Tridax procumbens (coat buttons)

Pictures

Top of page

Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Flower

Tridax procumbens (coat buttons); flower. Thailand. March 2009.

©Siriporn Zungsontiporn

Seedhead

Tridax procumbens (coat buttons); seedhead. Thailand. April 2006.

©Siriporn Zungsontiporn

Flower

Close-up of flowers and seed head.

©S.D. Sawant

Habit

Tridax procumbens (coat buttons); habit with flowers and seeding heads. Thailand. March 2004.

©Siriporn Zungsontiporn

Habit

Tridax procumbens (coat buttons); habit. Thailand. March 2009.

©Siriporn Zungsontiporn

Habit

T. procumbens plant.

©S.D. Sawant

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

Tridax procumbens L. (1753)

Preferred Common Name

coat buttons

International Common Names

English: p.w.d.weed
Spanish: mata gusano
French: herbe caille (Mauritius)

Local Common Names

Central America: hierba del toro
Australia: Tridax daisy
Brazil: erva-de-touro
Colombia: cadillo chisaca
Germany: Dreibiss, Niederliegender
India: bisalyakarmi; mukkuthipoo
Indonesia: cemondelan; glentangan; gletang; gobesan; katumpang; londotan; orang aring
Japan: kotobukigiku
Madagascar: anganiay
Malaysia: kanching baju
Mexico: flor amarilla
Myanmar: mive sok ne-gya
USA: Tridax daisy

EPPO code

TRQPR (Tridax procumbens)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tridax
Species: Tridax procumbens

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page

The taxonomic status of this species is clearly defined and universally accepted. The name Tridax refers to the three lobes of the ray flowers while procumbens refers to the prostrate, trailing habit of the stems (Holm et al., 1997).

Description

Top of page

Perennial herb with a firm taproot. Branches ascending from a creeping base, brittle, 20-75 cm long. Stem cylindrical, often purplish, sparsely and patently long- and white-pubescent. Leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, herbaceous or somewhat succulent; pinnately nerved, 2.5-6 x 2-4.5 cm, midrib strongly prominent below, both sides sparsely and patently long white-hirsute; petiole concave, long-hairy, 0.8-2.5 cm long. Flower heads terminal and axillary, 2 x 1 cm, erect-patently long-peduncled (10-40 cm), rather sparsely long-hirsute; 3-seriate, 5-9 cm long, base attenuate; outer bracts smallest, foliaceous, green; green; inner ones membraneous, usually purplish-margined; receptacle slightly convex, paleate; paleas linear, subpersistent, 5-8 mm long. Ray flowers 5-6, female; corolla 8-9 mm long with greenish-yellow limb, 3-4 lobed, pale yellow or white; ovary long, white, hairy. Disc flowers numerous, dense, erect, inner flowers numerous, dense, erect, inner ones longest; corolla 6-7.5 mm long, bright yellow, lobes 5; ovary with long white hairs; anthers cuneate, yellow with apical valve, 1.5 mm long; style arms long, acute, pilose. Achenes angular, dark brown to black, densely white long-hairy, 1.8-2.3 mm long, with 15-20 patent, 3-6 mm long rather stiff, feathered, unequal bristles.

The seedling hypocotyl is 1-7 mm long. The two cotyledons are glandular-hairy, green or purplish and have petioles 2-5 mm long. The first two true leaves are glandular-hairy with petioles 2-7 mm long and ovate to lanceolate blades 6-14 by 6-7.5 mm. The midnerve is distinctly prominent on the lower leaf surface (Soerjani et al., 1987).

Distribution

Top of page

T. procumbens originated in Central America but now occurs throughout the tropics and subtropics. It was reportedly introduced into Nigeria as an ornamental in the early 1900s and later spread from there to many other tropical countries (Holm et al., 1997).

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 12 May 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Reference	Notes
Africa
Benin	Present			Lutzeyer and Koch (1992)
Cameroon	Present			Hutchinson et al. (1963) Ngouajio et al. (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present, Localized			Hutchinson et al. (1963) EPPO (2022)
Eswatini	Present			Wells et al. (1986)
Ethiopia	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Gambia	Present			Terry (1981)
Ghana	Present, Localized			Hutchinson et al. (1963) Holm et al. (1979) EPPO (2022)
Kenya	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Madagascar	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Malawi	Present			Banda and Morris (1986)
Mauritius	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1979) EPPO (2022)
Mayotte	Present	Introduced	1884	Seebens et al. (2017)
Morocco	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Mozambique	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1979) EPPO (2022)
Nigeria	Present, Localized			Hutchinson et al. (1963) Gabuin et al. (2014) Famaye et al. (2020) EPPO (2022)
Senegal	Present, Localized			Berhaut (1967) EPPO (2022)
Seychelles	Present			Robertson (1989)
Sierra Leone	Present			Hutchinson et al. (1963)
South Africa	Present, Localized			Wells et al. (1986) EPPO (2022)
Sudan	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1979) EPPO (2022)
Tanzania	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022) Kashina et al. (2002)
-Zanzibar Island	Present			Ivens (1989)
Togo	Present			Pocanam (2007)
Uganda	Present, Localized			Ivens (1989) EPPO (2022)
Zambia	Present			CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Vernon (1983)
Zimbabwe	Present, Localized			Drummond (1984) Seebens et al. (2017) EPPO (2022)
Asia
Bangladesh	Present			Rahman et al. (2008)
Bhutan	Present	Introduced	1965	Seebens et al. (2017)
Cambodia	Present, Localized			Waterhouse (1993) EPPO (2022)
China	Present, Localized			Wang (1990) Seebens et al. (2017) EPPO (2022)
-Yunnan	Present			Zhao JinLi et al. (2008)
Hong Kong	Present	Introduced	1951	Seebens et al. (2017)
India	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1979) Basu and Patro (2007) Dangwal et al. (2011) Sakthivel et al. (2012) Duary and Mukherjee (2013) Kirsur et al. (2014) Devi et al. (2015) Lokeshwari et al. (2015) Nayak and Satapathy (2015) Seebens et al. (2017) EPPO (2022)
-Andhra Pradesh	Present			Maruthi et al. (2005)
-Gujarat	Present			Bhattacharyya and Pandya (1996)
-Karnataka	Present			Sridhara et al. (1995) Lokeshwari et al. (2015)
-Kerala	Present			Devi et al. (1993)
-Madhya Pradesh	Present			Oudhia (2001)
-Maharashtra	Present			Pawar and Barkhede (1991)
-Odisha	Present			Mishra et al. (2003) Basu and Patro (2007) Nayak and Satapathy (2015)
-Punjab	Present			Sidhu and Bir (1987)
-Tamil Nadu	Present			Paliwal and Ilangovan (1988) Sakthivel et al. (2012) Kirsur et al. (2014) Devi et al. (2015)
-Uttar Pradesh	Present			Alam and Anis (1987)
-Uttarakhand	Present			Dangwal et al. (2011)
-West Bengal	Present			Duary and Mukherjee (2013)
Indonesia	Present, Localized			Soerjani et al. (1987) EPPO (2022)
Iran	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Iraq	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Israel	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Japan	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Jordan	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Lebanon	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Malaysia	Present, Localized			Barnes and Chan (1990) EPPO (2022)
Myanmar	Present			Waterhouse (1993) EPPO (2022)
Nepal	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Pakistan	Present			Khalid (1995)
Philippines	Present, Localized			Moody et al. (1984) EPPO (2022)
Singapore	Present	Introduced	1951	Seebens et al. (2017) Waterhouse (1993)
South Korea	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Sri Lanka	Present, Localized			Pemadasa (1976) EPPO (2022)
Taiwan	Present, Localized			Department of Agronomy (1968) Seebens et al. (2017) EPPO (2022)
Thailand	Present, Localized			Noda et al. (1985) Saengyot (2016) EPPO (2022)
Turkey	Present			CABI (Undated a)
Vietnam	Present, Localized			Minh-Si (1969) EPPO (2022)
Europe
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
France	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Italy	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Portugal	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Russia	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Spain	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
North America
Costa Rica	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Cuba	Present			Holm et al. (1997)
Dominican Republic	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1997) EPPO (2022)
El Salvador	Present			Holm et al. (1997)
Guatemala	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Honduras	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1997) EPPO (2022)
Mexico	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Nicaragua	Present			CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Solis & de la Cruz, 1992
Puerto Rico	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1997) EPPO (2022)
Trinidad and Tobago	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1979) EPPO (2022)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
United States	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
-Florida	Present			Westbrooks and Eplee (1988)
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced	1922	Seebens et al. (2017) Holm et al. (1979) EPPO (2022)
Oceania
Australia
-Northern Territory	Present			Braby et al. (2014)
-Queensland	Present			Grice et al. (2004)
Fiji	Present, Localized			Waterhouse (1997) EPPO (2022)
French Polynesia	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
Guam	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
Kiribati	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
New Caledonia	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
New Zealand	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Papua New Guinea	Present, Localized			Henty and Pritchard (1975) EPPO (2022)
Samoa	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
Solomon Islands	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
Tonga	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
Tuvalu	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
Vanuatu	Present			Waterhouse (1997)
South America
Argentina	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Brazil	Present, Localized			Lorenzi (1982) EPPO (2022)
-Goias	Present			Procópio et al. (2006)
-Mato Grosso	Present			Lorenzi (1982)
-Minas Gerais	Present			Bacelar (1994)
-Parana	Present			Lorenzi (1982)
-Sao Paulo	Present			Lorenzi (1982)
Colombia	Present, Localized			Holm et al. (1997) EPPO (2022)
Ecuador	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)
Venezuela	Present, Localized			EPPO (2022)

Habitat

Top of page

T. procumbens occurs in many environments but is particularly well adapted to coarse-textured soils in tropical regions (Holm et al., 1997). It is found at elevations from sea level to over 2000 m, often as a weed of roadsides, waste land, fallow land and crops.

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page

Holm et al. (1997) cite T. procumbens as a weed of 31 crops, however, this is almost certainly an underestimate. A wide range of crop types are infested, including cereals, fibres, legumes, pastures, tree crops and vegetables. Though not associated with waterlogged soils, it occurs in irrigated crops. Most crops have the potential to be infested with T. procumbens when grown within its habitat and geographical range.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Top of page

Plant name	Family	Context	References
Agave sisalana (sisal hemp)	Agavaceae	Main
Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)	Anacardiaceae	Other
Ananas comosus (pineapple)	Bromeliaceae	Other
Arachis hypogaea (groundnut)	Fabaceae	Main
Camellia sinensis (tea)	Theaceae	Other
Capsicum (peppers)	Solanaceae	Other
Citrus	Rutaceae	Other
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee)	Rubiaceae	Other
Corchorus (jutes)	Tiliaceae	Main
Dioscorea alata (white yam)	Dioscoreaceae	Other
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm)	Arecaceae	Other
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)	Rosaceae	Other
Glycine max (soyabean)	Fabaceae	Main
Gossypium (cotton)	Malvaceae	Main
Helianthus annuus (sunflower)	Asteraceae	Other
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)	Euphorbiaceae	Other
Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle)	Malvaceae	Other
Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato)	Convolvulaceae	Other
Mangifera indica (mango)	Anacardiaceae	Other
Manihot esculenta (cassava)	Euphorbiaceae	Main
Morus alba (mora)	Moraceae	Unknown	Kirsur et al. (2014)
Morus nigra (black mulberry)	Moraceae	Other
Musa (banana)	Musaceae	Other
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)	Solanaceae	Other
Oryza (rice (generic level))	Poaceae	Other
Oryza sativa (rice)	Poaceae	Unknown	Devi et al. (2015)
Persea americana (avocado)	Lauraceae	Other
Phaseolus (beans)	Fabaceae	Other
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ngouajio et al. (1997)
Psidium guajava (guava)	Lithomyrtus	Other
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)	Poaceae	Main
Sesamum indicum (sesame)	Pedaliaceae	Other
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)	Solanaceae	Other	Kashina et al. (2002)
Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)	Poaceae	Main
Theobroma cacao (cocoa)	Malvaceae	Other
Triticum aestivum (wheat)	Poaceae	Main
Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)	Fabaceae	Other
Zea mays (maize)	Poaceae	Main	Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013)
Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube)	Rhamnaceae	Other

Biology and Ecology

Top of page

Germination of T. procumbens occurs over a prolonged period and in a variable pattern. In Nigeria, Marks and Nwachuku (1986) found that freshly harvested seeds required light for 100% germination but, after two months of burial in soil, half germinated in darkness. Ogbonnaya (1988) found the highest germination rate (82%) of T. procumbens for seeds on the soil surface under diffuse light. While seeds can germinate when buried at depths of up to 4 cm in the soil, only 6% of those at 1 cm actually emerged and became established (Pemadasa and Kangatharalingam, 1977). Seeds stored in soil for two years gave 7% germination in south Benin (Lutzeyer and Koch, 1992). The pappus on the achene aids water uptake from soil, promoting germination (Pemadasa and Kangatharalingam, 1977). The percentage germination of fresh seed in India was greatest at 30°C and at pH 6 to 8. Synchronous germination of high densities of seedlings results in intra-specific competition and a reduction in subsequent seedling establishment.

Dry weight, plant height and leaf area index of T. procumbens are reduced by shade (Shetty et al., 1982). In Nigeria, seedlings attain maximum increments in height and biomass after 12 weeks, after which the growth rate declines (Ogbonnaya, 1988). T. procumbens forms slender, wavy taproots with many lateral branches (Shetty and Maiti, 1978). The branches are more abundant near the soil surface. Lateral roots angle sharply downward and are important in water and nutrient uptake. T. procumbens is a C3 plant and is a very inefficient user of water; Datta (1959) reports a transpiration coefficient of 1402 compared with 430 for sorghum.

Flowering plants of T. procumbens are found year-round in Sri Lanka (Pemadasa, 1976) but shorter flowering periods are reported for West Africa (Le Bourgeois and Merlier, 1995). In East Africa, flowering occurs 35 to 55 days after emergence, and seeds ripen within 3 weeks of flowering (Popay and Ivens, 1982). T. procumbens is not apomictic and can be either cross- or self-pollinated (Holm et al., 1997). Insect pollinators include thrips, beetles, bees (Ananthakakrishnan et al., 1981) and butterflies (Balasubramanian, 1989). Single plants can produce 500 to 2500 seeds (Pancho, 1964). The pappus is relatively small in comparison to seed weight and is not likely to aid in widespread seed dispersal (Baker, 1965).

Notes on Natural Enemies

Top of page

Symptoms, host range and methods of transmission of Tridax mosaic virus, a mosaic virus disease of T. procumbens in India are described by Shamsher Singh and Verma (1979).

Impact

Top of page

T. procumbens has been recorded at densities as high as 340,000 plants/ha in cassava (Doll et al., 1977), and it is as a competitor with crops that this species has its most serious impact. However, though very common as a weed in East Africa, Ivens (1989) does not consider it to be a serious problem. In India, it can interfere with the harvesting of jute (Holm et al., 1997). Das and Pal (1970) have shown that T. procumbens has an allelopathic effect on rice. It is reported as a host to several crop pests, including root-knot nematodes in India (Upadhyay et al., 1977), an insect (Phalanta phalantha) which defoliates poplar trees in Nigeria (Akanbi, 1971), red spider mite (Tetranychus telarius [Tetranychus urticae]) in India (Choudhury and Mukherjee, 1971), Macrophomina phaseolina in India (Singh et al., 1990), sunflower yellow blotch umbravirus in Kenya (Theuri et al., 1987) and Aphis citricola, a vector of citrus cistreza closterovirus in India (Naidu, 1980). T. procumbens is also an alternate host to the parasitic weed Orobanche in India (Sen, 1981).

Threatened Species

Top of page

Threatened Species	Conservation Status	Where Threatened	Mechanism	References	Notes
Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka)	NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition (unspecified)	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010)
Vigna o-wahuensis (Oahu cowpea)	EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Pest and disease transmission	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011)

Risk and Impact Factors

Top of page

Impact outcomes

Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration

Impact mechanisms

Competition (unspecified)
Pest and disease transmission

Uses

Top of page

T. procumbens can be used for wound healing (Udupa et al., 1991), staunching bleeding (Burkhill, 1985) and treatment of diarrhoea (Burkhill, 1985; Shashi Gupta et al., 1993), backache (Burkhill, 1985) and bronchial catarrh (Ambasta, 1986). Extracts of this weed are reported to inhibit the growth of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Root galling by Meloidogyne incognita is reduced by powdered leaves of T. terrestris mixed in soil (Sharma and Tiagi, 1989) and there is evidence from laboratory tests that juvenile stages of this nematode are killed by leaf extracts (Mani and Chitra, 1989). Essential oils extracted from T. procumbens are reported to have insecticidal activity against Musca domestica, Culex quinquefasciatus, Dysdercus similis and Supella spp. (Pathak and Dixit, 1988). Aqueous extracts inhibit aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus (Ghewande and Nagaraj, 1987) and a petroleum ether extract from flowers protects cowpea seeds from damage by the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (Alam and Anis, 1987). T. procumbens is sometimes used as green feed for poultry in Nigeria (Egunjobi, 1969).

Uses List

Top of page

Animal feed, fodder, forage

Fodder/animal feed

Environmental

Host of pest

Materials

Essential oils
Pesticide

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Source of medicine/pharmaceutical

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Top of page

Though there are many related weeds in the Compositae (Asteraceae) family, T. terrestris has a distinct appearance making it unlikely to be mistaken for any other weed species.

Prevention and Control

Top of page

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Cultural Control

T. procumbens does not have the great powers of regeneration possessed by some other perennial Compositae and can be easily controlled by cultivation and hand pulling (Adams and Baker, 1962; Ivens, 1989).

Chemical Control

Herbicides reported to give control of T. procumbens include ametryne, atrazine, 2,4-D and diuron (Terry, 1983), Avirosan (dimethametryn + piperophos) and oxadiazon in rice (Vernier, 1985), bromacil (Jayachandra and Menon, 1972), metobromuron + metolachlor in cowpea (Olifintoye and Adesiyun, 1989), MCPA and 2,4-D in sisal (Ivens, 1989) and oxyfluorfen in groundnut (Prasad et al., 1987).

References

Top of page

Adams C, Baker H, 1962. Weeds of cultivation and grazing lands. In: Wills J, ed. Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. London, UK: Oxford Press.

Akanbi MO, 1971. The biology, ecology and control of Phalanta phalanta Drury (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), a defoliator of Populus spp. in Nigeria. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Nigeria, 3(1):19-26

Alam MM, Anis M, 1987. Ethno-medicinal uses of plants growing in the Bulandshahr district of northern India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 19(1):85-88

Ambasta SSP, ed. , 1986. The Useful Plants of India. New Delhi, India: Publications and Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Ananthakakrishnan T, Varatharajan R, Gopinathan K, 1981. Pollination in Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. and Tridax procumbens L. (Compositae) by thrips (Thysanoptera: insects). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, Part B, Biological Sciences, 47:159-165.

Bacelar M, 1994. Tridax procumbens L. - Asteraceae - a weed recently recorded in the state of Minas Gerais. Daphne, Revista do Herba^acute~rio PAMG da EPAMIG, 4(2):58-61; 21 ref.

Baker H, 1965. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: Baker H, Stebbins G, eds. The Genetics of Colonising Species. New York, USA: Academic Press, 147-169.

Balasubramanian MV, 1989. Studies on the ecology of butterfly pollination in south India. Annals of Entomology, 7(1):31-41

Banda EA, Morris B, 1986. Common Weeds of Malawi. Lilongwe, Malawi: The University of Malawi.

Barnes DE, Chan G, 1990. Common Weeds of Malaysia and their Control. Shah Alam, Malaysia: Ancom Berhad.

Berhaut J, 1967. Flore du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: Editions Clairafrique.

Bhattacharyya G, Pandya SM, 1996. Distribution studies on exotic weeds of Saurashtra (India). Advances in Plant Sciences, 9:29-32.

Bourgeois Tle, Merlier H, 1995. ADVENTROP. Weeds of sudano-sahelian Africa. ADVENTROP. Les adventices d'Afriques soudano- sahe^acute~lienne., 637 pp.; 6 pp. of ref.

Burkhill HM, 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Vol. I. Families A-D. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.

Choudhury A, Mukherjee A, 1971. Wild plants as alternate hosts of red spider mite, Tetranychus telarius L. (Tetranchidae: Acarina). Indian Journal of Entomology, 33:108-110.

Das T, Pal S, 1970. Effects of volatile substances of aromatic weeds on germination and subsequent growth of rice embryos. Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Bengal, 24:101-103.

Datta S, 1959. Weeds and weed control. Indian Agriculturalist, 3:26-36.

Department of Agronomy, 1968. Weeds found in cultivated land in Taiwan, Volume 2. Taipei, Taiwan: College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University.

Devi LG, Potty NN, Abraham CT, Thomas G, 1993. The weed flora in sugarcane fields of Palghat district. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 31(1):137-139

Devi, M. R., Madhavan, S., Baskaran, A., Thangaratham, T., 2015. Ethno medicinal aspects of weeds from paddy field in Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(11), 1909-1920. http://www.wjpr.net/dashboard/abstract_id/4153

Doll J, Andersen P, Diaz R, 1977. An agro-economic survey of the weeds and weeding practices in cassava in Colombia. Weed Research, 17:153-160.

Drummond RB, 1984. Arable Weeds of Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Agricultural Research Trust of Zimbabwe.

Egunjobi J, 1969. Some Common Weeds of Western Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Bulletin of the Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Ghewande MP, Nagaraj G, 1987. Prevention of aflatoxin contamination through some commercial chemical products and plant extracts in groundnut. Mycotoxin Research, 3:19-24.

Henty EE, Pritchard GH, 1975. Weeds of New Guinea and their Control. Lp, Papua New Guinea: Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bulletin No.7.

Holm L, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho J, Herberger J, 1997. World Weeds. Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DL, 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 391 pp.

Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM, Hepper FN, 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol II. London, UK: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations.

Ivens GW, 1989. East African Weeds and their Control, 2nd edition. Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press.

Jayachandra, Menon V, 1972. Post-emergent control of dicot weeds with bromacil. Current Science, 41(3):120

Kashina, B. D., Mabagala, R. B., Mpunami, A. A., 2002. Reservoir weed hosts of tomato yellow leaf curl Begomovirus from Tanzania. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 35(4), 269-278. doi: 10.1080/03235400216134

Khalid S, 1995. Weeds of Pakistan. Compositae. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council.

Kirsur, M. V., Sakthivel, N., Mahimasanthi, A., Balasaraswathi, S., Bindroo, B. B., 2014. Weed hosts of papaya mealy bug (Paracoccus marginatus) in mulberry ecosystem of Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Sericulture, 53(1), 78-80.

Kurniadie, D., Umiyati, U., 2013. Weed mapping in two corn (Zea mays) production centers in West Java province of Indonesia. In: The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013 [The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013], [ed. by Bakar, B. H., Kurniadie, D., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.]. Bandung, Indonesia: Weed Science Society of Indonesia. 184-190.

Lorenzi H, 1982. Weeds of Brazil, terrestrial and aquatic, parasitic, poisonous and medicinal. (Plantas daninhas de Brasil, terrestres, aquaticas, parasitas, toxicas e medicinais.) Nova Odessa, Brazil: H. Lorenzi, 425 pp.

Lutzeyer HJ, Koch W, 1992. Seed survival and periodicity of seedling emergence of some important weeds in south Benin. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, Sonderheft 13:87-93

Mani A, Chitra KC, 1989. Toxicity of certain plant extracts to Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologia Mediterranea, 17(1):43-44; 3 ref.

Marks MK, Nwachuku AC, 1986. Seed-bank characteristics in a group of tropical weeds. Weed Research (Oxford), 26(3):151-157

Maruthi V, Reddy GS, Vanaja M, Reddy PR, 2005. Alternate weed management strategies in dryland cropping systems. Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development, 20(1):41-45.

Minh-Si H, 1969. Weeds in South Vietnam. Saigon, Vietnam: Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Land Reform and Development of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Mishra PJ, Mishra PK, Biswal S, Panda SK, Mishra MK, 2003. Studies on integrated weed management practices in spring planted sugarcane of coastal Orissa. Indian Sugar, 52(11):925-929; 5 ref.

Moody K, Munroe CE, Lubigan RT, Paller EC Jr, 1984. Major Weeds of the Philippines. Los Baños, Philippines: Weed Science Society of the Philippines, University of the Philippines at Los Baños.

Naidu R, 1980. Aphis citricola van der Goot - a new vector of citrus tristeza virus in India. Current Science, 49(17):668-669

Ngouajio, M., Foko, J., Fouejio, D., 1997. The critical period of weed control in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Cameroon. Crop Protection, 16(2), 127-133. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(96)00085-3

Noda K, Teerawatsakul M, Prakongvongs C, Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.

Ogbonnaya CI, 1988. Aspects of the autecology of Tridax procumbens, a prevalent weed of croplands in southern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Weed Science, 1(2):83-89

Olifintoye JA, Adesiyun AA, 1989. Weed control in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with sethoxydim and Galex. Nigerian Journal of Weed Science, 2(1-2):29-34

Oudhia P, 2001. Common rice weeds used for first aid by Chhattisgarh farmers. Agricultural Science Digest, 21(4):273-274.

Paliwal K, Ilangovan M, 1988. Ecophysiological study of some dominant weeds of semi-arid grazing lands of Madurai. VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Ecologie et la Systematique des Mauvaises Herbes Paris, France: ANPP, 1:229-236l.

Pancho J, 1964. Seed size and production capabilities of common weed species in rice fields of Philippines. Philippines Agriculturalist, 48:307-316.

Pathak AK, Dixit VK, 1988. Insecticidal and insect repellent activity of essential oils of Tridax procumbens and Cyathocline lyrata.. Fitoterapia, 59(3):211-214.

Pawar WS, Barkhede UP, 1991. Weed management in cotton. Journal of Soils and Crops, 1(2):189-190

Pemadasa M, Kangatharalingam N, 1977. Factors affecting germination of some Compositaes. Ceylon Journal of Agricultural Science, 12:157-168.

Pemadasa MA, 1976. Interference in populations of three weed species. Journal of Applied Ecology, 13(3):899-913

Pocanam Y, 2007. A new herbicide of pre-emergence of maize without atrazine in Togo: aclonifene 330 G/L/isoxaflutole 50 G/L. (Un nouvel herbicide de pre-levee du maïs sans atrazine au Togo: aclonifene 330 G/L/isoxaflutole 50 G/L.) In: 20ème Conférence du COLUMA. Journées Internationales sur la Lutte contre les Mauvaises Herbes, Dijon, France, 11-12 décembre, 2007. Paris, France: Association Nationale pour la Protection des Plantes (ANPP), 699-705.

Popay AI, Ivens GW, 1982. East Africa. In: Holzner W, Numata M, eds. Biology and Ecology of Weeds. The Hague, Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 345-372.

Prasad TVR, Narasimha N, Dwarakanath N, Krishnamurthy K, 1987. Efficacy of oxyfluorfen for weed control in irrigated groundnut. International Arachis Newsletter, No.2:9-11

Procópio SO, Menezes CCE, Pires FR, Barroso ALL, Cargnelutti Filho A, Rudovalho MC, Moraes RV, Silva MVV, Caetano JO, 2006. Efficacy of imazethapyr and chlorimuron-ethyl in pre-sowing applications on soybean crop. (Eficácia de imazethapyr e chlorimuron-ethyl em aplicações de pré-semeadura da cultura da soja.) Planta Daninha, 24(3):467-473. http://www.scielo.br/pd

Rahman AHMM, Alam MS, Khan SK, Ferdous Ahmed, Islam AKMR, Rahman MM, 2008. Taxonomic studies on the family Asteraceae (Compositae) of the Rajshahi division. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(2):134-140. http://www.insinet.net/rjabs/2008/134-140.pdf

Robertson SA, 1989. Flowering Plants of Seychelles. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.

Sen DN, 1981. Ecological approaches to Indian weeds. Jodhpur, India; Geobios International.

Shamsher Singh, Verma VS, 1979. Mosaic virus disease of Tridax procumbens L. Ghana Journal of Science, 17(1):89-90

Sharma RK, Tiagi B, 1989. Studies on the efficacy of certain leaf powders against root-knot nematode on pea. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 19:101-102.

Shashi Gupta, Yadava JNS, Tandon JS, 1993. Antisecretory (antidiarrhoeal) activity of Indian medicinal plants against Escherichia coli enterotoxin-induced secretion in rabbit and guinea pig ileal loop models. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 31(3):198-204; 12 ref.

Shetty S, Maiti R, 1978. Some observations on the root system of some tropical dicotyledonous weeds. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 10:41-48.

Shetty SVR, Sivakumar MVK, Ram SA, 1982. Effect of shading on the growth of some common weeds of the semi-arid tropics. Agronomy Journal, 74(6):1023-1029.

Sidhu M, Bir SS, 1987. Weed flora of orchards in Patiala district, Punjab. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 19(1-2):9-19

Singh SK, Nene YL, Reddy MV, 1990. Additions to the host range of Macrophomina phaseolina. Plant Disease, 74(10):828

Soerjani M, Kostermans AJGH, Tjitrosoepomo G, 1987. Weeds of Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Balai Pustaka, 716 pp.

Solis E, Cruz R de la, 1992. Species of weeds of importance in cotton producing areas of Nicaragua. Manejo Integrado de Plagas, No. 26:36-38.

Sridhara S, Nanjappa HV, Thimmegowda S, 1995. Weed flora of mulberry gardens under irrigated conditions of Bangalore, (Karnataka). World Weeds, 2(1):29-32; 2 ref.

St John H, 1976. Additions to the higher flora of Wake Island. Pacific Plant Studies 30. Phytologia, 34:284.

Terry PJ, 1981. Weeds and their control in the Gambia. Tropical Pest Management, 27(1):44-52.

Terry PJ, 1983. Some common crop weeds of West Africa and their control. USAID Regional Food Crop Protection Project Dakar Senegal, 132 pp.

Theuri JM, Bock KR, Woods RD, 1987. Distribution, host range and some properties of a virus disease of sunflower in Kenya. Tropical Pest Management, 33(3):202-207, 250, 254

Udupa SL, Udupa AL, Kulkarni DR, 1991. Influence of Tridax procumbens on lysyl oxidase activity and wound healing. Planta Medica, 57(4):325-327

Upadhyay K, Dwivedi R, Singh G, 1977. Additional hosts of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 7:103.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. In: Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 19 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011. In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Vigna o-wahuensis (no common name). US Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 pp.

Vernier P, 1985. Development of rice culture on aquifers in North Cameroon. An example of technology transfer. Agronomie Tropicale, 40(4):323-336

Vernon R, unda. Field guide to important arable weeds of Zambia. Field guide to important arable weeds of Zambia. Department of Agriculture Chilanga Zambia, 151pp.

Wang ZR, 1990. Farmland Weeds in China. Beijing, China: Agricultural Publishing House.

Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.

Waterhouse DF, 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the southern and western Pacific. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. 93 pp. [ACIAR Monograph No. 44].

Wells MJ, Balsinhas AA, Joffe H, Engelbrecht VM, Harding G, Stirton CH, 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in South Africa. Memoirs of the botanical survey of South Africa No 53. Pretoria, South Africa: Botanical Research Institute.

Westbrooks RG, Eplee RM, 1988. Federal noxious weeds in Florida. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society. Whiteville, USA: USDA-APHIS, 316-321.

Zhao JinLi, Ma YouXin, Zhu Hua, Li HongMei, Liu WenJun, Li ZengJia, 2008. Invasion patterns of seven alien plant species along roadsides in southern mountainous areas of Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science, 16(4):369-380. http://www.biodiversity-science.net/qikan/public/pdfdow_en.asp?xiazailx=A~a.N~&bsid=1039&ag=0&gaohao=08001&houzhui=.htm

Distribution References

Alam M M, Anis M, 1987. Ethno-medicinal uses of plants growing in the Bulandshahr district of northern India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 19 (1), 85-88. DOI:10.1016/0378-8741(87)90139-5

Anon, 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia. [ed. by Soerjani M, Kostermans A J G H, Tjitrosoepomo G]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Balai Pustaka. xvi + 716pp.

Bacelar M, 1994. Tridax procumbens L. - Asteraceae - a weed recently recorded in the state of Minas Gerais. (Tridax procumbens L. - Asteraceae - planta daninha de citação recente para o estado de Minas Gerais.). Daphne, Revista do Herbário PAMG da EPAMIG. 4 (2), 58-61.

Banda EA, Morris B, 1986. Common Weeds of Malawi., Lilongwe, Malawi: The University of Malawi.

Barnes DE, Chan G, 1990. Common Weeds of Malaysia and their Control., Shah Alam, Malaysia: Ancom Berhad.

Basu M, Patro B, 2007. New records of host plants and natural enemies of Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae: Homoptera) from Orissa, India. Journal of Plant Protection and Environment. 4 (2), 74-80.

Berhaut J, 1967. Flore du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: Editions Clairafrique. 485 pp.

Bhattacharyya G, Pandya S M, 1996. Distribution studies on exotic-weeds of Saurashtra (India). Advances in Plant Sciences. 9 (1), 29-32.

Braby M F, Thistleton B M, Neal M J, 2014. Host plants, biology and distribution of Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a new butterfly for northern Australia with potential invasive status. Austral Entomology. 53 (3), 288-297. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)2052-1758

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Dangwal L R, Antima Sharma, Amandeep Singh, Rana C S, Tajinder Singh, 2011. Weed flora of S.R.T. Campus Badshahi Thaul Tehri Garhwal (H.N.B. Garhwal Central University, Uttarakhand), India. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research. 17 (4), 387-396. http://www.wssp.org.pk/174-10.pdf

Department of Agronomy, 1968. Weeds found in cultivated land in Taiwan., 2 Taipei, Taiwan: College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University.

Devi L G, Potty N N, Abraham C T, Thomas G, 1993. The weed flora in sugarcane fields of Palghat district. In: Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 31 (1) 137-139.

Devi M R, Madhavan S, Baskaran A, Thangaratham T, 2015. Ethno medicinal aspects of weeds from paddy field in Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 4 (11), 1909-1920. http://www.wjpr.net/dashboard/abstract_id/4153

Drummond RB, 1984. Arable Weeds of Zimbabwe., Harare, Zimbabwe: Agricultural Research Trust of Zimbabwe.

Duary B, Mukherjee A, 2013. Distribution pattern of predominant weeds in wet season and their management in West Bengal, India. In: The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013 [The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013.], [ed. by Bakar B H, Kurniadie D, Tjitrosoedirdjo S]. Bandung, Indonesia: Weed Science Society of Indonesia. 191-199.

EPPO, 2022. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. 1 pp. https://gd.eppo.int/

Famaye A O, Adeosun S A, Ayegboyin K O, Adejobi K B, Akanbi O S O, Okunade A F, 2020. Evaluation of weed incidence and biomass in coffee intercropped with oil palm in avenue and hollow square arrangement in Nigeria. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 11 (2), 276-284. DOI:10.4236/ajps.2020.112021

Gabuin T G, Abdul S D, Sawa F B, 2014. Preliminary observations on weeds of maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in Bauchi. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 9 (11), 385-388. http://www.arpnjournals.com/jabs/research_papers/rp_2014/jabs_1114_690.pdf

Grice A C, Lawes R A, Abbott B N, Nicholas D M, Whiteman L V, 2004. How abundant and widespread are riparian weeds in the dry tropics of north-east Queensland? In: Weed management: balancing people, planet, profit. 14th Australian Weeds Conference, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, 6-9 September 2004: papers and proceedings. [ed. by Sindel B M, Johnson S B]. Sydney, Australia: Weed Society of New South Wales. 173-175.

Henty E E, Pritchard G H, 1975. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. In: Weeds of New Guinea and their control. Lae, Papua New. Guinea: 180 pp.

Holm L, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho J, Herberger J, 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons. xv + 1129 pp.

Holm L, Pancho J V, Herberger J P, Plucknett D L, 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. New York, Chichester (), Brisbane, Toronto, UK: John Wiley and Sons. xlix + 391 pp.

Hutchinson J, Dalziel J M, Hepper F N, 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume II. London, Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations. xi + 544 pp.

Ivens GW, 1989. East African Weeds and their Control., Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press.

Kashina B D, Mabagala R B, Mpunami A A, 2002. Reservoir weed hosts of tomato yellow leaf curl Begomovirus from Tanzania. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 35 (4), 269-278. DOI:10.1080/03235400216134

Khalid S, 1995. Weeds of Pakistan. Compositae., Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council.

Kirsur M V, Sakthivel N, Mahimasanthi A, Balasaraswathi S, Bindroo B B, 2014. Weed hosts of papaya mealy bug (Paracoccus marginatus) in mulberry ecosystem of Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 53 (1), 78-80.

Lokeshwari D, Kumar N K K, Manjunatha H, 2015. Molecular diversity of the Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae): a potential vector of potyviruses (Potyviridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 108 (4), 621-633. DOI:10.1093/aesa/sav034

Lorenzi H, 1982. Plantas daninhas de Brasil, terrestres, aquaticas, parasitas, toxicas e medicinais. Nova Odessa, Brazil: H. Lorenzi. 425 pp.

Lutzeyer H J, Koch W, 1992. Seed survival and periodicity of seedling emergence of some important weeds in south Benin. (Samenslebensfähigkeit und Periodizität des Auflaufs wichtiger Unkrautarten Süd-Benins.). In: Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz [16th German conference on weed biology and control, held at Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, on 10-12 March 1992.], 87-93.

Maruthi V, Reddy G S, Vanaja M, Reddy P R, 2005. Alternate weed management strategies in dryland cropping systems. Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development. 20 (1), 41-45.

Minh-Si H, 1969. Weeds in South Vietnam., Saigon, Vietnam: Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Land Reform and Development of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Mishra P J, Mishra P K, Biswal S, Panda S K, Mishra M K, 2003. Studies on integrated weed management practices in spring planted sugarcane of coastal Orissa. Indian Sugar. 52 (11), 925-929.

Moody K, Munroe CE, Lubigan RT, Paller EC Jr, 1984. Major Weeds of the Philippines., Los Baños, Philippines: Weed Science Society of the Philippines, University of the Philippines at Los Baños.

Nayak S K, Satapathy K B, 2015. Diversity, uses and origin of invasive alien plants in Dhenkanal district of Odisha, India. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 4 (2), 21-27. http://www.isca.in/IJBS/Archive/v4/i2/4.ISCA-IRJBS-2014-223.pdf

Ngouajio M, Foko J, Fouejio D, 1997. The critical period of weed control in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Cameroon. Crop Protection. 16 (2), 127-133. DOI:10.1016/S0261-2194(96)00085-3

Noda K, Teerawatsakul M, Prakongvongs C, Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand., Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.

Oudhia P, 2001. Common rice weeds used for first aid by Chhattisgarh farmers. Agricultural Science Digest. 21 (4), 273-274.

Paliwal K, Ilangovan M, 1988. Ecophysiological study of some dominant weeds of semi-arid grazing lands of Madurai. In: VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Écologie et la Systématique des Mauvaises Herbes. [VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Écologie et la Systématique des Mauvaises Herbes.], Paris, France: A.N.P.P. 229-236.

Pawar W S, Barkhede U P, 1991. Weed management in cotton. Journal of Soils and Crops. 1 (2), 189-190.

Pemadasa M A, 1976. Interference in populations of three weed species. Journal of Applied Ecology. 13 (3), 899-913. DOI:10.2307/2402265

Pocanam Y, 2007. A new herbicide of pre-emergence of maize without atrazine in Togo: aclonifene 330 G/L/isoxaflutole 50 G/L. (Un nouvel herbicide de pre-levee du maïs sans atrazine au Togo: aclonifene 330 G/L/isoxaflutole 50 G/L.). In: 20ème Conférence du COLUMA. Journées Internationales sur la Lutte contre les Mauvaises Herbes, Dijon, France, 11-12 décembre, 2007. Paris, France: Association Nationale pour la Protection des Plantes (ANPP). 699-705.

Procópio S O, Menezes C C E, Pires F R, Barroso A L L, Cargnelutti Filho A, Rudovalho M C, Moraes R V, Silva M V V, Caetano J O, 2006. Efficacy of imazethapyr and chlorimuron-ethyl in pre-sowing applications on soybean crop. (Eficácia de imazethapyr e chlorimuron-ethyl em aplicações de pré-semeadura da cultura da soja.). Planta Daninha. 24 (3), 467-473. DOI:10.1590/S0100-83582006000300007

Rahman A H M M, Alam M S, Khan S K, Ferdous Ahmed, Islam A K M R, Rahman M M, 2008. Taxonomic studies on the family Asteraceae (Compositae) of the Rajshahi division. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 4 (2), 134-140. http://www.insinet.net/rjabs/2008/134-140.pdf

Robertson S A, 1989. Flowering plants of Seychelles. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. xvi + 327 pp.

Saengyot S, 2016. Predatory thrips species composition, their prey and host plant association in Northern Thailand. Agriculture and Natural Resources. 50 (5), 380-387. DOI:10.1016/j.anres.2015.10.002

Sakthivel P, Karuppuchamy P, Kalyanasundaram M, Srinivasan T, 2012. Host plants of invasive papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Williams and Granara de Willink) in Tamil Nadu. Madras Agricultural Journal. 99 (7/9), 615-619. https://doc-00-7g-docsviewer.googleusercontent.com/viewer/securedownload/dsn1aovipa7l846lsfcf94nedj8q2p4u/qo3phtufamvk9q39umu888pbj4t4kkc6/1348647300000/c2l0ZXM=/AGZ5hq8BgbJY1gwaOYx83cPOdNw6/WkdWbVlYVnNkR1J2YldGcGJud3hNWFJvWlcxaFpISmhjMkZuY21samRXeDBkWEpoYkdwdmRYSnVZV3g4WjNnNk56WmpPREk1WXpBd01XWTNZelZrWkE=?a=gp&filename=99-7-9-615-619.pdf&chan=EQAAAOqeu1nfMdjbyOfMSElqQCfRbAOx1kCMBqnRUfeLUnjy&docid=0508176bd4abbdc3e7017b1a89751bc3%7C9c9df36583445f1fe402a841b5e1963b&sec=AHSqidZmGWqJKVKwfKsaqtFstCH

Seebens H, Blackburn T M, Dyer E E, Genovesi P, Hulme P E, Jeschke J M, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A (et al), 2017. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications. 8 (2), 14435. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14435

Sidhu M, Bir S S, 1987. Weed flora of orchards in Patiala district, Punjab. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 19 (1-2), 9-19.

Sridhara S, Nanjappa H V, Thimmegowda S, 1995. Weed flora of mulberry gardens under irrigated conditions of Bangalore, (Karnataka). World Weeds. 2 (1), 29-32.

Terry P J, 1981. Weeds and their control in the Gambia. Tropical Pest Management. 27 (1), 44-52.

Wang Z R, 1990. Farmland Weeds in China. Beijing, China: Agricultural Publishing House.

Waterhouse D F, 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. v + 141 pp.

Waterhouse D F, 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the southern and western Pacific. In: The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the southern and western Pacific. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). vi + 93 pp.

Wells M J, Balsinhas A A, Joffe H, Engelbrecht V M, Harding G, Stirton C H, 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa incorporating the national weed list of South Africa. Memoirs, Botanical Survey of South Africa. v + 658pp.

Westbrooks RG, Eplee RM, 1988. Federal noxious weeds in Florida. [Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society], Whiteville, USA: USDA-APHIS. 316-321.

Zhao JinLi, Ma YouXin, Zhu Hua, Li HongMei, Liu WenJun, Li ZengJia, 2008. Invasion patterns of seven alien plant species along roadsides in southern mountainous areas of Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science. 16 (4), 369-380. http://www.biodiversity-science.net/qikan/public/pdfdow_en.asp?xiazailx=A˜a.N˜&bsid=1039&ag=0&gaohao=08001&houzhui=.htm DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08001

Distribution Maps

Top of page

You can pan and zoom the map

Save map

Unsupported Web Browser:

One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.

Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.

More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/

Datasheet

Tridax procumbens (coat buttons)

Toolbox