10 days after the onset of disease (Chou et al., 1995; Karunasagar et al. 1997).
WSSV is highly pathogenic and very infectious to decapods; however, variation in pathogenicity among isolates from different geographical regions (Laramore & Scarpa 2009; Zwart et al. 2010) and cross-species passaging (Gusheinzed Waikhom et al. 2006) have been reported. The virus initially replicates in the nucleus of epithelium cells lining the stomach wall (Durand et al. 1997), gills (Rahman et al. 2008) and later spreads via the haemolymph causing WSSV pathology in tissues that are of ectodermal and mesodermal origin (Chang et al. 1996). Transmission of WSSV from one shrimp species to another occurs by feeding on infected animals, direct contact with WSSV-contaminated water or cohabitation with infected animals (Rajan et al. 2000). Although mortality may reach 100%, under favourable culture conditions, shrimp can harbour WSSV for a long period without showing clinical signs (Tsai et al. 1999).
White spot disease is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's WAHID database on disease occurrence. For further information on this disease from OIE, see the website: www.oie.int
Host Animals
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageWSSV has an extremely wide host range. The virus can infect a wide range of aquatic crustaceans especially decapod, including marine, brackish and freshwater prawns, crabs, crayfish and lobsters (reviewed by Escobedo-Bonilla et al., 2008).
Distribution
Top of pageWSSV is the most devastating viral pathogen of shrimp culture worldwide (Alvarez-Ruiz et al., 2015).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
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| Burundi | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Cabo Verde | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Central African Republic | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Lesotho | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Seychelles | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Sudan | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Tunisia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
| Armenia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Azerbaijan | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Bahrain | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Bangladesh | Present | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Brunei | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| China | Present, Localized | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Georgia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Hong Kong | Present | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Indonesia | Present | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Iran | Present, Localized | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Israel | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Japan | Present | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Kuwait | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Malaysia | Present | OIE (2009) | |||||
| -Sarawak | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| North Korea | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Singapore | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| South Korea | Present | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Uzbekistan | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Andorra | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Belarus | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Croatia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Cyprus | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Czechia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Denmark | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Finland | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Germany | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Hungary | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Iceland | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Ireland | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Italy | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Jersey | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Latvia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Lithuania | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Netherlands | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Norway | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Portugal | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Slovakia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Slovenia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Sweden | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Switzerland | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Ukraine | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| United Kingdom | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
North America |
|||||||
| Barbados | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Belize | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Bermuda | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| British Virgin Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Canada | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Cayman Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Costa Rica | Present | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Cuba | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Dominica | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Dominican Republic | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Greenland | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Guatemala | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Jamaica | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Mexico | Present, Localized | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Panama | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| United States | Present, Localized | OIE (2009) | |||||
| -Georgia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
| Australia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| French Polynesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| New Caledonia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| New Zealand | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
South America |
|||||||
| Argentina | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Brazil | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Chile | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Colombia | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Falkland Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| French Guiana | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
| Guyana | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Paraguay | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE Handistatus (2005) | |||||
| Uruguay | Absent, No presence record(s) | OIE (2009) | |||||
References
Top of pageOIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4. World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. http://www.oie.int
Distribution References
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4., Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. https://www.oie.int/
Distribution Maps
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