Tetropium fuscum (brown spruce longhorn beetle)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius, 1787)
Preferred Common Name
- brown spruce longhorn beetle
Other Scientific Names
- Callidium fuscum Fabricius, 1787
Local Common Names
- Finland: himmeä kuusijäärä
- Germany: Bock, Brauner Fichten-; Bockkäfer, Brauner Fichten-
- Norway: tofarg. granbarkbukk
EPPO code
- TETOFU (Tetropium fuscum)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Cerambycidae
- Genus: Tetropium
- Species: Tetropium fuscum
Description
Top of pageThe adults are 8-17 mm long. The antennae are thin in T. fuscum, relative to congeners. They terminate beyond the middle of the male elytra, and over the first third of the female elytra (Bílý and Mehl, 1989). The terminal segment of the antennae is pointed in the females and rounded in the males (Cherepanov, 1988). The body of the adult is black, and the antennae, legs and elytra are reddish-brown with a whitish pubescence (Cherepanov, 1988; Bílý and Mehl, 1989). The basal part of the elytra is typically lighter in colour due to this pubescence (Cherepanov, 1988).
The oval eggs are 1 mm long and are white with a tinge of green (Locke, 2001; CFIA, 2003b). The larvae and pupae of Tetropium spp. are difficult to distinguish without technical expertise. The larvae of T. fuscum are whitish and a maximum of 28 mm long. The head capsule is reddish-brown and is a maximum of 3 mm in diameter (CFIA, 2003b). The whitish pupae are 17 mm long and 4 mm wide (Cherepanov, 1988; CFIA, 2003b).
Distribution
Top of pageThere are conflicting reports over the presence of T. fuscum in Siberia, Russia (Cherepanov, 1988; Bílý and Mehl, 1989).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 15 Dec 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
Japan | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Bílý & Mehl, 1989 | ||||
Kazakhstan | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Turkey | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Belarus | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Belgium | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Bulgaria | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Croatia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Czechia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Czechoslovakia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Denmark | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Estonia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Finland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
France | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Germany | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Hungary | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Italy | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Latvia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Lithuania | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Moldova | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Montenegro | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Norway | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Poland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Romania | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Russia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Central Russia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Northern Russia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Southern Russia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Serbia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Slovakia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Slovenia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Sweden | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Switzerland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Ukraine | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
United Kingdom | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | Original citation: Bílý & Mehl, 1989 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present, Localized | Present: only in some areas. | |||||
-British Columbia | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Smith and Humble (2000) | |||||
-New Brunswick | Present | ||||||
-Nova Scotia | Present, Localized | Introduced | 1990 | Invasive | |||
-Quebec | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Smith and Humble (2000) |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Abies (firs) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Larix (larches) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Picea (spruces) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Picea abies (common spruce) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Picea glauca (white spruce) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Picea mariana (black spruce) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Picea orientalis (oriental spruce) | Pinaceae | Unknown | |
Picea pungens (blue spruce) | Pinaceae | Unknown | |
Picea rubens (red spruce) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus (pines) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) | Pinaceae | Unknown |
Symptoms
Top of pageList of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Growing point / dieback | ||
Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
Stems / dieback | ||
Stems / gummosis or resinosis | ||
Stems / internal discoloration | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageAfter 10-14 days, the larvae hatch and begin to tunnel in the cambium and phloem of the tree (CFIA, 2003b). The larvae produce irregular galleries filled with frass in the living bark of the tree for about 2 months. They then tunnel perpendicular to the bark, 2-4 cm into the xylem, to pupate (CFIA, 2003b). Before pupation, the larvae turn 90º from their tunnel for 3-4 cm, resulting in an L-shaped tunnel when a cross-section of the tree is taken (CFIA, 2003b). The larvae overwinter 4 cm beneath the surface of the wood (CFIA, 2003b).
Pupation takes place in an oval pupal chamber in the xylem during the spring, around May (Bílý and Mehl, 1989; Smith and Humble, 2000; CFIA, 2003b). Wood-staining fungi, Ophiostoma spp. (most often Ophiostoma tetropii), are associated with infestations of Tetropium spp. in North America and throughout the world (Smith and Humble, 2000; Jacobs et al., 2003).
The adults eclose after 14 days, and survive for 3 weeks during June, July and August (Bílý and Mehl, 1989; CFIA, 2003a). The females emerge with a full complement of eggs (average of 80 eggs), and do not require a pre-oviposition period, as do many other cerambycids (Smith and Humble, 2000). Throughout much of its range, T. fuscum is univoltine (Bílý and Mehl, 1989).
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Billaea triangulifera | Parasite | |||||
Choerades gilva | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Neoxorides collaris | Parasite | |||||
Rhimphoctona xoridiformis | Parasite |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageMeans of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageCerambycids are generally good fliers, but it is not known how far T. fuscum can disperse.
Movement in Trade
It is believed that T. fuscum has been introduced to the UK from continental Europe (Bílý and Mehl, 1989), and to Canada (Smith and Humble, 2000), from wood packing material or dunnage.
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | arthropods/eggs | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope | |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Wood | arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Solid wood packing material with bark | Softwood (especially Picea) | Yes |
Solid wood packing material without bark | Softwood (especially Picea) | Yes |
Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Loose wood packing material |
Non-wood |
Processed or treated wood |
Impact
Top of pageEnvironmental Impact
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
The early detection of T. fuscum infestations is key to eradication efforts. The only treatment for T. fuscum in natural settings is to remove the infested material, and cutting- and chipping-infested wood. Heat treatment is an effective phytosanitary method to ensure that wood does not contain any live T. fuscum (Mushrow et al., 2004). The solid wood packing material should be heat-treated at 56ºC for at least 30 minutes (CFIA, 2003a).
References
Top of pageCFIA, 2000. Halifax park is under quarantine. News release by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2000/20000530e.shtml.
CFIA, 2003. Entry requirements for wood packaging produced in all areas other than the United States. Plant Health Division, Plant Products Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Nepean, Ontario, Canada. Publication no. D-98-08. http://www.importers.ca/important_03/03_03_28woodpacking.doc.
CFIA, 2003. Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) Brown spruce longhorn beetle. Canadian Food Inspection Agency Data Sheet. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/surv/data/tetfuse.shtml.
Danilevsky ML, 2003. Systematic list of longicorn beetles (Cerambycoidea: Coleoptera) of Europe. http://marilyn.uochb.cas.cz/~natur/cerambyx/list_europe.htm.
IPPC, 2011. First detection of brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius), in New Brunswick. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. CAN-15/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
IPPC, 2013. Update on the Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius), in Nova Scotia, Canada. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. CAN-27/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
Jacobs K; Siefert KA; Harrison KJ; Kirisits K, 2003. Identity and phylogenetic relationships of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with invasive and native Tetropium species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81:316-329.
Lavigne R; Dennis S; Gowen JA, 2000. Asilid literature update, 1956-1976. Laramie, WY, USA: Cooperative Extension Service, University of Wyoming, SM-36.
Locke S, 2001. Brown spruce longhorn beetle Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius). http://www.dal.ca/~dp/webliteracy/projects/beetle/beetle3.html.
NAPPO, 2013. Phytosanitary Alert System: Update on the brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius), in Nova Scotia, Canada. Phytosanitary Alert System: Update on the brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius), in Nova Scotia, Canada. NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=542
Smith GA; Humble LM, 2000. The brown spruce longhorn borer. Victoria, BC, Canada: Exotic Forest Pest Advisory, Natural Resources Canada, Canada Forest Service. http://www.atl.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/index-e/what-e/science-e/entomology-e/bslb-e/exotic-pest.pdf.
Smith GA; Hurley JE, 2000. First North American record of the palearctic species Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The Coleopterist's Bulletin, 54:540.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CFIA, 2003. Entry requirements for wood packaging produced in all areas other than the United States. In: Plant Health Division, Plant Products Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Nepean, Ontario, Canada. Publication no. D-98-08, http://www.importers.ca/important_03/03_03_28woodpacking.doc
Danilevsky ML, 2003. Systematic list of longicorn beetles (Cerambycoidea: Coleoptera) of Europe., http://marilyn.uochb.cas.cz/~natur/cerambyx/list_europe.htm
IPPC, 2011. First detection of brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) in New Brunswick. In: IPPC Official Pest Report, No. CAN-15/1, Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
IPPC, 2013. Update on the Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius), in Nova Scotia, Canada. In: IPPC Official Pest Report, No. CAN-27/1, Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
NAPPO, 2013. Phytosanitary Alert System: Update on the brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius), in Nova Scotia, Canada., NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=542
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