white spot disease
Index
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Generate reportPictures
Top of page| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| WSSV in Asia | Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn); explosive emergence of WSSV in Asia. | ©Peter Walker | |
| WSSV in Asia | Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn); explosive emergence of WSSV in Asia. | ©Peter Walker |
Identity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- white spot disease
International Common Names
- English: China virus disease; red disease (white spot disease); rod-shaped nuclear virus of Penaeus japonicus (RV-PJ) infection; SEMBV infection; shrimp explosive epidermal disease; white spot baculovirus infection; white spot disease of penaeid shrimp; white spot syndrome; white spot syndrome baculovirus complex of penaeid shrimp; whitespot disease
English acronym
- SEED
- systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus infection
- WSD
Overview
Top of pageWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the aetiological agent of white spot disease (WSD), is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of shrimp culture worldwide (Escobedo-Bonilla et al., 2008; Lightner 2011). The virus was first reported in Taiwan in 1992 (Chou et al. 1995) and rapidly spread around the world (Zwart et al. 2010). WSSV is one of the most damaging shrimp pathogens to date, inflicting loss of production of approximately 300,000 tons of shrimp or about 1 billion US$ annually (Stentiford et al. 2012).
Gross clinical signs of WSD are the appearance of white spots at the cephalothorax region of the shrimp cuticle due to abnormal deposition of calcium salts, rapid reduction in food consumption, lethargy, and reddening of appendages. In the field, WSSV-infected shrimp gather near the pond edge and display clinical signs 1 or 2 days before the first mortalities occur. Cumulative mortality may reach 100% within 10 days after the onset of disease (Chou et al., 1995; Karunasagar et al. 1997).
WSSV is highly pathogenic and very infectious to decapods; however, variation in pathogenicity among isolates from different geographical regions (Laramore & Scarpa 2009; Zwart et al. 2010) and cross-species passaging (Gusheinzed Waikhom et al. 2006) have been reported. The virus initially replicates in the nucleus of epithelium cells lining the stomach wall (Durand et al. 1997), gills (Rahman et al. 2008) and later spreads via the haemolymph causing WSSV pathology in tissues that are of ectodermal and mesodermal origin (Chang et al. 1996). Transmission of WSSV from one shrimp species to another occurs by feeding on infected animals, direct contact with WSSV-contaminated water or cohabitation with infected animals (Rajan et al. 2000). Although mortality may reach 100%, under favourable culture conditions, shrimp can harbour WSSV for a long period without showing clinical signs (Tsai et al. 1999).
White spot disease is on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The distribution section contains data from OIE's WAHID database on disease occurrence. For further information on this disease from OIE, see the website: www.oie.int
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageWSSV has an extremely wide host range. The virus can infect a wide range of aquatic crustaceans especially decapod, including marine, brackish and freshwater prawns, crabs, crayfish and lobsters (reviewed by Escobedo-Bonilla et al., 2008).
Distribution
Top of pageWSSV is the most devastating viral pathogen of shrimp culture worldwide (Alvarez-Ruiz et al., 2015).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | ||||||||
| Afghanistan | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Armenia | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Azerbaijan | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Bahrain | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Bangladesh | Present | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Bhutan | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Brunei Darussalam | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Cambodia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| China | Restricted distribution | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| -Hong Kong | Present | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Georgia (Republic of) | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| India | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Indonesia | Present | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Iran | Restricted distribution | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Iraq | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Israel | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Japan | Present | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Jordan | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Kazakhstan | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Korea, DPR | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Korea, Republic of | Present | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Kuwait | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Kyrgyzstan | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Laos | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Lebanon | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Malaysia | Present | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| -Peninsular Malaysia | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| -Sabah | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| -Sarawak | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Mongolia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Myanmar | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Nepal | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Oman | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Pakistan | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Philippines | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Qatar | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Saudi Arabia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Singapore | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Syria | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Taiwan | 1999 | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Tajikistan | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Thailand | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Turkey | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Turkmenistan | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| United Arab Emirates | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Uzbekistan | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Vietnam | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Yemen | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
Africa | ||||||||
| Algeria | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Angola | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Benin | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Botswana | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Burkina Faso | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Burundi | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Cameroon | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Cape Verde | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Central African Republic | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Chad | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Congo | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Congo Democratic Republic | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Côte d'Ivoire | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Djibouti | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Egypt | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Eritrea | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Ethiopia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Gambia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Ghana | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Guinea | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Guinea-Bissau | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Kenya | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Lesotho | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Libya | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Madagascar | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Malawi | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Mali | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Mauritius | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Morocco | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Mozambique | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Namibia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Nigeria | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Réunion | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Rwanda | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Sao Tome and Principe | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Senegal | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Seychelles | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Somalia | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| South Africa | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Sudan | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Swaziland | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Tanzania | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Togo | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Tunisia | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Uganda | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Zambia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Zimbabwe | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
North America | ||||||||
| Bermuda | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Canada | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Greenland | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Mexico | Restricted distribution | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| USA | Restricted distribution | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| -Georgia | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
Central America and Caribbean | ||||||||
| Barbados | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Belize | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| British Virgin Islands | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Cayman Islands | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Costa Rica | Present | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Cuba | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Curaçao | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Dominica | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Dominican Republic | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| El Salvador | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Guadeloupe | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Guatemala | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Haiti | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Honduras | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Jamaica | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Martinique | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Nicaragua | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Panama | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
South America | ||||||||
| Argentina | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Bolivia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Brazil | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Chile | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Colombia | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Ecuador | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Falkland Islands | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| French Guiana | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Guyana | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Paraguay | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Peru | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Uruguay | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Venezuela | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
Europe | ||||||||
| Albania | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Andorra | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Austria | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Belarus | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Belgium | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Bosnia-Hercegovina | Disease not reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Bulgaria | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Croatia | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Cyprus | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Czech Republic | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Denmark | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Estonia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Finland | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| France | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Germany | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Greece | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Hungary | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Iceland | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Ireland | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Isle of Man (UK) | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Italy | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Jersey | Disease never reported | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Latvia | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Liechtenstein | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Lithuania | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Luxembourg | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Macedonia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Malta | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Moldova | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Montenegro | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Netherlands | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Norway | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Poland | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Portugal | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Romania | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Russian Federation | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Serbia | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Slovakia | Disease not reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Slovenia | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Spain | No information available | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Sweden | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Switzerland | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| UK | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| -Northern Ireland | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Ukraine | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Yugoslavia (former) | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
Oceania | ||||||||
| Australia | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| French Polynesia | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| New Caledonia | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| New Zealand | Disease never reported | OIE, 2009 | ||||||
| Samoa | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Vanuatu | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | No information available | OIE Handistatus, 2005 | ||||||
References
Top of pageOIE Handistatus, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4. World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. http://www.oie.int
Distribution Maps
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