Tridax procumbens (coat buttons)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Impact
- Threatened Species
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Tridax procumbens L. (1753)
Preferred Common Name
- coat buttons
International Common Names
- English: p.w.d.weed
- Spanish: mata gusano
- French: herbe caille (Mauritius)
Local Common Names
- Central America: hierba del toro
- Australia: Tridax daisy
- Brazil: erva-de-touro
- Colombia: cadillo chisaca
- Germany: Dreibiss, Niederliegender
- India: bisalyakarmi; mukkuthipoo
- Indonesia: cemondelan; glentangan; gletang; gobesan; katumpang; londotan; orang aring
- Japan: kotobukigiku
- Madagascar: anganiay
- Malaysia: kanching baju
- Mexico: flor amarilla
- Myanmar: mive sok ne-gya
- USA: Tridax daisy
EPPO code
- TRQPR (Tridax procumbens)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Tridax
- Species: Tridax procumbens
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageThe seedling hypocotyl is 1-7 mm long. The two cotyledons are glandular-hairy, green or purplish and have petioles 2-5 mm long. The first two true leaves are glandular-hairy with petioles 2-7 mm long and ovate to lanceolate blades 6-14 by 6-7.5 mm. The midnerve is distinctly prominent on the lower leaf surface (Soerjani et al., 1987).
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Benin | Present | ||||||
Cameroon | Present | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present, Localized | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present, Localized | ||||||
Eswatini | Present | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
Gambia | Present | ||||||
Ghana | Present, Localized | ||||||
Kenya | Present, Localized | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | ||||||
Malawi | Present | ||||||
Mauritius | Present, Localized | ||||||
Mayotte | Present | Introduced | 1884 | ||||
Morocco | Present | ||||||
Mozambique | Present, Localized | ||||||
Nigeria | Present, Localized | ||||||
Senegal | Present, Localized | ||||||
Seychelles | Present | ||||||
Sierra Leone | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present, Localized | ||||||
Sudan | Present, Localized | ||||||
Tanzania | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Zanzibar Island | Present | ||||||
Togo | Present | ||||||
Uganda | Present, Localized | ||||||
Zambia | Present | Original citation: Vernon (1983) | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present, Localized | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bangladesh | Present | ||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 1965 | ||||
Cambodia | Present, Localized | ||||||
China | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Yunnan | Present | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | Introduced | 1951 | ||||
India | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Gujarat | Present | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Kerala | Present | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | ||||||
-Odisha | Present | ||||||
-Punjab | Present | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Uttarakhand | Present | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present, Localized | ||||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Iraq | Present | ||||||
Israel | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
Jordan | Present | ||||||
Lebanon | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present, Localized | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | ||||||
Nepal | Present, Localized | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present, Localized | ||||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | 1951 | ||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present, Localized | ||||||
Taiwan | Present, Localized | ||||||
Thailand | Present, Localized | ||||||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Vietnam | Present, Localized | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | ||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
Russia | Present, Localized | ||||||
Spain | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Costa Rica | Present, Localized | ||||||
Cuba | Present | ||||||
Dominican Republic | Present, Localized | ||||||
El Salvador | Present | ||||||
Guatemala | Present, Localized | ||||||
Honduras | Present, Localized | ||||||
Mexico | Present, Localized | ||||||
Nicaragua | Present | Original citation: Solis & de la Cruz, 1992 | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present, Localized | ||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present, Localized | ||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present, Localized | ||||||
United States | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | 1922 | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | |||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | ||||||
Fiji | Present, Localized | ||||||
French Polynesia | Present | ||||||
Guam | Present | ||||||
Kiribati | Present | ||||||
New Caledonia | Present | ||||||
New Zealand | Present, Localized | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present, Localized | ||||||
Samoa | Present | ||||||
Solomon Islands | Present | ||||||
Tonga | Present | ||||||
Tuvalu | Present | ||||||
Vanuatu | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | ||||||
Brazil | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Goias | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso | Present | ||||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
Colombia | Present, Localized | ||||||
Ecuador | Present, Localized | ||||||
Venezuela | Present, Localized |
Habitat
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageBiology and Ecology
Top of pageDry weight, plant height and leaf area index of T. procumbens are reduced by shade (Shetty et al., 1982). In Nigeria, seedlings attain maximum increments in height and biomass after 12 weeks, after which the growth rate declines (Ogbonnaya, 1988). T. procumbens forms slender, wavy taproots with many lateral branches (Shetty and Maiti, 1978). The branches are more abundant near the soil surface. Lateral roots angle sharply downward and are important in water and nutrient uptake. T. procumbens is a C3 plant and is a very inefficient user of water; Datta (1959) reports a transpiration coefficient of 1402 compared with 430 for sorghum.
Flowering plants of T. procumbens are found year-round in Sri Lanka (Pemadasa, 1976) but shorter flowering periods are reported for West Africa (Le Bourgeois and Merlier, 1995). In East Africa, flowering occurs 35 to 55 days after emergence, and seeds ripen within 3 weeks of flowering (Popay and Ivens, 1982). T. procumbens is not apomictic and can be either cross- or self-pollinated (Holm et al., 1997). Insect pollinators include thrips, beetles, bees (Ananthakakrishnan et al., 1981) and butterflies (Balasubramanian, 1989). Single plants can produce 500 to 2500 seeds (Pancho, 1964). The pappus is relatively small in comparison to seed weight and is not likely to aid in widespread seed dispersal (Baker, 1965).
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageImpact
Top of pageThreatened Species
Top of pageThreatened Species | Conservation Status | Where Threatened | Mechanism | References | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition (unspecified) | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010) | |
Vigna o-wahuensis (Oahu cowpea) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Pest and disease transmission | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011) |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Competition (unspecified)
- Pest and disease transmission
Uses
Top of pageUses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
Environmental
- Host of pest
Materials
- Essential oils
- Pesticide
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control
T. procumbens does not have the great powers of regeneration possessed by some other perennial Compositae and can be easily controlled by cultivation and hand pulling (Adams and Baker, 1962; Ivens, 1989).
Chemical Control
Herbicides reported to give control of T. procumbens include ametryne, atrazine, 2,4-D and diuron (Terry, 1983), Avirosan (dimethametryn + piperophos) and oxadiazon in rice (Vernier, 1985), bromacil (Jayachandra and Menon, 1972), metobromuron + metolachlor in cowpea (Olifintoye and Adesiyun, 1989), MCPA and 2,4-D in sisal (Ivens, 1989) and oxyfluorfen in groundnut (Prasad et al., 1987).
References
Top of pageAdams C, Baker H, 1962. Weeds of cultivation and grazing lands. In: Wills J, ed. Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. London, UK: Oxford Press.
Ambasta SSP, ed. , 1986. The Useful Plants of India. New Delhi, India: Publications and Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Ananthakakrishnan T, Varatharajan R, Gopinathan K, 1981. Pollination in Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. and Tridax procumbens L. (Compositae) by thrips (Thysanoptera: insects). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, Part B, Biological Sciences, 47:159-165.
Baker H, 1965. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: Baker H, Stebbins G, eds. The Genetics of Colonising Species. New York, USA: Academic Press, 147-169.
Banda EA, Morris B, 1986. Common Weeds of Malawi. Lilongwe, Malawi: The University of Malawi.
Barnes DE, Chan G, 1990. Common Weeds of Malaysia and their Control. Shah Alam, Malaysia: Ancom Berhad.
Berhaut J, 1967. Flore du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: Editions Clairafrique.
Bhattacharyya G, Pandya SM, 1996. Distribution studies on exotic weeds of Saurashtra (India). Advances in Plant Sciences, 9:29-32.
Burkhill HM, 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Vol. I. Families A-D. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Choudhury A, Mukherjee A, 1971. Wild plants as alternate hosts of red spider mite, Tetranychus telarius L. (Tetranchidae: Acarina). Indian Journal of Entomology, 33:108-110.
Das T, Pal S, 1970. Effects of volatile substances of aromatic weeds on germination and subsequent growth of rice embryos. Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Bengal, 24:101-103.
Datta S, 1959. Weeds and weed control. Indian Agriculturalist, 3:26-36.
Department of Agronomy, 1968. Weeds found in cultivated land in Taiwan, Volume 2. Taipei, Taiwan: College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University.
Doll J, Andersen P, Diaz R, 1977. An agro-economic survey of the weeds and weeding practices in cassava in Colombia. Weed Research, 17:153-160.
Drummond RB, 1984. Arable Weeds of Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Agricultural Research Trust of Zimbabwe.
Egunjobi J, 1969. Some Common Weeds of Western Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Bulletin of the Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Ghewande MP, Nagaraj G, 1987. Prevention of aflatoxin contamination through some commercial chemical products and plant extracts in groundnut. Mycotoxin Research, 3:19-24.
Holm L, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho J, Herberger J, 1997. World Weeds. Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM, Hepper FN, 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol II. London, UK: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations.
Ivens GW, 1989. East African Weeds and their Control, 2nd edition. Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press.
Khalid S, 1995. Weeds of Pakistan. Compositae. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council.
Minh-Si H, 1969. Weeds in South Vietnam. Saigon, Vietnam: Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Land Reform and Development of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Moody K, Munroe CE, Lubigan RT, Paller EC Jr, 1984. Major Weeds of the Philippines. Los Baños, Philippines: Weed Science Society of the Philippines, University of the Philippines at Los Baños.
Noda K, Teerawatsakul M, Prakongvongs C, Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.
Pancho J, 1964. Seed size and production capabilities of common weed species in rice fields of Philippines. Philippines Agriculturalist, 48:307-316.
Pawar WS, Barkhede UP, 1991. Weed management in cotton. Journal of Soils and Crops, 1(2):189-190
Pemadasa M, Kangatharalingam N, 1977. Factors affecting germination of some Compositaes. Ceylon Journal of Agricultural Science, 12:157-168.
Robertson SA, 1989. Flowering Plants of Seychelles. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Sen DN, 1981. Ecological approaches to Indian weeds. Jodhpur, India; Geobios International.
Sharma RK, Tiagi B, 1989. Studies on the efficacy of certain leaf powders against root-knot nematode on pea. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 19:101-102.
Shetty S, Maiti R, 1978. Some observations on the root system of some tropical dicotyledonous weeds. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 10:41-48.
St John H, 1976. Additions to the higher flora of Wake Island. Pacific Plant Studies 30. Phytologia, 34:284.
Terry PJ, 1981. Weeds and their control in the Gambia. Tropical Pest Management, 27(1):44-52.
Upadhyay K, Dwivedi R, Singh G, 1977. Additional hosts of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 7:103.
Wang ZR, 1990. Farmland Weeds in China. Beijing, China: Agricultural Publishing House.
Wells MJ, Balsinhas AA, Joffe H, Engelbrecht VM, Harding G, Stirton CH, 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in South Africa. Memoirs of the botanical survey of South Africa No 53. Pretoria, South Africa: Botanical Research Institute.
Westbrooks RG, Eplee RM, 1988. Federal noxious weeds in Florida. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society. Whiteville, USA: USDA-APHIS, 316-321.
Distribution References
Banda EA, Morris B, 1986. Common Weeds of Malawi., Lilongwe, Malawi: The University of Malawi.
Barnes DE, Chan G, 1990. Common Weeds of Malaysia and their Control., Shah Alam, Malaysia: Ancom Berhad.
Berhaut J, 1967. Flore du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: Editions Clairafrique. 485 pp.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Department of Agronomy, 1968. Weeds found in cultivated land in Taiwan., 2 Taipei, Taiwan: College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University.
Drummond RB, 1984. Arable Weeds of Zimbabwe., Harare, Zimbabwe: Agricultural Research Trust of Zimbabwe.
Ivens GW, 1989. East African Weeds and their Control., Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press.
Khalid S, 1995. Weeds of Pakistan. Compositae., Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council.
Minh-Si H, 1969. Weeds in South Vietnam., Saigon, Vietnam: Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Land Reform and Development of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Moody K, Munroe CE, Lubigan RT, Paller EC Jr, 1984. Major Weeds of the Philippines., Los Baños, Philippines: Weed Science Society of the Philippines, University of the Philippines at Los Baños.
Noda K, Teerawatsakul M, Prakongvongs C, Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand., Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.
Terry P J, 1981. Weeds and their control in the Gambia. Tropical Pest Management. 27 (1), 44-52.
Wang Z R, 1990. Farmland Weeds in China. Beijing, China: Agricultural Publishing House.
Westbrooks RG, Eplee RM, 1988. Federal noxious weeds in Florida. [Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society], Whiteville, USA: USDA-APHIS. 316-321.
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