white spot disease
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- white spot disease
International Common Names
- English: China virus disease; red disease (white spot disease); rod-shaped nuclear virus of Penaeus japonicus (RV-PJ) infection; SEMBV infection; shrimp explosive epidermal disease; white spot baculovirus infection; white spot disease of penaeid shrimp; white spot syndrome; white spot syndrome baculovirus complex of penaeid shrimp; whitespot disease
English acronym
- SEED
- systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus infection
- WSD
Overview
Top of pageWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the aetiological agent of white spot disease (WSD), is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of shrimp culture worldwide (Escobedo-Bonilla et al., 2008; Lightner 2011). The virus was first reported in Taiwan in 1992 (Chou et al. 1995) and rapidly spread around the world (Zwart et al. 2010). WSSV is one of the most damaging shrimp pathogens to date, inflicting loss of production of approximately 300,000 tons of shrimp or about 1 billion US$ annually (Stentiford et al. 2012).
Gross clinical signs of WSD are the appearance of white spots at the cephalothorax region of the shrimp cuticle due to abnormal deposition of calcium salts, rapid reduction in food consumption, lethargy, and reddening of appendages. In the field, WSSV-infected shrimp gather near the pond edge and display clinical signs 1 or 2 days before the first mortalities occur. Cumulative mortality may reach 100% within 10 days after the onset of disease (Chou et al., 1995; Karunasagar et al. 1997).
WSSV is highly pathogenic and very infectious to decapods; however, variation in pathogenicity among isolates from different geographical regions (Laramore & Scarpa 2009; Zwart et al. 2010) and cross-species passaging (Gusheinzed Waikhom et al. 2006) have been reported. The virus initially replicates in the nucleus of epithelium cells lining the stomach wall (Durand et al. 1997), gills (Rahman et al. 2008) and later spreads via the haemolymph causing WSSV pathology in tissues that are of ectodermal and mesodermal origin (Chang et al. 1996). Transmission of WSSV from one shrimp species to another occurs by feeding on infected animals, direct contact with WSSV-contaminated water or cohabitation with infected animals (Rajan et al. 2000). Although mortality may reach 100%, under favourable culture conditions, shrimp can harbour WSSV for a long period without showing clinical signs (Tsai et al. 1999).
White spot disease is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's WAHID database on disease occurrence. For further information on this disease from OIE, see the website: www.oie.int
Host Animals
Top of pageAnimal name | Context | Life stage | System |
---|---|---|---|
Acetes japonicus (akiami paste shrimp) | Aquatic|Adult | ||
Farfantepenaeus duorarum (northern pink shrimp) | Aquatic|Larval | ||
Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Chinese fleshy prawn) | Enclosed systems/Ponds | ||
Fenneropenaeus indicus (Indian white shrimp) | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Broodstock | Enclosed systems/Ponds | |
Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (banana shrimp) | Aquatic|All Stages | Enclosed systems/Ponds; Enclosed systems/Tanks | |
Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (redtail shrimp) | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Fry; Aquatic|Larval | Enclosed systems/Ponds | |
Litopenaeus schmitti (southern white shrimp) | Experimental settings | Aquatic|Adult | |
Litopenaeus setiferus (northern white shrimp) | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Larval | Enclosed systems/Other enclosed systems; Enclosed systems/Ponds | |
Litopenaeus stylirostris (western blue shrimp) | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Fry; Aquatic|Larval | Enclosed systems/Ponds | |
Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) | Domesticated host | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Fry | Enclosed systems/Ponds; Enclosed systems/Raceways / running water ponds |
Macrobrachium idella (slender river prawn) | Experimental settings | Aquatic|Adult | |
Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp) | Domesticated host; Wild host | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Egg; Aquatic|Fry | Enclosed systems/Ponds; Enclosed systems/Raceways / running water ponds; Enclosed systems/Tanks |
Metapenaeus dobsoni (kadal shrimp) | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Fry; Aquatic|Larval | Enclosed systems/Other enclosed systems; Enclosed systems/Ponds | |
Metapenaeus monoceros (brown shrimp) | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Larval | Enclosed systems/Other enclosed systems; Enclosed systems/Ponds | |
Palaemon adspersus (Baltic prawn) | Experimental settings | Aquatic|Adult | |
Panulirus penicillatus (pronghorn spiny lobster) | |||
Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) | |||
Penaeus semisulcatus (green tiger prawn) | Aquatic|Adult; Aquatic|Fry; Aquatic|Larval | Enclosed systems/Other enclosed systems; Enclosed systems/Ponds |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageWSSV has an extremely wide host range. The virus can infect a wide range of aquatic crustaceans especially decapod, including marine, brackish and freshwater prawns, crabs, crayfish and lobsters (reviewed by Escobedo-Bonilla et al., 2008).
Distribution
Top of pageWSSV is the most devastating viral pathogen of shrimp culture worldwide (Alvarez-Ruiz et al., 2015).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 07 Jan 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
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Algeria | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Botswana | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Burundi | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Cabo Verde | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Central African Republic | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Egypt | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Eswatini | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Ghana | Absent | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Guinea-Bissau | Absent | Jan-Jun-2018 | |||||
Kenya | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Lesotho | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Libya | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Madagascar | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Mauritius | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Mayotte | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Morocco | Absent | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Mozambique | Present | Jul-Dec-2019; in wild animals only | |||||
Nigeria | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Réunion | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Saint Helena | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Seychelles | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Somalia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2018 | |||||
South Africa | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Sudan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Tunisia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Armenia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Azerbaijan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Bahrain | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Bangladesh | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Brunei | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
China | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Georgia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Hong Kong | Absent | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
India | Present, Localized | Jan-Jun-2018 | |||||
Indonesia | Present, Localized | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Iran | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Iraq | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Israel | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Japan | Present | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Jordan | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Kuwait | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Kyrgyzstan | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Malaysia | Present | ||||||
-Sarawak | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Maldives | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Mongolia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Myanmar | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
North Korea | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Pakistan | Absent | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Philippines | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Saudi Arabia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Singapore | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
South Korea | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Taiwan | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Tajikistan | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Thailand | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
United Arab Emirates | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Uzbekistan | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Andorra | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Austria | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Belarus | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Belgium | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Croatia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cyprus | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Czechia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Denmark | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Estonia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Faroe Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2018 | |||||
Finland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
France | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Germany | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Greece | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Hungary | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Iceland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Ireland | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Italy | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Jersey | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Latvia | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Liechtenstein | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Lithuania | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Malta | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Moldova | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Netherlands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
North Macedonia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Norway | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Poland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Portugal | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Serbia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Slovakia | Absent | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Slovenia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Spain | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Sweden | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Switzerland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Ukraine | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
United Kingdom | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Bahamas | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Barbados | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Belize | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bermuda | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
British Virgin Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Canada | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cayman Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Costa Rica | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Cuba | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Dominica | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Dominican Republic | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
El Salvador | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Greenland | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
Guadeloupe | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Guatemala | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Jamaica | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Martinique | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Mexico | Present, Localized | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Nicaragua | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Panama | Present | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
United States | Present | Jul-Dec-2020; in wild animals only | |||||
-Georgia | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Cook Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Fiji | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
French Polynesia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Kiribati | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Marshall Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
New Caledonia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
New Zealand | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Palau | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Papua New Guinea | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Samoa | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Tonga | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2020 | |||||
Vanuatu | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Bolivia | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Brazil | Present | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Chile | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Colombia | Absent | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Ecuador | Present, Localized | Jan-Jun-2019 | |||||
Falkland Islands | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2018 | |||||
French Guiana | Absent | Jul-Dec-2019 | |||||
Guyana | Absent, No presence record(s) | ||||||
Paraguay | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Uruguay | Absent | Jul-Dec-2020 | |||||
Venezuela | Absent, No presence record(s) | Jan-Jun-2019 |
References
Top of pageOIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4. World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. http://www.oie.int
Distribution References
OIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2004)., Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4., Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. https://www.oie.int/
Distribution Maps
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