Ziziphus mauritiana
(jujube)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Fruiting Caption Ziziphus mauritiana, 'Jujub tree', fruiting in Oman. Copyright ©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK	Fruiting	Ziziphus mauritiana, 'Jujub tree', fruiting in Oman.	©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK
Title Mature tree Caption Copyright ©K.M. Siddiqui	Mature tree		©K.M. Siddiqui
Title Flowering shoot Caption Flowering shoot of Ziziphus mauritiana, 'Jujub tree', in Mali. Copyright ©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK	Flowering shoot	Flowering shoot of Ziziphus mauritiana, 'Jujub tree', in Mali.	©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK
Title Tree in arid environment Caption Copyright ©K.M. Siddiqui	Tree in arid environment		©K.M. Siddiqui
Title Hedgerow on field boundary Caption Copyright ©K.M. Siddiqui	Hedgerow on field boundary		©K.M. Siddiqui
Title Seedling Caption Copyright ©K.M. Siddiqui	Seedling		©K.M. Siddiqui
Title Flowering branch Caption Copyright ©K.M. Siddiqui	Flowering branch		©K.M. Siddiqui
Title Foliage, flowers, fruits Caption Close-up of leaves showing flowers and developing fruits. Copyright ICRAF	Foliage, flowers, fruits	Close-up of leaves showing flowers and developing fruits.	ICRAF
Title Flower Caption Copyright ©K.M. Siddiqui	Flower		©K.M. Siddiqui
Title Line artwork Caption Flowering and fruiting branch. Copyright ©PROSEA Foundation	Line artwork	Flowering and fruiting branch.	©PROSEA Foundation

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Preferred Common Name

• jujube

Other Scientific Names

• Rhamnus jujuba L.
• Ziziphus aucheri Boiss.
• Ziziphus insularis Smith
• Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn., nom. illeg.
• Ziziphus jujube (L.) Lam.
• Ziziphus mauritania nom. illeg.
• Ziziphus orthocantha D.C.
• Ziziphus rotundata D.C.
• Ziziphus sonoria Roem. And Schult
• Ziziphus tomentosa Poir.
• Zizyphus mauritiana nom. illeg.

International Common Names

• English: Chinese date; Chinese fig; Chinese jujube; cottony jujube; desert apple; Indian cherry; Indian date; Indian jujube; Indian plum; jujuba; Malay jujube
• Spanish: azufaifo; yuyuba
• French: datte chinoise; jujubier

Local Common Names

• Afghanistan: berra (Pashto)
• Australia: chinee apple; Chinese apple
• Bangladesh: bozoi; kool; kul
• Barbados: dunk; mangustine
• Cambodia: putrea
• Cape Verde: zimbrao (crioulu)
• China: hong tsao; lang tsao; ta tsao; tsao tsao
• Dominican Republic: perita haitiana
• Ethiopia: abateria (Tigre); gaba-artigie (Tigre); gewa-ortigi (Tigre)
• Fiji: baer; baher; bahir
• Germany: Filzblattrige Jujube; Indischer Jujubenstrauch
• Greece: tzintzola
• Guadeloupe: dindoulier; gingeolier; liane croc chien; petit pomme; pomme malcadi; pomme surette
• India: ajapriya; badari; ber; beri; berii; bhor; boguri; borkuli; boroi; boro-koli; cherumali; dadara; elandai; elangi; elantha; elladu; etachi; ganga reni; ilamda; jelachi; karak-andhova; karkandhu; khati; kool; kuvala; madhuvaphala; reegu; regureni; yelchi; yellande
• Indonesia: bidara; dara; widara
• Iran: kanar; kunar; nabik
• Iraq: aunnaberhindi; nabig; sidr
• Italy: guiggiolo
• Jamaica: coolie plum; crabapple
• Japan: sanebuto-natsume
• Kenya: ekalati (Turkana); mkunazi (Kiswahilli); olongo (Luo); tolumuro (Pokot)
• Laos: than
• Malawi: massawo (Chewa); msonoka (Yao)
• Malaysia: bidara; epal siam; jujub
• Mali: domo (Bambara); mgaria (Haussa); ntomono (Bambara); surgo ntomono (Bambara); tomboro (Bambara); tomonou (Bambara)
• Martinique: dindoulier; gingeolier; liane croc chien; petit pomme; pomme malcadi; pomme surette
• Myanmar: eng-si; zee-pen; zi; ziben; zizidaw
• Nepal: baer
• Pakistan: ber (Urdu); berwarter (Baluchi); jujube; ker; kunar (Baluchi)
• Philippines: manzanita
• Portugal: jujubeira; maciera
• Puerto Rico: aprin; yuyubi
• Senegal: dem (Wolof); dim (Wolof); djabi (Peulh); djabie (Peulh); n'giobi (Peulh); sedem (Wolof); tabi (Peulh)
• Somalia: bheb (Arabic); gob (Arabic); jujube (Arabic); nabk (Arabic)
• Sri Lanka: ilanda (Sinhalese); mahadebara (Sinhalese); masaka (Sinhalese); yellande
• Sudan: nabbag elfil; sir nabk (Arabic)
• Tanzania: mkunazi (Kiswahilli)
• Thailand: ma tan; ma thong; man tan; phutsa; putsa
• Trinidad and Tobago: dunks
• Uganda: esilang (Karamajong)
• Venezuela: ponsigne; yuyubo
• Vietnam: c[aa]y t[as]o ta; tao; tao nhuc
• Zambia: akasongole (Bemba); massau (Nyanja); musawce (Tonga)
• Zimbabwe: masua (Shona, Tonga); musawu (Shona, Tangu); yanja (Shona, Tangu)

EPPO code

• ZIPMA (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Summary of Invasiveness

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Rhamnales
•                         Family: Rhamnaceae
•                             Genus: Ziziphus
•                                 Species: Ziziphus mauritiana

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) is generally accepted as containing 86 species (Mabberley, 1997; Azam-Ali et al., 2006), most of which are Indomalesian, with some from West Asia, tropical and South Africa, Australia and tropical America (Parker, 1956). Ziziphus mauritiana was first named as Ziziphus jujube in 1789 by Lamarck. According to Luna (1996), two varieties are recognized in India: var. hysudrica, which is wild or cultivated with large fruit, and var. fruiticosa, which is a small shrub in the sub-Himalayan tract, with small fruit. Numerous identifiable cultivars have also been developed for fruit production (Bal, 1992; Azam-Ali et al., 2006). It is important to note that there has been taxonomic confusion within the genus, particularly between the two common, cultivated species, Z. mauritiana from India and Z. jujuba from China. Special attention to the authorities is also required as, for example, Z. jujuba (L.) Gaertn. is a synonym of Z. mauritiana, whereas Z. jujuba Mill. is the other common, cultivated species in the genus. Due to this confusion, some of the common names listed in the table actually refer to Z. jujuba Mill., or to both species, but are included nonetheless. For further information on common names in different languages in India and West Africa, see Azam-Ali et al. (2006).

Description

Z. mauritiana is a small to medium-sized, single or multi-stemmed, spiny shrub or tree, which is almost evergreen, but is deciduous during the dry season. It has a round, spreading crown. It can reach up to 12 m tall and 30 cm diameter at breast height, but is highly variable in size and general appearance. Old protected trees of this species occasionally reach 24 m tall and 1.8 m diameter (von Carlowitz, 1991; Hocking, 1993). The bole is generally short, reaching 3 m in length at most. The bark is dark grey, dull black or reddish with long vertical fissures, reddish and fibrous inside (von Carlowitz, 1991). The branches are spreading and droop at the ends. The twigs are usually softly tomentose when young (Parker, 1956; Gupta, 1993). Z. mauritiana has a deep and lateral root system. Stipules are mostly spines, in pairs with one hooked and one straight, or both hooked, or rarely with neither as a spine. The leaves are simple, shining green above and whitish tomentose beneath, due to persistent dense hairs (occasionally glabrous), margins minutely serrulate, leaf shape ranging from almost round to an elongated ellipse, commonly sub-orbicular to ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends, highly variable in shape and size but always with three basal nerves and two stipular spines, one long and straight, the other small and curved back, and often brown in colour. Spineless types are not uncommon in this species (Singh, 1989). The leaves are solitary or in pairs, from 2 to 6 cm in length (occasionally 1.3-12.0 cm) and 1.5-5.9 cm at the widest point (occasionally 0.4-6.5 cm wide). Size variation is related to site quality and position on the tree, the leaves on vigorous new shoots being the largest (Parker, 1956; Hocking, 1993). Flowers are minute, greenish-white or yellow, hermaphrodite, in sessile or shortly peduncled axillary cymes, and are insect pollinated (Patel et al., 1988; Devi et al., 1989) with an acrid smell (Azam-Ali et al., 2006). The fruit is initially green and turns yellow, orange and red on ripening; being a drupe containing sour-sweet pulp and a hard stone. It varies in size from 1.2 to 3.7 cm long, and is generally globose or ovoid, and glossy. The fruits on wild plants reach about 2 cm in diameter, and on cultivated varieties can exceed 5 cm long. The stone in the fruit is irregularly furrowed and usually contains two cells and two seeds (Hocking, 1993), which have papery testa.

Plant Type

Distribution

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

Z. mauritiana is cultivated throughout the tropics, but is only considered commercially important in China and India (Lemmens et al., 1995). Dates of introduction are few, but it is likely to have been intentionally introduced as a fruit species to the Middle East, Africa and South-East Asia in pre-history, and to other parts of the world since at least the early 1800s. It was first recorded in the Torres Straits between Papua New Guinea and Australia in 1863, and Townsville, Queensland, Australia in 1916 (Land Protection, 2006). It was introduced to Guam in 1850 and to Israel in 1939 (Morton, 1987). It has naturalized in a large number of tropical and subtropical countries and is widely distributed through tropical and subtropical, and arid and semi-arid regions of the world (Qaiser and Nazimuddin, 1981; von Carlowitz, 1991; Hocking, 1993). According to World Agroforestry Centre (2002), Z. mauritiana is a naturalized, introduced species in Myanmar, Barbados, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Iran, Martinique, Sri Lanka, Syria and some areas in the Mediterranean, though this list is clearly not exhaustive. Z. mauritiana is invasive in Australia, where it is a serious weed (Holm et al., 1979; ISSG, 2003) with noxious weed status in Western Australia, Queensland and Northern Territory (NWSEC, 1998). It is also invasive in Zimbabwe and Zambia (Nyoka, 2002) and on a number of Pacific and Indian Ocean islands (PIER, 2007). In Puerto Rico, Francis and Liogier (1991) estimated that more than 1000 Z. mauritiana plants were established on coastal plains and offshore islands but noted that they occurred infrequently or were restricted to a particular habitat and that the rate of spread was slow. Morton (1987) noted that Z. mauritiana was eradicated from Israel because fruit production was poor and the trees so infested with fruit flies that they were destroyed to protect other, more valuable, tree crops.

Introductions

Risk of Introduction

Z. mauritiana is cultivated throughout the tropics and has been intentionally introduced to many countries outside its natural range. It is already found in many countries with a similar climate and environment to areas in which it has become invasive and its behaviour should be monitored in order to detect and report early signs of invasion. It continues to be promoted as an ‘underutilised species’, with almost no mention of its potential invasiveness in a recent monograph by Azam-Ali et al. (2006), thus further ill-conceived introductions may still occur. Further invasions are therefore likely, possibly of ‘improved’ varieties. Z. mauritiana has regulated noxious weed status in Western Australia, Queensland (Class 2) and Northern Territory, Australia (NWSEC, 1998). It has also failed weed risk assessments for Australia and the Pacific (PIER, 2007) so further introductions, at least in this region, are unlikely.

Habitat

Z. mauritiana is now found throughout the arid and semi-arid tracts of much of Asia and Africa, also the Americas and Australasia. However, it is only recorded as invasive in the three northern states of Australia, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands (mainly Fiji and Reunion), and in southern Africa (Zambia and Zimbabwe). Invaded habitats include tropical and subtropical woodland, savannah, coastal plains, pasture land, roadsides, riparian habitats and former farmland. The trees grow well in abandoned agricultural fields and on marginal lands (Singh, 1989; Hocking, 1993). In the Caribbean, Morton (1987) records that “In Barbados, Jamaica and Puerto Rico the tree is naturalized and forms thickets in uncultivated areas”. It is worth noting that Z. mauritiana is a tropical and subtropical species, whereas the closely related and morphologically similar Z. jujuba prefers more temperate climates (Kaaria, 1998).

Habitat List

Hosts/Species Affected

Z. mauritiana is not generally a weed of agricultural land, as it is removed during cultivation; however, it is an invasive species in some rangeland and pastures, reducing the presence of other forage species. It is occasionally a weed of natural forests, as in Australia, where Z. mauritiana has been recorded invading eucalyptus woodland (Weber, 2003) and abandoned or fallow land (Morton, 1987).

Biology and Ecology

Z. mauritiana tolerates a wide range of temperature from -5°C to 49°C and requires little rainfall (Hocking, 1993). The absolute maximum shade temperature is 38-49°C and the minimum temperature range is -5°C to 13°C; it does not tolerate frosts well (Kaaria, 1998). The average mean minimum temperature varies from 10 to 23°C, average mean maximum temperature from 31 to 37°C, and average mean temperature from 25 to 29°C (von Carlowitz, 1991). Annual rainfall in its natural habitat varies from 125 to 2225 mm. Z. mauritiana is widespread in areas in India with an annual rainfall of 300-500 mm (Gupta, 1993) and grows well in very dry conditions (World Agroforestry Centre, 2002). There are no particular soil requirements for Z. mauritiana, but deep sandy to loamy soils are considered best for optimum growth. It grows in well-drained sandy loams, shingle alluvium, sand dunes, skeletal and gravelly soils, laterite and black cotton soils (Troup, 1921; Hocking, 1993). It withstands seasonal waterlogging (von Carlowitz, 1991), tolerates moderate levels of alkalinity and salinity, and prefers soils with a pH of around 7.5. Trials in Kashmir indicated that Z. mauritiana grows well on soils with relatively low sodicity, pH <9, exchangeable sodium <35%, electrical conductivity <4 dS/m and the absence of a hard pan throughout the root zone of 20-140 cm depth (Kalyan Singh, 1994). It adapts well to rain-fed agriculture on black cotton soils due to its strong and deep root system (Luna, 1996). Z. mauritiana prefers plains and valleys, but also occurs in undulating ravines and gentle slopes from 0 to 1500 m, sometimes reaching 1800 m altitude (von Carlowitz, 1991; Luna, 1996).

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Rainfall Regime

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• light
• medium

Special soil tolerances

• infertile
• saline

Notes on Natural Enemies

Z. mauritiana is prone to attack by the parasitic plant Cuscuta reflexa, which should immediately be removed from productive trees if present. Many pests and diseases attack Z. mauritiana trees, insects feed on the sap, and the larvae of many insect species defoliate the trees. Among the fruit borers or fruit flies that cause serious damage are Meridarchis scyrodes and Carpomyia vesuviana (Singh, 1989; Gupta, 1993). In field studies conducted in Madhya Pradesh, India, 13 species of insect pests (including Achaea janata and Thiacidas postica) were recorded causing considerable damage to Z. mauritiana, which resulted in a lowering of the quality and quantity of produce (Vyas, 1996). A comprehensive list of pests and diseases of Z. mauritiana in India was prepared by Pareek (2001, in Azam-Ali et al., 2006), and others are listed in Morton (1987).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Z. mauritiana is cultivated throughout the tropics and therefore has been intentionally introduced to many countries outside its natural range for the production of fruit.

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Economic Impact

Z. mauritiana has a negative impact on the Australian cattle industry (ISSG, 2003), as dense thickets restrict the movement of cattle and reduce the area of pasture available. Further restriction of cattle movements is sometimes necessary as a strategy to prevent the spread of the plant to uninfested areas, because domestic livestock are one of the principal dispersers of the seed, although no economic costs are provided (ISSG, 2003). Z. mauritiana has a positive economic impact, especially in India, China and Pakistan where it is a valuable commercial fruit tree with marketable produce. The relative economic balance needs to be calculated in other countries where it may be both a crop and a pest. The positive benefits of Z. mauritiana are considered sufficient to merit further planting in India (Tewari et al., 2001).

Environmental Impact

Social Impact

No precise information is available on the negative social impacts of Z. mauritiana such as those resulting from the thorns or due to restricted access to areas for recreation. However, the presence of a fruit crop is likely to have positive benefits, especially in dry areas or in years when alternative sources of nutritious foods may be lacking.

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Highly mobile locally
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Long lived
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Reproduces asexually
• Has high genetic variability

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Monoculture formation
• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - shading
• Pest and disease transmission
• Rapid growth
• Produces spines, thorns or burrs

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

Z. mauritiana is planted as a street tree in a number of countries, and large trees cast a welcome shade; however, the fruits can be a nuisance, as can the many birds that they attract.

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forage

• Fodder/animal feed
• Forage
• Invertebrate food for lac/wax insects

Environmental

• Agroforestry
• Amenity
• Boundary, barrier or support
• Erosion control or dune stabilization
• Ornamental

Fuels

• Charcoal
• Fuelwood

Human food and beverage

• Emergency (famine) food
• Fruits
• Honey/honey flora
• Seeds

Materials

• Alcohol
• Carved material
• Dye/tanning
• Gum/resin
• Lac
• Silk
• Wood/timber

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
• Traditional/folklore

Wood Products

Boats

Charcoal

Containers

• Pallets

Roundwood

• Building poles
• Roundwood structures

Sawn or hewn building timbers

• Beams
• Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
• For heavy construction
• For light construction

Veneers

Wood-based materials

• Particleboard

Woodware

• Cutlery
• Industrial and domestic woodware
• Sports equipment
• Tool handles
• Turnery
• Wood carvings

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Z. mauritiana is distinguished from its near relative Ziziphus nummularia by its overall larger size and larger fruits; however, when Z. mauritiana is repeatedly coppiced and reduced to a shrubby form, it is difficult to distinguish between these species (Hocking, 1993). There is also a greater difference between the 'wild' and cultivated varieties of Z. mauritiana than between Z. mauritiana and Z. nummularia. Hybridization may occur between these two species and intermediate forms are produced (Hocking, 1993). There are also risks of confusion with the other commonly cultivated, but more temperate species, Ziziphus jujuba.

Prevention and Control

Z. mauritiana trees require a combination of felling and herbicide application to prevent regrowth (Weber, 2003). Herbicides can be applied as a foliar spray or directly to the basal bark area. Several repeat treatments are likely to be necessary (Weber, 2003). Grice (1998) notes that herbicide treatment is one of the few strategies available to control this plant because of its ability to resprout after fire and its capacity to resist most forms of mechanical control. In Australia, tryclopyr is recommended as a basal bark treatment or as a treatment for cut stumps of larger trees, with tryclopyr + picloram applied to the wet foliage of trees that are less than 2 m high. Land Protection (2006) provides a detail list of chemicals that are currently acceptable for use in Queensland, Australia. Treatment methods include basal bark and foliage sprays and soil applied granules.

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

Much work is being conducted on aspects of fruit production, breeding, propagation, etc. in Z. mauritiana; however, the only research on control is thought to occur in Australia, where further work is clearly required, including biocontrol studies.

References

Azam-Ali S; Bonkoungou E; Bowe C; deKock C; Godara A; Williams JT, 2006. Fruits for the Future 2. Southampton, UK: International Centre for Underutilised Crops, 289 pp.

Bal JS, 1992. Identification of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars through vegetative and fruit characters. Acta Horticulturae, No. 317, 245-253; 23rd International Horticultural Congress, 27 August-1 September 1990, Florence, Italy; 5 ref.

Bisla SS; Daulta BS, 1986. Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance for quality traits in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 15(3-4):175-178.

Bisla SS; Daulta BS, 1986. Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance for quality traits in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 15(3-4):175-178; 8 ref.

Bisla SS; Daulta BS, 1988. Variability and heritability of some growth characters in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 45(1-2):29-33.

Bisla SS; Daulta BS, 1988. Variability and heritability of some growth characters in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 45(1-2):29-33; 8 ref.

CABI, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CABI.

Carlowitz PGvon, 1991. Multipurpose trees and shrubs: sources of seeds and inoculants. Multipurpose trees and shrubs: sources of seeds and inoculants., vii + 328 pp.; 46 ref.

Champion HG; Seth SK; Khattak GM, 1965. Forest Types of Pakistan. Peshawar, Pakistan: Pakistan Forest Institute.

Devi KR; Atluri JB; Reddi CS, 1989. Pollination ecology of Zizyphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Plant Sciences, 99(3):223-239

Devi KR; Atluri JB; Reddi CS, 1989. Pollination ecology of Zizyphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Plant Sciences, 99(3):223-239.

Fageria MS; Goyal SK; Dhaka RS; Jat RG, 2002. Efficacy of pre harvest fungicidal spray on management of post harvest diseases and quality of ber fruits in storage. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 31:192-193; 10 ref.

Francis JK; Liogier HA, 1991. Naturalized exotic tree species in Puerto Rico. General Technical Report - Southern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, No. SO-82:i + 12 pp.; 2 ref.

Gajbhiye VT; Sinha P; Suman Gupta; Singh CP; Gupta RK, 2003. Efficacy and persistence of carbendazim following pre- and post harvest application in ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 11(1):139-142; 5 ref.

Gardiner CP; Gardiner SP, 1996. The dissemination of chinee apple (Ziziphus mauritiana): a woody weed of the tropical subhumid savanna and urban fringe of north Queensland. Tropical Grasslands, 30:174.

Government of Western Australia, 2007. Chinee apple (Ziziphus mauritiana). Declared plant in Western Australia. Perth, Australia: Department of Food and Agriculture. http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/dps/version02/01_plantview.asp?page=3&contentID=20&#control

Grice AC, 1996. Seed production, dispersal and germination in Cryptostegia grandiflora and Ziziphus mauritiana, two invasive shrubs in tropical woodlands of northern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology, 21(3):324-331; 15 ref.

Grice AC, 1997. Post-fire regrowth and survival of the invasive tropical shrubs Cryptostegia grandiflora and Ziziphus mauritiana. Australian Journal of Ecology, 22(1):49-55; 19 ref.

Grice AC, 1998. Ecology in the management of Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana). Weed Science, 46(4):467-474; 23 ref.

Grice AC; Walker L; Whiteman L, 1999. An invasive rangeland shrub responds rapidly to top removal. In: People and rangelands: building the future. Proceedings of the VI International Rangeland Congress, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 19-23 July, 1999. Volumes 1 and 2 [ed. by Eldridge, D.\Freudenberger, D.]. Aitkenvale, Australia: International Rangeland Congress, Inc, 591-593.

Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of ref + refs in text].

Hocking D, 1993. Trees for Drylands. New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH Publishing.

Holm L; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DL, 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Toronto, Canada: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Hore JK; Sen SK, 1994. Role of presowing seed treatment on germination, seedling growth and longevity of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam) seeds. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 28(4):285-289.

Hu MeiJiao; Xing MengYu; Zhang LingHong; Yang FengZhen, 2002. The diseases of Indian jujube after harvest and techniques to maintain freshness. South China Fruits, 31(5):51-53; 15 ref.

Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 2002. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (3.3). http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html.

ISSG, 2003. Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. www.issg.org.

Jama B; Nair PKR; Kurira PW, 1989. Comparative growth performance of some multipurpose trees and shrubs grown at Machakos, Kenya. Agroforestry Systems, 9(1):17-27; 23 ref.

Kaaria S, 1998. Ziziphus mauritiana - a valuable tree for arid and semi-arid lands. FACT NET, FACT Sheet, 98-03. Arkansas, USA: Winrock International, 2 pp. http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/ziziphus.htm

Kalyan Naha; Hajam AG; Lal Chand, 1990. Trials on propagation of shrubs in Kashmir. Indian Forester, 116(12):938-941.

Kalyan Naha; Hajam AG; Lal Chand; Naha K; Chand L, 1990. Trials on propagation of shrubs in Kashmir. Indian Forester, 116(12):938-941.

Kalyan Singh; Singh K, 1994. Site suitability and tolerance limits of trees, shrubs and grasses on sodic soils of Ganga-Yamuna Doab. Indian Forester, 120(3):225-235; 16 ref.

Kamble AB; Desai UT; Choudhari SM, 1994. Effect of micronutrients on fruit set, fruit retention and yield of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone, 33(1):53-55.

Kamble AB; Desai UT; Choudhari SM, 1994. Effect of micronutrients on fruit set, fruit retention and yield of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone, 33(1):53-55; 7 ref.

Kavitha Z; Savithri P, 2002. Documentation of insect pests on ber. South Indian Horticulture, 50(1/3):223-225; 2 ref.

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Links to Websites

Organizations

India: Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342 003, Rajasthan, http://www.hridir.org/countries/india/PROVCOUN/indian_council_of_agricultural_research/cental_arid_zone_icar/index.htm

India: Central Institute for Arid Horticultue (CIAH), Bikaner 334 006, Rajasthan

India: Harayana Agricultural University, Hisar 124 004, Harayana, http://hau.ernet.in/

Sri Lanka: The International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC-IWMI), Colombo, http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/

Contributors

15/08/2007 Updated by:

Nick Pasiecznik, Consultant, France

Distribution Maps