| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Damage symptoms on tomato plant | Feeding by A. lycopersici on the foliage, inflorescence and young fruit of tomato plants causes shrivelling and necrosis of leaves, dropping of flowers, russeting of fruit and, if uncontrolled, death of the plants. | From Keifer et al., 1982 | |
| Adult female | Line artwork of A. lycopersici, adult female: A, lateral view; B, featherclaw; C, dorsal view of prodorsal shield region; D, detail of microtubercles; E, internal genitalia; F, coxae and genital region; G, lateral view of legs. | From Keifer, 1946 |
Datasheet
Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Aculops lycopersici (Tryon, 1917)
Preferred Common Name
- tomato russet mite
Other Scientific Names
- Aceria lycopersici
- Aculops destructor
- Aculops lycopersicae
- Aculus destructor (Keifer, 1940)
- Aculus lycopersici (Tryon, 1917)
- Eriophyes lycopersici
- Phyllocoptes destructor Keifer, 1940
- Phyllocoptes lycopersici Tryon, 1917
- Vasates destructor (Keifer, 1940)
- Vasates lycopersici (Tryon, 1917)
International Common Names
- English: tomato mite
- Spanish: acaro de la roseta del tomate; acaro de la roseta del tomato (Mexico); acaro del tomate; acaro tostador de la tomate; canelilla de la roseta del tomato (Mexico); deca de los tomates
- French: acarien de la tomate; acariose bronzée de la tomate
Local Common Names
- Germany: Milbe, Tomaten-; Tomaten-Milbe
EPPO code
- VASALY (Aculops lycopersici)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Chelicerata
- Class: Arachnida
- Subclass: Acari
- Superorder: Acariformes
- Suborder: Prostigmata
- Family: Eriophyidae
- Genus: Aculops
- Species: Aculops lycopersici
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
Aculops lycopersici (Tryon, 1917) is the correct name for the tomato russet mite. Tryon published a brief description of the damage caused by the mite and proposed the name Phyllocoptes lycopersici. Massee (1937) considered Tryon's description to be inadequate and the name to be a nomen nudum. He redescribed the mite as a new species under the same name, Phyllocoptes lycopersici, and most subsequent authors have attributed the name to Massee. However, as pointed out by Amrine (1994), Tryon's description and name take precedence over Massee's under Article 12b(8) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. There is now general agreement that the name Phyllocoptes destructor Keifer is a junior synonym of Phyllocoptes lycopersici Tryon.
Description
Top of page
Adults of A. lycopersici were well described and illustrated by Keifer (1940) under the name Phyllocoptes destructor Keifer. Additional useful data and interpretations are found in Bailey and Keifer (1943), Lamb (1953a) and in Perring and Farrar (1986). Adult females are the most abundant and frequently encountered instar on symptomatic plants. They have the basic characters of Eriophyidae and Phyllocoptinae. The body is fusiform and from 150 to 200 µm long. The prodorsal shield is 40 to 50 µm long, has a broad, short anterior lobe that is abruptly deflected ventrally; is strongly sculptured with a diagnostic hourglass-shaped pattern of longitudinal striations, and bears a pair of moderately long, posteriorly-directed, divergent dorsal setae near the posterior edge. The body exhibits a series of annuli strongly differentiated into tergites and sternites. There are 25-30 tergites and more than 60 sternites, and the sternites bear pointed microtubercles at their posterior edges. The genital coverflap ranges from 14-16 µm in length and is sculptured with longitudinal striations. The two pairs of legs have distinctive claw-like structures terminally on the tarsi, termed feather-claws, with four pairs of rays.
Distribution
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A. lycopersici probably now occurs in all countries where tomatoes and related solanaceous crops are grown.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
| Angola | Present | ||||||
| Egypt | Present | ||||||
| Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
| Kenya | Present | Introduced | 1976 | Invasive | |||
| Libya | Present | ||||||
| Mauritius | Present | ||||||
| Morocco | Present | ||||||
| Mozambique | Present | ||||||
| Senegal | Present | ||||||
| South Africa | Present | ||||||
| Tunisia | Present | ||||||
| Zambia | Present | ||||||
| Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
| Armenia | Present | ||||||
| Azerbaijan | Present | ||||||
| China | |||||||
| -Guangxi | Present | ||||||
| Georgia | Present | ||||||
| Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
| Iran | Present | ||||||
| Iraq | Present | ||||||
| Israel | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Japan | Present | Introduced | 1986 | ||||
| Jordan | Present | ||||||
| Lebanon | Present | ||||||
| Saudi Arabia | Present | ||||||
| South Korea | Present | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
| Syria | Present | ||||||
| Turkey | Present | ||||||
| Uzbekistan | Present | ||||||
| Yemen | Present | Introduced | 2017 | ||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Bulgaria | Present, Localized | First reported: 196* | |||||
| Croatia | Present | ||||||
| Cyprus | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Czechia | Present | ||||||
| Finland | Absent, Eradicated | ||||||
| France | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Greece | Present | ||||||
| Hungary | Absent, Eradicated | 1988 | |||||
| Italy | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Sicily | Present | ||||||
| Malta | Present | ||||||
| Moldova | Present | ||||||
| Netherlands | Present | ||||||
| Portugal | Present | ||||||
| -Azores | Present | ||||||
| -Madeira | Present | ||||||
| Russia | Present | ||||||
| Slovenia | Present | ||||||
| Spain | Present | ||||||
| Sweden | Present | ||||||
| Switzerland | Present | ||||||
| Ukraine | Present | ||||||
| United Kingdom | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
| -Channel Islands | Present | ||||||
| -England | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | Present | ||||||
| Bermuda | Present | ||||||
| Canada | Present | ||||||
| -Ontario | Present | ||||||
| -Quebec | Present | ||||||
| Cuba | Present | ||||||
| Curaçao | Present | Original citation: Anon. (1980) | |||||
| Grenada | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Guadeloupe | Present | ||||||
| Martinique | Present | ||||||
| Mexico | Present | ||||||
| Montserrat | Present | ||||||
| Netherlands Antilles | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Present | ||||||
| United States | Present | ||||||
| -Arizona | Present | ||||||
| -California | Present | ||||||
| -Colorado | Present | ||||||
| -Delaware | Present | ||||||
| -Florida | Present | ||||||
| -Georgia | Present | ||||||
| -Hawaii | Present | ||||||
| -Illinois | Present | ||||||
| -Indiana | Present | ||||||
| -Iowa | Present | ||||||
| -Maryland | Present | ||||||
| -Massachusetts | Present | ||||||
| -Michigan | Present | ||||||
| -Mississippi | Present | ||||||
| -Nevada | Present | ||||||
| -New Jersey | Present | ||||||
| -New Mexico | Present | ||||||
| -New York | Present | ||||||
| -North Carolina | Present | ||||||
| -North Dakota | Present | ||||||
| -Ohio | Present | ||||||
| -Oklahoma | Present | ||||||
| -Oregon | Present | ||||||
| -Pennsylvania | Present | ||||||
| -South Carolina | Present | ||||||
| -Texas | Present | ||||||
| -Utah | Present | ||||||
| -Virginia | Present | ||||||
| -Wisconsin | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
| Australia | Present | ||||||
| -New South Wales | Present | ||||||
| -Queensland | Present | ||||||
| -Tasmania | Present | ||||||
| -Victoria | Present | ||||||
| -Western Australia | Present | ||||||
| Fiji | Present | ||||||
| New Caledonia | Present | ||||||
| New Zealand | Present | ||||||
| Vanuatu | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
| Argentina | Present | ||||||
| Brazil | Present | ||||||
| -Goias | Present | Original citation: Da Silva et al., 1988 | |||||
| -Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
| -Pernambuco | Present | ||||||
| -Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
| Chile | Present | ||||||
| French Guiana | Present | ||||||
| Uruguay | Present | ||||||
| Venezuela | Present | ||||||
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of page
A. lycopersici is most often reported as a pest of tomatoes, but utilizes a wide range of Solanaceae, including several crop plants, as secondary hosts. The mites require perennial alternate hosts in order to survive during winter and, as a result of the catastrophic injury they cause to tomato plants, after death of their primary hosts.
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of page| Plant name | Family | Context | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Browallia americana | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | Solanaceae | Other | |
| Convolvulus (morning glory) | Convolvulaceae | Wild host | |
| Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed) | Convolvulaceae | Wild host | |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Datura stramonium (jimsonweed) | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) | Convolvulaceae | Main | |
| Lycopersicon peruvianum | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (currant tomato) | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Solanaceae | Main | |
| Petunia hybrida | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Physalis minima (Sunberry) | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Solanaceae | Main | Negm and Alsharhi () |
| Solanum melongena (aubergine) | Solanaceae | Main | |
| Solanum muricatum (melon pear) | Solanaceae | Other | |
| Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Solanum pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem-cherry) | Solanaceae | Wild host | |
| Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Solanaceae | Main |
Symptoms
Top of page
Members of A. lycopersici feed on the foliage, inflorescence and young fruit of tomato plants causing shrivelling and necrosis of leaves, dropping of flowers, russeting of fruit and, if uncontrolled, death of the plants (Keifer et al., 1982). Feeding by the mites damages epidermal tissue (Royalty and Perring, 1988) and guard cells thereby inhibiting gas exchange and photosynthesis (Royalty and Perring, 1989). The mites cause similar, but usually less severe, injury to related solanaceous crops.
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of page| Sign | Life Stages | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Fruit / lesions: scab or pitting | ||
| Leaves / abnormal forms | ||
| Leaves / abnormal leaf fall | ||
| Leaves / fungal growth | ||
| Leaves / necrotic areas | ||
| Leaves / wilting | ||
| Leaves / yellowed or dead | ||
| Whole plant / early senescence | ||
| Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
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In field situations, airborne adults of A. lycopersici begin to infest tomatoes perennial alternate hosts shortly after transplanting (Bailey, 1942; Michelbacher, 1943; Sloan, 1945; Keifer, 1952; Ramalho, 1978). Females begin to oviposit soon after becoming established on the host, giving rise to a succession of generations (up to seven per growing season) that can develop from egg to adult in as little as 6 or 7 days each under optimum conditions of 26.5°C and 30% RH (Bailey and Keifer, 1943; Anderson, 1954; Wilcox and Howland, 1954; Rice and Strong, 1962; Gerdzhikov, 1968; Jeppson et al., 1975; Osman, 1975; Flechtmann, 1977; Abou-Awad, 1979). Consequently, populations increase rapidly to very high densities with catastrophic impact on the vitality of the host, especially under dry weather conditions (Holdaway, 1941). When the primary host dies, some of the mites are dispersed by wind to nearby alternative hosts where they form overwintering aggregations. In greenhouses, the sources of infestation of young plants are surviving populations of mites on remnants of previous crops of infected plants or mites newly introduced on young plants. Perring (1996) summarized information on the biology of A. lycopersici.
A. lycopersici has been implicated as a vector of the fungal pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii (Cabrera and McCoy, 1984).
A. lycopersici has been implicated as a vector of the fungal pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii (Cabrera and McCoy, 1984).
Natural enemies
Top of page| Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agistemus exsertus | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs | ||||
| Amblyseius victoriensis | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs | ||||
| Euseius concordis | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs | ||||
| Euseius gossipi | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs | ||||
| Hirsutella thompsonii | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs | Cuba | tomatoes | ||
| Homeopronematus anconai | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs | ||||
| Pronematus ubiquitus | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs | ||||
| Scolothrips sexmaculatus | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Nymphs |
Notes on Natural Enemies
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Hessein and Perring (1988) reported predation of A. lycopersici by a tydeid mite Homeopronematus anconai. Osman and Zaki (1986) investigated the predation efficiency of the stigmaeid mite Agistemus exsertus against A. lycopersici. Sabelis (1996) summarized information on reported phytoseiid mite predators of A. lycopersici.
Impact
Top of page
A. lycopersici may cause serious reductions in yield in tomato crops, especially when young plants are exposed to attack. Losses of up to 65% have been reported in situations where young plants have become heavily infested shortly after transplantation (Eschiapati et al., 1975; Oliveira et al., 1982).
Detection and Inspection
Top of page
Field infestations of A. lycopersici are detected by inspecting the foliage of symptomatic plants.
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of page
Eriophyoid mites can be identified with certainty only by examining properly cleared and slide-mounted specimens under high magnification. Members of A. lycopersici resemble members of other species of Aculops, but can be distinguished using the diagnostic character states listed by Keifer (1940), Bailey and Keifer (1943), Lamb (1953a) and Perring and Farrar (1986).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Chemical Control
Approaches have changed from repeated application of broad spectrum insecticides to focused treatment of young plants to prevent establishment of A. lycopersici early in the growing season (Anon., 1934, 1942, 1951, 1972; Morgan, 1935; Cottier and Taylor, 1937; Sloan, 1938, 1941, 1945; Veitch, 1938; Keifer, 1940; Lockwood, 1940, 1942; Pescott, 1940; Planes, 1941; Bailey, 1942; Campbell, 1942a, b; Watson and Tissot, 1942; Bailey and Keifer, 1943; Wilcox and Elmore, 1943; Michelbacher, 1944; Michelbacher et al., 1948, 1950; Wilcox and Howland, 1950, 1954, 1956; Lamb and Jacks, 1952; Tuft and Anderson, 1953; Anderson, 1954; Blanck et al., 1954, 1956; Smith, 1955; Smith and Saunders, 1956, 1960; Rice and Strong, 1962; Tsalev, 1967; Gerdzhikov, 1968; Egashira, 1973; de Sales et al., 1973; Siqueira and Dunham, 1974; Jeppson et al., 1975; Osman, 1975; Hamilton, 1976; Kamau, 1977; Taylor, 1978; Ramalho and Leao-Veiga, 1980; Collingwood et al., 1981; Bourdouxhe and Collingwood, 1982; Vacante, 1982; Maeso and Nunez, 1983; Nunez and Maeso, 1983; Oliveira and Sponchiado, 1983; Perring and Trumble, 1984; Abou-Awad and El-Banhawy, 1985; Daiber, 1985; Perring and Farrar, 1986; Royalty and Perring, 1987; Kay and Shepherd, 1988; da Silva et al., 1988; Haji et al., 1988; Undurraga and Dybas, 1988; Costilla and Barberis, 1990; Baradaran-Anaraki and Daneshvar, 1992).
Of several acaricides tested against A. lycopersici in the field in Australia, dicofol, SLJ0312 (an experimental compound), cyhexatin, azocyclotin and sulprofos were found to be effective (Kay and Shepherd, 1988). Dicofol was recommended to control or prevent infestation of the mite. Royalty and Perring (1987) found avermectin B1 to be more toxic to A. lycopersici than dicofol, and selective doses of avermectin B1 gave good control of the pest without reducing numbers of the beneficial tydeid mite Homeopronematus anconai. Perring (1996) provides a short overview of the control of A. lycopersici.
Biological Control
Chemical methods have progressively been supplemented, especially in greenhouse situations, by increasingly well understood biological control strategies involving predatory phytoseid, stigmaeid and tydeid mites (Bailey and Keifer, 1943; Anderson, 1954; Bravenboer, 1975; Anon., 1977; Abou-Awad, 1979, 1980; de Morales and Lima, 1983; Hessein and Perring, 1986, 1988; Osman and Zaki, 1986; James, 1989; Manzaroli and Benuzzi, 1995; Brodeur et al., 1997). Integrated pest management of A. lycopersici in greenhouses has been reported in a number of recent studies (Berlinger et al., 1988; Arno et al., 1994; Atanasov et al., 1995).
References
Top of pageAnderson LD, 1954. The tomato russet mite in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47:1001-1005
anon, Anon., 1934. Insect pests and their control. Agricultural Gazette, New South Wales, 45:210-215
Anon., 1953. Canadian Insect Pest Report, 31:63.
Anon., 1953. Summary of Insect Conditions - Delaware. Cooperative Economic Insect Report, 3:630.
Anon., 1960. Truck crop insects - tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici - New Mexico. Cooperative Economic Insect Report, 10:946.
Anon., 1961. Report of the Mauritius Department of Agriculture for 1959:50.
Anon., 1972. Tomato mite. Tasmanian Journal of Agriculture, 43:244-245.
Anon., 1973. Tomato mite (Aculus lycopersici). Bulletin, New South Wales Department of Agriculture, IP 56C.
Anon., 1979. The tomato russet mite, new tomato pest. Noticias Agricolas, 8:121-122.
APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA)
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Attiah HH, 1971. New records of Eriophyid mites from Egypt (Acarina). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 54:43-47
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Hatzinikolis E, 1969. Preliminary notes of tetranychoid and eriophyoid mites infesting cultivated plants in Greece. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Acarology, 161-167
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Jalloul A, 1971. List of Plant Pests and Diseases in Lebanon. Cairo, Egypt: FAO Near East Plant Protection Commission
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Lamb KP, 1953. A revision of the gall-mites (Acarina, Eriophiyidae) occurring on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) with a key to the Eriophyidae recorded from solanaceous plants. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 44:343-350
Lamb KP, 1953. Tomato gall mites from Morocco. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 44:401-404
Lamb KP, Jacks H, 1952. Screening trials of acaricides for control of tomato russet mite (Phyllocoptes lycopersici Massee) in the glasshouse. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 34:327-334
Lindquist EE, Sabelis MW, Brun J, 1996. Eriophyoid Mites - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
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Lockwood S, 1940. Field entomology. Bulletin of the California Department of Agriculture, 29:235-241
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