Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Detection and Inspection
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky)
Preferred Common Name
- Asian ambrosia beetle
Other Scientific Names
- Dryocoetes bengalensis Stebbing
- Xyleborus bengalensis Stebbing
- Xyleborus crassiusculus (Motschulsky)
- Xyleborus declivigranulatus Schedl
- Xyleborus ebriosus Niisima
- Xyleborus mascarenus Hagedorn
- Xyleborus okoumeensis Schedl
- Xyleborus semigranosus Blandford
- Xyleborus semiopacus Eichhoff
- Xylosandrus semigranosus (Blandford)
- Xylosandrus semiopacus (Eichhoff)
International Common Names
- English: granulate ambrosia beetle
EPPO code
- XYLBCR (Xyleborus crassiusculus)
- XYLBEB (Xyleborus ebriosus)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Scolytidae
- Genus: Xylosandrus
- Species: Xylosandrus crassiusculus
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageLength 2.2-2.5 mm. Frons weakly convex, with a distinct median line, surface coarsely granulate, sparsely punctate. Antennal club solid on posterior face, no sutures present. Pronotum about as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate, anterior margin narrowly rounded, with 8 or 9 weak serrations. Elytra 1.2-1.3 times longer than wide, apex broadly rounded. Elytral declivity abrupt, convex, surface opaque with dense, confused granules and rows of long stout setae.
Immature Stages
The egg and pupa have not been described. The larvae of X. crassiusculus and Xylosandrus discolor are briefly described and keyed by Gardner (1934). Gardner (1934) describes the mature larva (as Xyleborus semigranosus) as follows: length about 3.5 mm. Head pale, slightly wider than long. Labrum with strong posterior extension. Epipharyngeal setae very small. Maxillary palp with apical segment only slightly longer than wide. Labial palps separated by about width of a basal segment, apical segment globular, not longer than wide. Abdominal terga with two distinct folds separated by an extremely narrow subdivision. Spiracles with combined width of air-tubes equal to diameter of atrium. Skin rather densely covered with micro-asperities.
Too little is known of the larvae of other species of Xylosandrus to be sure whether the description is adequate to separate X. crassiusculus larvae from those of related species. Gardner (1934) distinguishes the species from Xylosandrus discolor by the micro-asperate (versus smooth) skin.
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | |||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Introduced | |||||
Equatorial Guinea | Present | Introduced | |||||
Gabon | Present | ||||||
Ghana | Present | Introduced | |||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | |||||
Madagascar | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mauritania | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | |||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | |||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Introduced | |||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present | Native | |||||
Cambodia | Present | ||||||
China | Present | Native | |||||
-Anhui | Present | ||||||
-Fujian | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
-Guangxi | Present | ||||||
-Guizhou | Present | ||||||
-Hainan | Present | ||||||
-Hebei | Present | ||||||
-Hubei | Present | ||||||
-Hunan | Present | Native | |||||
-Jiangsu | Present | ||||||
-Jiangxi | Present | ||||||
-Shaanxi | Present | ||||||
-Shandong | Present | ||||||
-Shanghai | Present | ||||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | |||||
-Tibet | Present | Native | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | Native | |||||
India | Present | Native | |||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Arunachal Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Assam | Present | Native | |||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | Native | |||||
-Karnataka | Present | Native | |||||
-Kerala | Present | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | Native | |||||
-Maharashtra | Present | Native | |||||
-Meghalaya | Present | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | Native | |||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | Native | |||||
-Uttarakhand | Present | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | Native | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | |||||
-Irian Jaya | Present | Native | |||||
-Java | Present | Native | |||||
-Lesser Sunda Islands | Present | ||||||
-Maluku Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Sulawesi | Present | Native | |||||
-Sumatra | Present | Native | |||||
Israel | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | ||||||
Japan | Present | Native | |||||
-Bonin Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Hokkaido | Present | Native | |||||
-Honshu | Present | Native | |||||
-Kyushu | Present | Native | |||||
-Ryukyu Islands | Present | ||||||
-Shikoku | Present | Native | |||||
Laos | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | |||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | Native | |||||
-Sabah | Present | Native | |||||
-Sarawak | Present | Native | |||||
Myanmar | Present | Native | |||||
Nepal | Present | Native | |||||
North Korea | Present | Native | |||||
Pakistan | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | Native | |||||
South Korea | Present | Native | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Native | |||||
Thailand | Present | Native | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Belgium | Absent | ||||||
Italy | Present | Introduced | 2003 | ||||
Lithuania | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey | ||||||
Malta | Present, Localized | ||||||
Slovenia | Present, Localized | ||||||
Spain | Present, Localized | ||||||
Sweden | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
-Ontario | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
Costa Rica | Present | ||||||
Guatemala | Present, Localized | ||||||
Honduras | Present | ||||||
Panama | Present | ||||||
United States | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Alabama | Present | ||||||
-Arkansas | Present | ||||||
-Delaware | Present | Original citation: Rabaglia and Valenti (2003) | |||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Georgia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Indiana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Kansas | Present | ||||||
-Kentucky | Present | ||||||
-Louisiana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Massachusetts | Present | ||||||
-Michigan | Present | ||||||
-Mississippi | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Missouri | Present | ||||||
-Nebraska | Present | ||||||
-New Jersey | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Oregon | Present | Introduced | Original citation: LaBonte et al. (2005) | ||||
-South Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Tennessee | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Texas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | Original citation: LaBonte et al. (2005) | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
American Samoa | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Queensland | Present, Localized | ||||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Zealand | Present, Localized | ||||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | |||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Native | |||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present, Localized | ||||||
Brazil | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Acre | Present | ||||||
-Amapa | Present | ||||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | ||||||
-Goias | Present | ||||||
-Para | Present | ||||||
-Pernambuco | Present | ||||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
French Guiana | Present, Localized | ||||||
Uruguay | Present, Localized |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageRisk of Introduction
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageX. crassiusculus occurs in a very wide variety of host plants (e.g. Kalshoven, 1959; Browne, 1961; Schedl, 1963; Beaver, 1976; Samuelson, 1981). Schedl (1963) lists 94 species in 28 families in Africa, and 63 species in 34 families outside Africa, and many more species have since been added to this list (Wood and Bright, 1992). It is evident that almost any broad-leaved tree or sapling can be attacked, although the species has not been recorded from conifers. It is particularly important as a pest of crop and ornamental trees. Its attacks are sometimes primary on apparently healthy hosts. It has been recorded killing saplings of forest trees shortly after transplanting. Given the great range of host trees attacked, and the differences between geographical areas, it is not possible to distinguish 'main host' trees from 'other host' trees (see List of hosts). It may be expected that almost any non-coniferous crop, plantation or ornamental tree in a particular area can be attacked. The Host list in this datasheet contains a selection of hosts only.
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageGrowth Stages
Top of pageSymptoms
Top of pageList of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Growing point / dieback | ||
Stems / lodging; broken stems | ||
Whole plant / wilt |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageAll species of Xyleborus and the related genera are closely associated with ambrosial fungi. Some of these fungi are phytopathogenic and all species of Xyleborus and related genera should be considered to be possible vectors of plant disease.
Some details of the biology of X. crassiusculus are given by Beeson (1930), Browne (1961), Schedl (1963) and Beaver (1976, 1988). The species is known to prefer fresh, moist wood (Beeson, 1930; Beaver, 1988), and attack-densities are usually higher on wood in the shade than in the sun, and higher on the lower side of logs. Stems of fairly small diameter (2.5 - 8 cm) are usually attacked, but sometimes larger logs. The gallery sytem is somewhat variable depending on the size of the stem. In large stems, it branches several times in one transverse plane, and may penetrate 5 cm or more. In small stems, there are fewer branches and one or more may extend along the axis of the stem. In the palm rachis, the galleries run more irregularly through the fibrous tissues. Brood sizes up to 65 have been recorded in the Congo, and up to 100 in Ghana (Schedl, 1963), but usually range between about 10 and 40 (Beaver, 1988). In the tropics, breeding is continuous throughout the year, with overlapping generations, so that the species is present at all times and in all stages of development (Browne, 1968). In south-eastern USA, beetles are active from the beginning of March until autumn, and the life cycle takes about 55 days (Bambara and Casey, 2003).
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageMeans of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageAdult females fly readily, and flight is one of the main means of movement and dispersal to previously uninfected areas. Of more importance for long distance movement, however, is the transport of infested seedlings, saplings or cut branches. X. crassiusculus usually attacks stems of small diameter (not more than 5 cm diameter), but is sometimes found in larger timber, especially if fresh. Hence it may also be transported in crates or other packing material.
Vector Transmission
The female has a mycangium, a pouch used to carry spores of the ambrosia fungus on which both adult and larvae feed, opening between the pronotum and mesonotum, and extending below the pronotum (Beaver, 1989). The ambrosia fungus of X. crassiusculus is a species of Ambrosiella (Kinuura, 1995; Dute et al., 2002). Ambrosiella spp. are not pathogenic, although they do cause staining of the wood around the gallery systems. 'Contamination ' of the mycangia by the spores of pathogenic fungi is possible. Spores of pathogenic fungi can also be transported on the cuticle of the beetle, although their chance of survival there is much less than in the mycangial pouch. There is some evidence for the transmission of wilt fungi by X. crassiusculus (Davis and Dute, 1997). The species has been reported to vector the sap-stain fungus, Botryodiplodia theobromae, into shade trees (Grevillea robusta) in coffee plantations in India (Sreedharan et al., 1991).
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | arthropods/adults | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope | |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope | |
Wood | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Leaves |
Roots |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Loose wood packing material | No | |
Solid wood packing material with bark | Fresh sapwood | Yes |
Solid wood packing material without bark | Fresh sapwood | Yes |
Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Non-wood |
Processed or treated wood |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | Negative |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | Negative |
Rare/protected species | Negative |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageImpact: Biodiversity
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
When Xylosandrus species are detected in plant material, it is necessary to immediately destroy all of the infested material. When they are detected in traps, plant material in the vicinity of the trap should be inspected, with special attention directed towards imported woody products such as crating, dunnage and lumber milling scraps. If an active infestation is detected, chemical control using insecticides is not generally effective since the adult beetles bore deep into the host material. The following insecticides were found to be effective against a species of Euwallacea, destructive to tea: fenvalerate, deltamethrin, quinalphos and cypermethrin (Muraleedharan, 1995); these insecticides may also be effective against other ambrosia beetles. Bambara and Casey (2003) suggest the use of permethrin, but multiple treatments may be required during a season. They suggest the use of some attacked trees as trap trees, which need to be removed and burned before the life cycle of the beetle (about 55 days in North Carolina, USA) is completed. The concealed habitats in which these species feed and reproduce, the difficulties and high costs of insecticide application, and environmental concerns, all limit the effectiveness of chemical control. The use of radiation to kill, sterilize or inhibit the emergence of beetles in cut timber (Yoshida et al., 1975), is unlikely to be practical.
References
Top of pageAtkinson TH, Foltz JL, Wilkinson RC, Mizell RF, 2000. Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Asian ambrosia beetle, granulate ambrosia beetle. Florida Department of Plant Industry Entomology Circular, 310. http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/asian_ambrosia_beetle.htm
Atkinson TH, Rabaglia RJ, Peck SB, Foltz JL, 1991. New records of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from the United States and the Bahamas. Coleopterists Bulletin, 45(2):152-164
Bambara S, Casey C, 2003. The Asian ambrosia beetle. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note111/note111.html
Bambara S, Stephan D, Reeves E, 2002. Asian ambrosia beetle trapping. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note122/note122.html
Beeson CFC, 1929. Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Insects of Samoa, 4:217-248
Beeson CFC, 1930. The biology of the genus Xyleborus, with more new species. Indian Forest Records, 14:209-272
Bright DE, Skidmore RE, 2002. A catalogue of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 2 (1995-1999). Ottawa, Canada: NRC Research Press, 523 pp
Brockerhoff EG, Knizek M, Bain J, 2003. Checklist of Indigenous and Adventive Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) of New Zealand and Interceptions of Exotic Species (1952-2000). New Zealand Entomologist, 26:29-44
Browne FG, 1961. The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Records, 22:1-255
Browne FG, 1968. Pests and diseases of forest plantation trees: an annotated list of the principal species occurring in the British Commonwealth. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
Davis MA, Dute RR, 1997. Fungal associates of the Asian ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus. Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 42:106-112
Deyrup MA, Atkinson TH, 1987. New distribution records of Scolytidae from Indiana and Florida. Great Lakes Entomologist, 20:67-68
Eggers H, 1939. Japanische Borkenkäfer II. Arbeiten über Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie, Berlin-Dahlem, 6:114-123
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
EPPO, 2018. EPPO Global Database (available online). https://gd.eppo.int
Hunt TN, 1979. A scolytid beetle (Xylosandrus crassiusculus) - North Carolina. USDA, Cooperative Plant Pest Report, 4:237
IPPC, 2017. Detection of Xylosandrus crassiculus (Granulate ambrosia beetle) in Queensland. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. AUS-79/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
Kalshoven LGE, 1959. Studies on the biology of Indonesian Scolytoidea. 4. Data on the habits of Scolytidae. Second part. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 102:135-173
Murayama J, 1934. On the Ipidae (Coleoptera) from Formosa with special reference to their food plants. Journal of the Society of Tropical Agriculture, Taihoku Imperial University, 6:505-512
Murayama J, 1953. The insect fauna of Mt. Ishizuchi and Omogo Valley, Iyo, Japan. The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, 3:144-166
Pelley RH le, 1968. Pests of Coffee. London and Harlow, UK: Longmans, Green and Co Ltd
Schedl KE, 1940. Scolytidae and Platypodidae. 61.contribution. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 5:433-442
Schedl KE, 1962. Forstentomologische Beiträge aus dem ehemaligen Belgisch-Congo. Familie Curculionidae. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 50:255-289
Schedl KE, 1963. Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas, Band II. Revista de Entomologia de Moçambique, 5 (1962):1-594
Schedl KE, 1964. Neue und interessante Scolytoidea von den Sunda-Inseln, Neu Guinea und Australien. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 107:297-306
Wood SL, Bright DE, 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index Volume A. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13:1-833
Yin HF, Huang FS, Li ZL, 1984. Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Economic Insect Fauna of China, Fasc. 29. Beijing, China: Science Press, 205 pp
Distribution References
Bambara S, Casey C, 2003. The Asian ambrosia beetle. In: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note111/note111.html
Beeson C F C, 1929. Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Insects of Samoa. 217-248.
Bright DE, Skidmore RE, 2002. A catalogue of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 2 (1995-1999., Ottawa, Canada: NRC Research Press. 523 pp.
Brockerhoff EG, Knizek M, Bain J, 2003. Checklist of Indigenous and Adventive Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) of New Zealand and Interceptions of Exotic Species (1952-2000). In: New Zealand Entomologist, 26 29-44.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Eggers H, 1939. (Japanische Borkenkäfer II. Arbeiten über Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie)., 6 Berlin-Dahlem, 114-123.
IPPC, 2017. Detection of Xylosandrus crassiculus (Granulate ambrosia beetle) in Queensland. In: IPPC Official Pest Report, No. AUS-79/1, Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
Kalshoven LGE, 1959. Studies on the biology of Indonesian Scolytoidea. 4. Data on the habits of Scolytidae. Second part. In: Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 102 135-173.
Schedl KE, 1964. (Neue und interessante Scolytoidea von den Sunda-Inseln, Neu Guinea und Australien). In: Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 107 297-306.
Wood SL, Bright DE, 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index Volume A. In: Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13 1-833.
Yin HF, Huang FS, Li ZL, 1984. Coleoptera: Scolytidae. In: Economic Insect Fauna of China Fasc. 29, Beijing, China: Science Press. 205 pp.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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