Anastrepha grandis (South American cucurbit fruit fly)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Anastrepha grandis (Macquart)
Preferred Common Name
- South American cucurbit fruit fly
Other Scientific Names
- Acrotoxa grandis (Macquart)
- Anastrepha latifasciata Hering 1935
- Anastrepha schineri Hendel 1914a, b
- Tephritis grandis Macquart, 1846
- Trypeta grandis (Macquart)
International Common Names
- English: South American fruit fly
- Spanish: mosca de la fruta
- French: mouche des fruits sud-américaine
- Portuguese: mosca das cucurbitáceas Sul Americana
EPPO code
- ANSTGR (Anastrepha grandis)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageA. grandis is a pest of various cultivated species of Cucurbitaceae, especially pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.), squash (Cucurbita spp.) and melon [Cucumis melo]. It occurs in the Andean countries, Paraguay, southern Brazil, and northern Argentina. It has been intercepted at ports in the USA, indicating its potential for spread via infested fruits.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Diptera
- Family: Tephritidae
- Genus: Anastrepha
- Species: Anastrepha grandis
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageAdults
Norrbom (1991) re-described the adult and illustrated the thoracic dorsum, wing, and male and female terminalia. As in most other Anastrepha spp., the adults of A. grandis are easily separated from those of other tephritid genera by a simple wing venation character; vein M, the vein that reaches the wing margin just behind the wing apex, curves forwards before joining the wing margin.
The adults are mostly orange to red-brown. The setae are usually moderate red-brown.
Head: concolorous except dark-brown ocellar tubercle; three to five frontal setae; one to two orbital setae, posterior one often weak when present. Antennae extend 0.60-0.72 to lower facial margin.
Thorax: mesonotum 2.88-4.22 mm long. Scutum entirely microtrichose; mostly orange to red-brown; single distinct yellowish medial stripe from anterior margin to slightly posterior to acrostichal seta, moderately expanded posteriorly, extending laterally beyond acrostichal seta, but not reaching dorsocentral seta; no narrow yellowish stripe in line with dorsocentral seta, but dark-brown, sometimes poorly differentiated stripe slightly lateral to dorsocentral seta; distinct yellowish sublateral stripe from transverse suture to posterior margin, crossing intra-alar seta; scuto-scutellar suture usually with irregular medial dark-brown spot. Subscutellum and mediotergite orange-brown, broadly dark-brown to black laterally. Pleura with typical dark areas weakly differentiated except anepimeron usually with dark-brown spot. Katepisternal seta undifferentiated or weak, yellowish, no longer than postocellar seta.
Wing: length 7.95-10.3 mm. Vein R2+3 almost straight. Vein M moderately curved apically; section between bm-cu and r-m 2.18-2.69 times as long as section between r-m and dm-cu. Pattern faint yellow-brown to orange-brown, its margins often diffuse. Cell r2+3 entirely infuscated. Cell br with large hyaline area apical to bm-cu, extending more than halfway to r-m. Cell dm with large basal hyaline area. Cell bm hyaline. Proximal arm of V-band ending at M or extending anteriorly, often faintly, to R4+5 to fuse with S-band.
Abdomen: tergites unicolorous yellowish to orange.
Male terminalia: lateral surstylus broad basally, tapering apically to short blunt lobe; moderately long, section apical to apex of inner surstylus 0.95-1.33 times as long as basal section; posterior side distinctly concave. Proctiger with distinct lateral fold; sclerotized part narrowly divided into three sections or only weakly connected. Phallus 6.7-7.4 mm long; 1.7-2.33 times as long as mesonotum. Glans 0.55-0.68 mm long, relatively stout; acrophallus strong, stout and distinctly convoluted apically.
Female terminalia: oviscape 4.99-6.28 mm long; 1.4-1.59 times as long as mesonotum. Eversible membrane with dorsobasal scales in broad subtriangular pattern; 14-16 large hook-like scales in broadest row; largest scales 0.3 mm long. Aculeus 5.27-6.18 mm long, often as long as or longer than oviscape; tip 0.58-0.66 mm long, 0.16-0.18 mm wide, non-serrate, sides slightly convex, ventral surface with V-shaped ridge sub-basally, dorsal surface with V-shaped ridge at mid-length. Spermathecae ovoid to elongate ovoid.
Immature Stages
The key by Steck et al. (1990) and the interactive system of Carroll et al. (2004) are the best tools for the identification of A. grandis larvae. Steck and Wharton (1988) described and illustrated the egg, second- and third-instars and puparium in considerable detail. The following abbreviated descriptions include only the most important diagnostic characters.
Egg: the eggs are white, 2.06-2.25 mm long, and approximately 0.2 mm wide. Elongate ovoid and slightly curved, posterior end strongly, but gradually tapered from midpoint. Anterior (micropyle) end slightly nipple-shaped. Surface finely stippled at 400x magnification; no reticulation apparent.
Third-instar: the third-instar larvae are cream, 6.6-17.0 mm long and 1.6-2.7 mm wide. Elongate cylindrical, tapering anteriorly.
Head with 8-13 oral ridges. Mandible without secondary tooth. Anterior spiracle with 28-37 tubules. Thoracic and abdominal segment with spinules extending dorsally as follows: T1 six to eight rows, T2 with five to seven rows, T3 with four to six rows, A1 with two to five rows, A2 and A3 with one to three rows (in A2 and A3 not always traversing dorsum). Posterior spiracle with openings 3.0-5.3 times as long as wide; spiracular hairs with numerous processes, longer than width of spiracular openings. Anal lobes bifid, prominently protruding.
Puparium: the puparia are golden-brown, 8.0-9.1 mm long and 3.2-3.7 mm wide.
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 21 Jul 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North America |
|||||||
Mexico | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | ||||||
Panama | Present, Localized | ||||||
United States | Absent, Intercepted only | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present, Localized | Native | Present only in the north (Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Misiones, Salta) | ||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | |||||
Brazil | Present, Localized | Native | Occurs north to Bahia, Goiás and Mato Grosso | ||||
-Bahia | Present | Native | |||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | Native | |||||
-Goias | Present | Native | |||||
-Mato Grosso | Present | Native | |||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present | Native | |||||
-Parana | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Native | |||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Native | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Native | |||||
Colombia | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Ecuador | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Paraguay | Present | Native | |||||
Peru | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Venezuela | Present, Localized | Native | Present in Aragua, Carabobo, Barinas and Zulia |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Principal habitat | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) | Cucurbitaceae | Other | |
Cucumis melo (melon) | Cucurbitaceae | Main | |
Cucumis sativus (cucumber) | Cucurbitaceae | Other | |
Cucurbita (pumpkin) | Cucurbitaceae | Main | Silva and Malavasi (1993); Silva and Malavasi (1996) |
Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin) | Cucurbitaceae | Main | |
Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin) | Cucurbitaceae | Main | |
Cucurbita pepo (marrow) | Cucurbitaceae | Main | |
Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Cucurbitaceae | Other |
Symptoms
Top of pageThe main damage is caused by the larvae, which feed inside the fruit and tunnel through it to exit for pupation. The larval feeding often causes premature fruit drop from the plant and usually rotting of the damaged tissues.
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Fruit / extensive mould | ||
Fruit / gummosis | ||
Fruit / internal feeding | ||
Fruit / lesions: black or brown | ||
Fruit / obvious exit hole | ||
Fruit / premature drop |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageClimate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
A - Tropical/Megathermal climate | Preferred | Average temp. of coolest month > 18°C, > 1500mm precipitation annually | |
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
10 | 30 |
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural dispersal, as far as is known, is almost entirely by the adults. Their flight range has not been determined, but other species of Anastrepha are known to be able to disperse many kilometres.
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aircraft | Immatures in fruit | Yes | Yes | |
Luggage | Immatures in fruit | Yes | Yes | |
Plants or parts of plants | Immatures in fruit | Yes | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruits (inc. pods) | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Growing medium accompanying plants | arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood |
Impact
Top of pageRisk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Has a broad native range
- Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
- Host damage
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts livelihoods
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult/costly to control
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Little has been published on control methods for this species. Malavasi et al. (1990) discussed trapping methods and attractants.
References
Top of pageAguiar-Menezes EL; Menezes EB, 2000. Moscas-das-frutas nos estados brasileiros. Rio de Janeiro. In: Malavasi A, Zucchi RA, eds. Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Riber¦o Preto, Brazil: Holos, 259-263.
Anon., 2000. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/tephriti/Anastrep/grandis.htm.
Bezzi M, 1909. Le specie dei generi Ceratitis, Anastrepha e Dacus. Bol. R. Scuola Super. d'Agr., Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, 3:273-313.
Bezzi M, 1919a. Una nuova specie brasiliana del genere Anastrepha (Dipt.). Bol. R. Scuola Super. d'Agr., Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, 13:3-14.
Bezzi M, 1919b. Descoberta de uma nova mosca das fructas no Brazil. Chacaras e Quintaes, 373-374.
Blanchard EE, 1937. Dipteros argentinos nuevos o poco conocidos. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina, 9:35-58.
Blanchard EE, 1961. Especies argentinas de género Anastrepha Schiner (sens. lat.) (Diptera, Trypetidae). Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas (Buenos Aires), 15:281-342.
Bondar G, 1950. Moscas de frutas na Bahia. Bol. do Campo, 34:13-15.
Boscán de Martfnez N; Dedordy JR; Requena JR, 1980. Estado actual de la distribucion geografica y hospederas de Anastrepha spp. (Diptera - Trypetidae) en Venezuela. Agron. Trop., 30:55-63.
Caraballo de Valdivieso J, 1981. Las moscas de frutas del genero Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) de Venezuela. MS thesis. Maracay, Venezuela: Universidad Central de Venezuela.
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Fernandez Yepez F, 1953. Contribucion al estudio de las moscas de las frutas del genero Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Trypetidae) de Venezuela. II Congreso de Ciencias Naturales y Afines (Caracas) Cuaderno no. 7, 1-42.
Fischer CR, 1932. Nota taxonomica e biologica sobre Anastrepha grandis Macq. (Dipt., Trypetidae). Rev. Entomol. (S¦o Paulo), 2:302-310.
Fischer CR, 1934. Variat¦o das cerdas frontaes e outras motas sobre duas especies de Anastrepha Dipt. Trypetidae). Rev. Entomol. (S¦o Paulo), 4:18-22.
Garcia FRM; Corseuil E, 1998. Análise faunfstica de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera, Tephritidae) em pomares de pessegueiro em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Rev. Bras. Zool., 15:1111-1117.
Gontalves CR, 1938. As moscas de fruitas e seu combate. Experiencias e estudos realisados em 1936. Publ. Min. Agric., Dep. Nac. Prod. Veg., Serv. Def. Sanit. Veg. (Rio J.) No. 12, 1-43.
Greene CT, 1934. A revision of the genus Anastrepha based on a study of the wings and on the length of the ovipositor sheath (Diptera: Trypetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 36:127-179.
Harper JD, 1987. Final report to ASOFRUT on the Anastrepha grandis project on honey dew in western Ecuador. Unpublished.
Hendel F, 1914a. Analytische Ubersicht über die Anastrepha-Arten (Dipt.). Wien Entomol. Z., 33:66-70.
Hendel F, 1914b. Die Bohrfliegen Südamerikas. K. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnogr. Mus. Abhandl. Ber. (1912), 14:1-84.
Hering EM, 1935. Neue südamerikanische Bohrfliegen aus dem Stettiner Museum. (9. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Trypetidae.) (Dipt.). Stettin. Entomol. Ztg., 96:225-229.
Korytkowski C; Ojeda Pe±a D, 1968. Especies del genero Anastrepha Schiner 1868 en el nor-oeste peruano. Rev. Peru. Entomol., 11:32-70.
Korytkowski C; Ojeda Pe±a D, 1969. Distribucion ecologia de especies del genero Anastrepha Schiner en el nor-oeste Peruano. Rev. Peru. Entomol., 12:71-95.
Lima AM da Costa, 1926. Sobre as moscas de frutas que vivem no Brasil. Chacaras Quintaes, 34:21-24.
Lima AM da Costa, 1934. Moscas de frutas do genero Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Trypetidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 28:487-575.
Lima AM da Costa, 1937. Novas moscas de frutas do genero Anastrepha (Diptera: Trypetidae). O Campo, 8:34-38, 60-64.
Loew H, 1873. Monographs of the Diptera of North America, pt. III. Smithsn. Misc. Collect. 11, (no. 256), 1-351.
Macquart JPM, 1846. DiptFres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Ier Supplément. Lille, France: Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Agric. Arts, 133-364.
Malavasi A; Zucchi RA (eds), 2000. Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Riber¦o Preto, Brazil: Holos.
Molineros J; Tigrero JO; Sandoval D, 1992. Diagnostico de la situacion actual del problema de las moscas de la fruta en el Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: Comision Ecuatoriana de Energia Atomica, Direccion de Investigaciones.
Nascimento AS do; Malavasi A; Morgante JS, 1988. Programa de monitoramento de Anastrepha grandis (Macquart, 1845) (Dip.; Tephritidae) e aspectos da sua biologia. In: Souza HML de, coord. Moscas-das-Frutas no Brasil, ANAIS. Campinas, SP, Brazil: Fundat¦o Cargill, 54-63.
Norrbom AL, 2000. Host plant database for Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Diptera: Tephritidae: Toxotrypanini). Diptera Data Dissemination Disc 2 (in press).
Norrbom AL; Kim KC, 1988. A list of the reported host plants of the species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). Hyattsville, MD, USA: US Dept. Agric., Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine.
Silva JG; Malavasi A, 1993b. Mating and oviposition behavior of Anastrepha grandis under laboratory conditions.. In: M Aluja S, P Liedo F, eds. Fruit flies: Biology and management. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance 1990, Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala, October 14-20, 1990. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag, 181-184.
Silva JG; Malavasi A, 1996. Life cycle of Anastrepha grandis. In: McPheron BA, Steck GJ, eds, Fruit fly pests: A world assessment of their biology and management. Delray Beach, USA: St. Lucie Press, 347-351.
Souza Filho MF de, 1999. Biodiversidade de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) e seus parasitóides (Hymenoptera) em plantas hospedeiras no estado de S¦o Paulo. Thesis. Piracicaba, Brazil: Universidade de S¦o Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz".
Souza Filho MF de; Raga A; Zucchi RA, 2000. [Moscas-das-frutas nos estados brasileiros] S¦o Paulo. In: Malavasi A, Zucchi RA, eds. Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Riber¦o Preto, Brazil: Holos., 277-283.
Steyskal GC, 1977. Pictorial Key to the Species of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). Washington, USA: Entomological Society of Washington.
Stone A, 1942. The fruitflies of the genus Anastrepha. Miscellaneous Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, 439:1-112.
Tigrero JO, 1998. Revisión de especies de moscas de la fruta presentes en el Ecuador. Published by the author, Sangolquf, Ecuador.
Uchôa F; MA; Zucchi RA, 2000. Moscas-das-frutas nos estados brasileiros. Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul. In: Malavasi A, Zucchi RA, eds. Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Riber¦o Preto, Brazil: Holos, 241-245.
Zucchi RA, 1978. Taxonomia das especies de Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) assinaladas no Brasil. PhD dissertation. Piracicaba, Brazil: Universidade de S¦o Paulo.
Zucchi RA, 2000. Taxonomia. In: Malavasi A, Zucchi RA, eds. Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Riber¦o Preto, Brazil: Holos, 13-24.
Distribution References
Aguiar-Menezes EL, Menezes EB, 2000. (Moscas-das-frutas nos estados brasileiros. Rio de Janeiro). In: Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado, [ed. by Malavasi A, Zucchi RA]. Riberão Preto, Brazil: Holos. 259-263.
Anon, 2000. (Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil). In: Conhecimento básico e aplicado, [ed. by Malavasi A, Zucchi RA]. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil: Holos.
Bezzi M, 1919. Una nuova specie brasiliana del genere Anastrepha (Dipt.)., 13 3-14.
Blanchard EE, 1961. (Especies argentinas de género Anastrepha Schiner (sens. lat.) (Diptera, Trypetidae)). In: Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas (Buenos Aires), 15 281-342.
Bondar G, 1950. Fruit flies of Bahia. (Moscas de frutas na Bahia.). Bol. do Campo. 13-15.
Boscán de Martfnez N, Dedordy JR, Requena JR, 1980. (Estado actual de la distribucion geografica y hospederas de Anastrepha spp. (Diptera - Trypetidae) en Venezuela). In: Agron. Trop. 30 55-63.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Korytkowski C, Ojeda Peña D, 1969. (Distribucion ecologia de especies del genero Anastrepha Schiner en el nor-oeste Peruano). In: Rev. Peru. Entomol. 12 71-95.
Tigrero JO, 1998. (Revisión de especies de moscas de la fruta presentes en el Ecuador)., Sangolquf, Ecuador:
Zucchi RA, 1978. (Taxonomia das especies de Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) assinaladas no Brasil. PhD dissertation)., Piracicaba, Brazil: Universidade de São Paulo.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Featured Creatures | http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/ | |
The Diptera Site | http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/diptera.htm |
Contributors
Top of page26/02/2008 Updated by:
Allen Norrbom, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC 168, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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