Triumfetta rhomboidea (diamond burbark)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Triumfetta rhomboidea
Preferred Common Name
- diamond burbark
Other Scientific Names
- Bartramia angulata Lam.
- Bartramia crispifolia Stokes
- Bartramia glandulosa Lam.
- Bartramia indica L.
- Bartramia lappago Gaertn.
- Bartramia rhombifolia Stokes
- Triumfetta glandulosa Lam.
- Triumfetta indica Lam.
- Triumfetta mollis Schumach. & Thonn.
- Triumfetta rhombeifolia Sw.
- Triumfetta riparia Hochst.
- Triumfetta trilocularis Roxb.
- Triumfetta vahlii Poir.
- Triumfetta velutina Vahl
International Common Names
- English: bur bush; bur weed; burr bush; burr weed; Chinese burr; hibiscus burr; triumfetta weed
- Spanish: cadillo
- French: herbe à paniers; herbe panier; hérisson blanc
Local Common Names
- American Samoa: manutofu; mautofu; mautofu vao
- Bangladesh: banokra; bon okra
- Brazil: amor do campo
- China: ci shuo ma
- Cook Islands: piripiri; purumu; vavai tara tita
- Cuba: guizazo de cochino
- Dominican Republic: cadillo chiquito; cadillo de burro,; cadillo de perro,
- East Africa: mchokochole; mchokochore; mfyokochore
- Fiji: joan ne pija; nggatima; nggatima ni vavalangi; qatima
- French Polynesia: aunehu; pilipili; pipili; piri piri; piripiri; piripiri takato; puehu; puehu pua pipii; punehe; punehu; punehu haoe; punehu haoé; pununehu; toceto; toketo; urio
- Guam: dadangsi; masiksik lahe
- India: agra; akra; bankathuthara; bon okhra; bun-ochra; chiki; chikti; chiriyari; horu-agra; kadu bende; karottai; oorpam; ottarai; ottu pullu; ottukayal
- Indonesia: galopang; pungpurutan
- Indonesia/Java: sukupan
- Jamaica: paroquet bur
- Kenya: murinda ungurue
- Lesser Antilles: mahot-cousin
- Malaysia: champadang; pulut-pulut
- Mayotte: pakavoa
- Micronesia: sacawer
- Myanmar: katsine-galay
- Nepal: bhende kuro; dalle kurro
- Niue: mosipo; motipo
- Pakistan: chikti
- Papua New Guinea: gavana; siponi
- Philippines: balanggót; bulagun; kollo-kolot; kolo-kolót; kulot-kulótan; kulutkulutan; moropoto; sauag-caballo
- South Africa: klitsbossie; tshimbvumbvu
- Thailand: po yumyuu; seng
- Tonga: mo‘osipo
- Trinidad and Tobago: cousine mahoe
- Vietnam: đay ké; gai đầu hình thoi; ké đay vàng; ké hoa vàng
- Zambia: mundambi; sindambe
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea is an environmental and agricultural weed widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. It is a competitive shrub species that disperses by means of its epizoochorous burs, and can become invasive in pastures and disturbed areas where it can form dense stands. It has been listed as invasive in Cuba, Mayotte, India, Australia, American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Niue, Tonga and Wallis and Futuna.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Tiliaceae
- Genus: Triumfetta
- Species: Triumfetta rhomboidea
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageTriumfetta is the second largest genus of the subfamily Grewioideae in the Malvaceae. It comprises about 150 species distributed throughout tropical America, Africa, Asia and Australia (Lay, 1950; Bayer and Kubitzky, 2003). Triumfetta was previously included in the Tiliaceae, and can still be found in the literature under this family. However, based on phylogenetic studies, the genera of the former Tiliaceae are now included in several subfamilies of Malvaceae sensu lato. The majority of genera were moved to the Grewioideae, while other genera have been transferred to Brownlowioideae, Dombeyoideae, Tilioideae, and other families (Brunken and Muellner, 2012).
Triumfetta is in the tribe Apeibeae, and is sister to the neotropical genus Heliocarpus (Brunken and Muellner, 2012). The genus honors Giovanni Battista Triumfetti, a 17th century Italian physician and botanist. Many species of Triumfetta are weeds (Bayer and Kubitzky, 2003), which appears to be related to the presence of animal-dispersed, spiny fruits.
Triumfetta rhomboidea was originally described as Bartramia indica by Linnaeus, who later transferred it to the genus Triumfetta, but failed to make the correct combination of Triumfetta indica (L.) L., instead calling it T. bartramia. This combination cannot be made now because the epithet in Triumfetta is occupied by T. indica Lam. Therefore, Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. is the earliest available legitimate name for this species (Bornstein, 1989).
Description
Top of pageThe following description is adapted from Lay (1950), Halford (1997) and Raju and Rani (2017):
Shrub 1-2 m high, sparingly to much-branched. Branches often reddish-brown, moderately to densely stellate-tomentose, with or without simple hairs. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules triangular, 1-6 mm long; petiole 2-9 cm long, stellate-tomentose, sometimes also with simple hairs; blade typically broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate, obscurely to distinctly 3-lobed, 4-13 × 3-11 cm, acute to abruptly acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, the margins irregularly serrate, 3-5-palminerved, discolorous, glabrate with few scattered stellate hairs to moderately pubescent on both surfaces, with or without simple hairs. Inflorescence a cyme of 3-5 cymules, axillary, often forming terminal interrupted spiciform inflorescences by reduction of subtending leaves; peduncles 1-4 mm, bracts narrowly ovate, 3-4 mm long, pedicels 1-4 mm. Flowers hermaphrodite; sepals 5, free, linear, deeply cucullate, each with a short appendage at the apex, 4-7 × 1-2 mm, yellow or becoming reddish, stellate-pubescent to glabrescent outside, glabrous inside; petals 5, linear-obovate, 3-6 × 1.5-3 mm, yellow, ciliate on margin; androgynophore very short, ca. 0.3 mm long, bearing 5 small suborbicular glands, crowned by a ciliate urceolus surrounding the stamens; stamens 10-15, free, 3-5 mm long, yellow; ovary covered with uncinate spinules, style filiform, 3-6 m long, yellow. Fruit a dry, globose, indehiscent capsule, rarely ovoid-globose, 2-4-loculate, covered with many (75-100) spines, the body 3-4 mm in diam., cinereous-tomentose with stellate hairs, the spines uncinate, glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 mm long. Seeds 2-4 (1 per locule), ovoid, 1.5-2 x 1-1.5 mm, glabrous
Distribution
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea is a pantropical weed reported from more than 100 countries. The place of origin of T. rhomboidea is uncertain. It has been considered as either native to tropical America (Lay, 1950; Reddy, 2008; Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012), or to the Old World tropics (Smith, 1981; Motooka, 2003).
It is common in South America and in the Caribbean, but it is rare in Central America and North America where it is regarded as introduced (Lay, 1950). It is very widespread in continental Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Angola | Present | Native | |||||
Benin | Present | Native | |||||
Botswana | Present | Native | |||||
Burkina Faso | Present | Native | |||||
Burundi | Present | Native | |||||
Cabo Verde | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | ||||
Cameroon | Present | Native | |||||
Central African Republic | Present | Native | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Native | |||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | Native | |||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Native | |||||
Egypt | Present | Native | |||||
Equatorial Guinea | Present | Native | |||||
Eritrea | Present | Native | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Native | |||||
Gabon | Present | Native | |||||
Gambia | Present | Native | |||||
Ghana | Present | Native | |||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | Native | |||||
Kenya | Present | Native | |||||
Liberia | Present | Native | |||||
Madagascar | Present | Native | |||||
Malawi | Present | Native | |||||
Mali | Present | Native | |||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | Potentially invasive | ||||
-Rodrigues | Present | Introduced | Potentially invasive | ||||
Mayotte | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Mozambique | Present | Native | |||||
Namibia | Present | Native | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Native | |||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | Potentially invasive | ||||
Rwanda | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Helena | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | ||||
São Tomé and Príncipe | Present | Native | |||||
Senegal | Present | Native | |||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | ||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Native | |||||
South Africa | Present | Native | |||||
Sudan | Present | Native | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Native | |||||
Togo | Present | Native | |||||
Uganda | Present | Native | |||||
Zambia | Present | Native | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Native | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Native | |||||
Bhutan | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Cambodia | Present | Native | |||||
China | Present | Native | |||||
-Fujian | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | |||||
Hong Kong | Present | Introduced | 1851 | As: Triumfetta rhomboidea | |||
India | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | ||||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Assam | Present | ||||||
-Bihar | Present | ||||||
-Gujarat | Present | ||||||
-Haryana | Present | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Kerala | Present | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Naturalized | |||
-Maharashtra | Present | ||||||
-Odisha | Present | ||||||
-Punjab | Present | ||||||
-Rajasthan | Present | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-West Bengal | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | |||||
-Java | Present | Native | |||||
Japan | Present | Native | Ryukyu Islands | ||||
-Ryukyu Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Laos | Present | Native | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | |||||
Myanmar | Present | Native | |||||
Nepal | Present | Native | |||||
Pakistan | Present | Native | |||||
Philippines | Present | Different sources report as native or introduced | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | ||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Native | |||||
Thailand | Present | Native | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Native | |||||
Yemen | Present | Native | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Native | |||||
Belize | Present | Introduced | |||||
Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba | |||||||
-Sint Eustatius | Present | Native | |||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Native | Tortola, Virgin Gorda | ||||
Cuba | Present | Different sources report as either native or as introduced and invasive | |||||
Dominica | Present | Native | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Native | Infrequent | ||||
Grenada | Present | Native | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Native | |||||
Haiti | Present | Native | Infrequent | ||||
Jamaica | Absent, Formerly present | Rare and not recently collected | |||||
Martinique | Present | Native | |||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present | Native | Saba | ||||
Nicaragua | Present, Few occurrences | Known from one collection from Playas de mar, Rio San Juan | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present | Native | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Native | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | St. Croix | ||||
United States | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | 1910 | Invasive | Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii | ||
Oceania |
|||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | ||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Mild invasive | |||
Federated States of Micronesia | |||||||
-Pohnpei | Present | Introduced | |||||
Fiji | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
French Polynesia | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Moderately invasive | |||
Guam | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Caledonia | Present, Widespread | Introduced | 1983 | Invasive | Very common weed | ||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Norfolk Island | Present | Introduced | 1980 | Naturalized | |||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Babeldaob | ||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | |||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | |||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Vanuatu | Present | Introduced | Important locally | ||||
Wallis and Futuna | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | Beni, Santa Cruz | ||||
Brazil | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Acre | Present | Native | |||||
-Alagoas | Present | Native | |||||
-Amazonas | Present | Native | |||||
-Bahia | Present | Native | |||||
-Distrito Federal | Present | Native | |||||
-Goias | Present | Native | |||||
-Mato Grosso | Present | Native | |||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present | Native | |||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Native | |||||
-Paraiba | Present | Native | |||||
-Parana | Present | Native | |||||
-Pernambuco | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Native | |||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Native | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Native | |||||
Colombia | Present | Native | Magdalena | ||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | Guayas | ||||
French Guiana | Present | Native | |||||
Guyana | Present | Native | |||||
Paraguay | Present | Native | Amambay, San Pedro | ||||
Peru | Present | Native | Junin, Loreto, San Mart?n | ||||
Venezuela | Present | Native | Bolivar |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageThe earliest name, Bartramia indica, was described from Sri Lanka in 1753, whereas T. rhomboidea was described in 1760 from the Caribbean, indicating that this species was already present in both hemispheres by the middle of the 18th century.
Triumfetta rhomboidea is generally considered as a recent introduction in Australia and the Pacific islands (Halford 1997; Smith, 1981). First records for French Polynesia and Hawaii are from 1877 and 1910, respectively (Florence, 2004; Motooka, 2003). By 1980-1983 it was reported in Norfolk Island and New Caledonia (Gargominy et al., 1996; Flora of Australia Online, 2018).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, and thus further spread is likely considering that this species takes advantage of disturbance and that its spiny fruits can be easily transported in clothing and in the fur of animals.
Habitat
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea grows in a wide range of habitats, typically in disturbed sites including cultivated fields, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, woodland margins, forest clearings and open hillsides. It can be a very persistent weed in agricultural areas, but has a minor impact as an invasive in undisturbed ecosystems (McCormack, 2007). It can be found from sea level to 2750 m (Whitehouse et al., 2001).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageReported as a weed in rice (Oryza sativa) in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines (Moody, 1989). In Brazil it is a weed in maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata; da Silva et al., 2018).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Main | |
Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Other |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Chromosome numbers reported for T. rhomboidea are 2n=32 and 2n=48 (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2020)
Reproductive Biology
The small yellow flowers of T. rhomboidea are visited and pollinated by bees, butterflies and wasps. In southeastern India, the bees include: Apis dorsata, A. cerana, A. florea, Tetragonula iridipennis, and Halictus sp. Butterflies include the hesperiid Borbo cinnara, and the lycaenids Castalius rosimon, Discolampa ethion, Neopithecops zalmara, Chilades lajus and Jamides celeno. The wasps belonged to the genus Stizus (Raju and Rani, 2017).
An individual plant produces ca. 470 flowers. The flowers open in the afternoon (13:00-14:00 h), and close in the evening of the same day. They produce relatively abundant pollen, but only traces of nectar. The total protein content per 1 mg of pollen is 333.3 µg. The floral parts, except the ovary and style, fall off in the morning of the third day of anthesis (Raju and Rani, 2017).
As is common in many weed species, T. rhomboidea is self-compatible and capable of autogamy. In a pollination study, no differences in fruit set were observed between flowers covered with bags and the control (55% vs. 57%, respectively) (Shivanna, 2014).
Raju and Rani (2017) reported a very high natural fruit set (95%) in southeast India. The fruits mature within two weeks and change from green to dark brown when completely ripe. The seeds disperse within the fruits and are released upon decomposition of the pericarp (Raju and Rani, 2017).
Physiology and Phenology
In Australia, T. rhomboidea flowers and fruits more or less throughout the year, but mainly in March to July (Halford, 1997). In America, flowering and fruiting has been reported from July to November (Lay, 1950), and in West Africa from August-December (Bosch, 2012).
In Southeast India, where this species behaves as an annual, the plants emerge with the first rains of June, flower and fruit during September-January, and disappear in February (Raju and Rani, 2017).
Longevity
Annual and perennial forms have been recorded for this species (Halford, 1997).
Environmental Requirements
Triumfetta rhomboidea has a predominantly tropical distribution, although its native range also extends into the subtropical region. It is a very adaptable species capable of growing in a variety of soil types and environmental conditions. It has been reported to tolerate extreme coal-smoke pollution (Iqbal et al., 2009).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
BS - Steppe climate | Tolerated | > 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
31 | 29 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 10 | 30 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 15 | 37 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 5 | 23 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 750 | 4000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- impeded
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- shallow
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea is susceptible to the following fungal pathogens, which cause various damages on leaves: Cercospora triumfettae-rhomboideae, Pseudocercospora triumfettae, Pseudocercospora triumfettigena, Ramularia triumfettae, Corynespora trichoides, Pseudoidium tirumalense, Passalora abscondita, Phyllosticta stevensii, Pucciniosira pallidula, Irenopsis coronata, Odium sp. and Phomopsis sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2018).
The larvae of the nymphalid butterfly Junonia orithya feed on leaves and flowers of this species. The damaged flowers fall before developing into fruits, thus reducing reproductive success (Raju and Rani, 2017).
Other insects that have been reported to use T. rhomboidea as host plant are: the cotton stem weevil Pempherulus affinis (Ayyar, 1940), the cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Nagrare et al., 2012), the cotton stainer Dysdercus cardinalis (Tengecho, 1994), and the nymphalid butterflies Acraea serena and Acraea viviana (Pierre and Bernaud, 1999; Jiggins et al., 2003).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageVector Transmission (Biotic)
Triumfetta rhomboidea disperses by animals (including humans). The small fruits are covered with hooked spines that adhere to the hair of animals and are thus transported to new locations (Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001; Raju and Rani, 2017).
Accidental Introduction
Triumfetta rhomboidea may be accidentally transported via clothing and fur of livestock, or as a contaminant in wool (Wells et al., 1986).
Intentional Introduction
This species is used at local level only, and thus intentional, international introduction, is unlikely.
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animal production | Burs attach to animals’ fur | Yes | Raju and Rani (2017) | |
Disturbance | A weed of disturbed sites | Yes | Lay (1950) | |
Harvesting fur, wool or hair | Burs can be transported as a contaminant in wool | Yes | Yes | Wells et al. (1986) |
Medicinal use | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine | Yes | Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Burs attach to clothing | Yes | Yes | Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
Hides, trophies and feathers | Burs can be transported as a contaminant in wool | Yes | Yes | Wells et al. (1986) |
Livestock | Burs attach to animals’ hair | Yes | Yes | Raju and Rani (2017) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive and negative |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Human health | Positive |
Economic Impact
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea is listed among the major weeds of agriculture in the southern and western Pacific (Waterhouse, 1997), and as a common weed in rice (Oryza sativa) in south and Southeast Asia (Moody, 1989). Since plants are woody at the base and strong rooting, they are very difficult to remove (McCormack, 2007).
Environmental Impact
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea is a competitive species that invades pastures and disturbed areas in forests. It can form almost pure stands preventing the establishment of native species (Wells et al., 1986; Motooka, 2003).
Social Impact
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea can grow forming dense stands and become a nuisance to people and livestock in pastures and forest sites where these plants abound (Motooka, 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Tolerant of shade
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts cultural/traditional practices
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Damages animal/plant products
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Rapid growth
- Produces spines, thorns or burrs
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Difficult to identify/detect in the field
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageEconomic Value
The stems of T. rhomboidea yield a strong, jute-like fiber that has been used for making rope, string, ties, thread and fishing nets (Pasqualet, 1926; Bosch, 2012). The species was at one time cultivated in Malawi (Bosch, 2012) and Cuba (Fuentes Fiallo, 1999) for fiber production.
Social Benefit
Triumfetta rhomboidea is widely used in traditional African and Asian medicine to treat a broad range of illnesses (Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001; Bosch, 2012; Quattrocchi, 2012). The leaves are commonly used as emollient for treating burns, eczema, scabies, skin infections and snakebites (Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001; Bosch, 2012). A decoction of the plant in rice water is taken to treat diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea and high blood pressure. The decoction of the roots is used for internal ulcerations (Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001). The roots are also used to treat conjunctivitis and as pain-killer against headache, toothache and circumcision wounds (Bosch, 2012). The fruits and pounded roots are believed to facilitate childbirth (Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001).
Phytochemical analyses have reported the presence of a number of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, polysterols, triterpenes, polyphenols, alkaloids and tannins (Uche and Okunna, 2009; Devmurari et al., 2010). Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of different parts of the plant have shown to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory (Uche and Okunna, 2009), lactogenic (Sahoo et al., 2016), antibacterial (Devmurari et al., 2010), antioxidant and antitumor activity (Sivakumar et al., 2010).
The leaves and roots are consumed as a cooked vegetable. The stems are a source of mucilage used to make soups and sauces, and to prepare a food for babies and young children not yet able to eat coarse starchy foods. This mucilaginous soup is often the first dish given to women who have given birth (Bosch, 2012).
The plant is also used as fodder (Roothaert and Franzel, 2001; Bosch, 2012). In some African countries, the leaves are fed to horses to treat constipation and worms (Bosch, 2012).
Triumferol (4-hydroxyisoxazole), a plant growth regulator that inhibits seed germination, was isolated from this species (Kusumi et al., 1981).
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
Human food and beverage
- Emergency (famine) food
- Gum/mucilage
- Vegetable
Materials
- Fibre
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
- Veterinary
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageTriumfetta rhomboidea is extremely variable in leaf shape and in the density of its indumentum, and can therefore be confused with several other Triumfettas, often with T. semitriloba and T. pentandra. It can be distinguished by the deeply cucullate sepals, and by the stellate tomentum on the fruit surface along with the glabrous spines, which are constant characters throughout its range (Lay, 1950).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control and Sanitary Measures
Triumfetta rhomboidea propagates by means of its epizoochorous burs, and therefore sanitary measures and control before the plants set seeds are critical to prevent its spread (Motooka, 2003).
Chemical Control
Triumfetta rhomboidea is sensitive to foliar drizzle applications of dicamba, picloram and probably triclopyr (Motooka, 2003).
References
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Distribution References
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Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
African plants database | http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=148931 | |
Triumfetta rhomboidea PIER | http://www.hear.org/pier/species/triumfetta_rhomboidea.ht | |
Triumfetta rhomboidea PROTA4U | https://www.prota4u.org/database/protav8.asp?g=pe&p=Triumfetta+rhomboidea+Jacq. | |
US National Plant Germoplasm System | https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?40661 |
Contributors
Top of page07/04/18 Original text by:
Dr. Fabiola Areces-Berazain, Herbarium UPRRP, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras
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