Typha domingensis (southern cattail)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Threatened Species
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Typha domingensis Pers., 1807
Preferred Common Name
- southern cattail
Other Scientific Names
- Typha angustata Bory & Chaubard
- Typha angustifolia var. dominguensis (Pers.) Hemsl., 1885
- Typha australis Schmach. & Thonn.
- Typha tenuifolia Kunth, 1815
- Typha truxillensis Kunth
International Common Names
- English: cumbungi; narrowleaf cumbungi
- Spanish: chuspata; espadaña; espanda; tul; tule
- French: massette; quenouilles
- Arabic: bardî; bût; dâdî; tîfâ
- Portuguese: tabua-estreita
Local Common Names
- Brazil: capim-de espeira; espadana; landim; paineira-do-brejo; painha-de-flexa; partarana; taboa
- Germany: Suedlicher Rohrkolben
EPPO code
- TYHDO (Typha domingensis)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageT. domingensis can spread prolifically by rhizomes after seedlings establish in disturbed vegetation, often forming monotypes that reduce wetland plant and animal diversity. The species thrives under eutrophic conditions and artificially stabilized hydroperiods, but in undisturbed, low-nutrient wetlands, T. domingensis often grows sparsely and does not appear to reduce diversity. T. domingensis is economically important in many regions as a weaving material, but when invasive, the species can replace other valuable plant commodities. Short-term Typha control is provided by cutting, burning, or grazing, each followed by flooding, or herbicide, but re-growth from rhizomes and a vast soil seed-bank complicate eradication.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Typhales
- Family: Typhaceae
- Genus: Typha
- Species: Typha domingensis
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageTypha is a cosmopolitan genus of emergent wetland macrophytes, containing anywhere from 8-13 species, and requiring taxonomic revision (Smith, 1987). Typha spp. often hybridize, perpetuating taxonomic confusion. Smith (1987) suggests that the pan-tropical species Typhadomingensis Pers. should be treated in a broad sense, and should include the synonyms T. angustata Bory & Chaubard, T. australis K. Schum. & Thonner, T. brownii Kunth, T. javanica Schnizl., and T. grossheimii Pobed. In North America and Australia, T. domingensis has commonly been mis-identified as T. angustifolia (Finlayson et al., 1983; Smith, 1987). See Institute for Systematic Botany (2008) for a comprehensive list of synonyms. Common names often refer to multiple species within the genus. See Burkhill (2000) for an extensive list of West-African common names.
Description
Top of pageT. domingensis is a rhizomatous perennial emergent wetland macrophyte. Ramets (culms) range from 1-6 m tall (Denny, 1985b) and consist of numerous slender, linear, distichous leaves with a sheathing base that emerge vertically from a central meristem. Ramets often produce a single, erect, monoecious flowering stem consisting of a staminate spike above a pistillate spike. At maturity, ramets can collapse from wind, or under their own weight (S Hall, University of Wisconsin, USA, personal communication, 2008). Rhizomes often measure several centimeters in diameter and produce abundant adventitious roots. Smith (1967, 2000) distinguished T. domingensis from similar species primarily on the basis of pistillate spike characters. T. domingensis is characterized by: pistillate bracteoles pale to light brown, slightly exceeding pistil hairs in mature spikes; pistil hair apices colorless to orange; stigmas linear to lanceolate, slightly exceeding bracteoles in mature spikes; pistillate spikes at anthesis cinnamon to light-brown, darkening slightly at maturity; monad pollen; staminate bracteoles (scales) straw to orange-brown colored; mucilage glands present on the adaxial surface of leaf sheathes and adjacent blades. Leaves are 6-18 mm wide, mature pistillate spikes are 13-26 mm wide, and the pistillate and staminate spikes are separated by a gap of 0-8 cm. Some quantitative macroscopic characters including spike width, gap length between pistillate and staminate spikes, and leaf width are useful, but are too variable for conclusive identification, which depends on the above microscopic floral characteristics. Finlayson et al. (1985) combined measurements of the gap between male and female inflorescences with the length and diameter of the female inflorescences to distinguish T. domingensis from T. orientalis in Australia.
Distribution
Top of pageBecause T. domingensis is sometimes confused with other species of Typha, especially T. angustifolia, and because numerous synonyms exist, adequately assessing its distribution is difficult. T. domingensis sensu lato inhabits wetlands in tropical, sub-tropical, and Mediterranean climates in the Americas, Eurasia, the Middle East, and Africa. The species is probably present in most of tropical and sub-tropical Africa (Thompson, 1985; CJBVG and CANBI, 2008), as well as most of the Caribbean, the Middle East, and some Pacific islands, but some countries lack accessible and comprehensive plant distribution data; the distribution table is a conservative and under-representative estimate. Chakraborty (1996) reports T. angustata (presumably T. domingensis) from northern India. In North America, T. domingensis inhabits both coasts and much of the southern United States, including arid zones of the Great Plains and Great Basin (Smith, 1967).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | Native | |||||
Benin | Present | Native | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Native | Lake Chad | ||||
Chad | Present | Native | Lake Chad | ||||
Egypt | Present | Native | Nile River Delta | ||||
Eritrea | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Ethiopia | Present, Widespread | Native | Tigray, Gondar, Welo, Shewa, Gamu Gofa, Hararge | ||||
Ghana | Present | Native | Invasive | Ashanti Region, Barakese dam | |||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | Native | |||||
Kenya | Present | Native | Lake Victoria | ||||
Libya | Present | Native | |||||
Malawi | Present | Native | |||||
Mali | Present | Native | |||||
Mauritania | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Morocco | Present | Native | |||||
Namibia | Present, Widespread | Native | (T. australis) | ||||
Niger | Present | Native | Lake Chad | ||||
Nigeria | Present | Native | |||||
Senegal | Present | Native | |||||
Seychelles | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Somalia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
South Africa | Present | Native | |||||
Sudan | Present | Native | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Native | Lake Victoria, Rukwa, Singida | ||||
-Zanzibar Island | Present | Native | |||||
Tunisia | Present | Native | |||||
Uganda | Present | Native | Lake Victoria | ||||
Western Sahara | Present | Native | |||||
Zambia | Present | Native | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
India | Present, Widespread | Native | (T. angustata) | ||||
-Haryana | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | (T. angustata) | |||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present, Widespread | Native | (T. angustata) | ||||
-Manipur | Present, Widespread | Native | (T. angustata) | ||||
-Odisha | Present | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present, Widespread | Native | (T. angustata) | ||||
Indonesia | Present | ||||||
Iran | Present | Native | |||||
Iraq | Present | Native | (T. angustata) | ||||
Israel | Present | Native | |||||
Jordan | Present | Native | |||||
Lebanon | Present | Native | (T. angustata) | ||||
Pakistan | Present | Native | |||||
Philippines | Present | Native | |||||
Saudi Arabia | Present | Native | |||||
Syria | Present | Native | (T. angustata) | ||||
Turkey | Present | Native | |||||
Yemen | |||||||
-Socotra | Present | Introduced | 1993 | ||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | Native | |||||
Bulgaria | Present | Native | |||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | Native | |||||
France | Present | Native | |||||
-Corsica | Present | Native | |||||
Greece | Present | Native | |||||
Italy | Present | Native | |||||
Portugal | Present | Native | |||||
-Azores | Present | Introduced | 1974 | ||||
Russia | Present | Native | |||||
-Southern Russia | Present | Native | |||||
Spain | Present | Native | |||||
-Balearic Islands | Present | Native | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Bahamas | Present | Native | |||||
Belize | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | ||||
Bermuda | Present | Native | |||||
Cayman Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Costa Rica | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste, Limon, Puntarenas | |||
Cuba | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Fraga and Kvet (1993) | ||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Native | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | Ahuachapan, La Libertad | ||||
Guatemala | Present | Native | |||||
Haiti | Present | Native | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | |||||
Jamaica | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Mexico | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | Altiplano lakes of Central Mexico, coastal wetlands of the Yucatán Peninsula and Gulf of Mexico, Chiapas | |||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | |||||
Panama | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Native | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | |||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Native | |||||
-Arizona | Present | Native | |||||
-Arkansas | Present | Native | |||||
-California | Present | Native | |||||
-Colorado | Present | Native | |||||
-Delaware | Present, Localized | Native | Coastal regions, does not flower. | ||||
-Florida | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Purportedly introduced | ||||
-Illinois | Present, Localized | Native | Power plant cooling pond | ||||
-Kansas | Present | Native | |||||
-Kentucky | Present | Native | |||||
-Louisiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Maryland | Present | Native | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | Native | |||||
-Missouri | Present | Native | |||||
-Nebraska | Present | Native | |||||
-Nevada | Present | Native | |||||
-New Mexico | Present | Native | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Native | |||||
-Oregon | Present | Native | |||||
-South Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-Texas | Present | Native | |||||
-Virginia | Present | Native | |||||
-Wyoming | Present, Localized | Native | In a hot spring | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | ||||||
-New South Wales | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Northern Territory | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Queensland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-South Australia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Tasmania | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Victoria | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Western Australia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | 1911 | ||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Native | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Native | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | |||||
Brazil | Present | Native | |||||
-Bahia | Present | Native | |||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Native | |||||
-Para | Present | Native | |||||
-Parana | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Native | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Native | |||||
Chile | Present | Native | |||||
Colombia | Present | Native | Antioquia, Bolivar, Huila | ||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | |||||
Guyana | Present | Native | |||||
Paraguay | Present | Native | Central, Chaco, Cordillera | ||||
Peru | Present | Native | Amazonas, Ancash, Cajamarca, Lima | ||||
Suriname | Present | Native | |||||
Uruguay | Present | Native | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Native | Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Portuguesa |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageFew instances of long-distance introduction have been reported, but these could be obscured by taxonomic confusion. T. domingensis may be introduced in Hawaii (USDA, 2008). In many cases, Typha appears to have expanded locally within regions where it was already present as a result of anthropogenic habitat modification and/or cultural change (e.g. Finlayson et al., 1983; Beare and Zedler, 1987; Urban et al., 1993; Hall, 2008).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageT. domingensis appears to occupy much of its potential habitat range worldwide, but as anthropogenic modification of tropical wetlands continues, it will continue to invade at the local and regional scale in habitats where stabilized, nutrient-rich, low-salinity water is present. Other aggressive Typha species (e.g. T. x glauca) are likely to be more problematic as invaders in temperate climates.
Habitat
Top of pageT. domingensis is present in many wetland community types, including marshes, groundwater-fed fens, shrub- carr, lakeshores, and estuaries, as well as anthropogenic habitats where soil is periodically flooded (roadside ditches, irrigation canals, fields, storm-water retention basins). Freshwater inflows allow T. domingensis to invade salt marshes (Beare and Zedler, 1987). T. domingensis is most dominant in wetlands with artificially prolonged hydroperiods and nutrient-rich water (Findlayson et. al, 1983; Beare and Zedler, 1987; Urban et al., 1993; Nicol and Ganf, 2000). T. domingensis grows on fine organic mud and silt, peat, and also sand and gravel (Finlayson et al., 1983), as well as on alkaline soil (Denny, 1985a).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brackish | Inland saline areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Brackish | Inland saline areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Principal habitat | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Littoral | Mud flats | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Mud flats | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Littoral | Intertidal zone | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Salt marshes | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Irrigation channels | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Lakes | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Lakes | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Freshwater | Reservoirs | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Freshwater | Ponds | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Ponds | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Brackish | Estuaries | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Brackish | Estuaries | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Brackish | Lagoons | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Brackish | Lagoons | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural | |
Marine | Inshore marine | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Marine | Inshore marine | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageT. domingensis can invade the margins of rice fields and lacustrine cornfields (Sykes 1981, cited in Finlayson et al., 1983; Hall, 2008).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Oryza sativa | Main | ||
Zea mays subsp. mays (sweetcorn) | Poaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageT. domingensis readily hybridizes with other sympatric species of Typha. T. domingensis x latifolia has mostly abortive pollen and low seed set, while T. angustifolia x domingensis (reported in France and California) is highly fertile and can form hybrid swarms (Geze, 1912, cited in Smith, 1987; Smith, 1967). T. domingensis, T. latifolia, and T. angustifolia share n=15 chromosomes (Smith, 1967). T. domingensis shows ecotypic variation for a number of traits, including salt tolerance, germination temperature, time of flowering, height, rhizome proliferation, and rhizome number (McNaughton, 1966). Because of the worldwide distribution of T. domingensis, quantitative data presented here will likely vary widely among regional ecotypes.
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
BS - Steppe climate | Preferred | > 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation | |
BW - Desert climate | Preferred | < 430mm annual precipitation | |
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climate | Preferred | Average temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°C | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
40 | 40 | 0 | 0 |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- impeded
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- other
- saline
- shallow
- sodic
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageHerbivory is common but variable. In Australia, kangaroos, rodents, and water birds lightly graze T. domingensis, while water buffalo can cause heavy damage (Finlayson et al., 1983). In Africa, large herbivores do not extensively feed on T. domingensis, despite its abundance (Howard-Williams and Gaudet 1985). In Costa Rica and elsewhere throughout Latin America, cattle heavily graze T. domingensis (McCoy et al., 1994). Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) can eliminate entire stands of Typha spp. through herbivory, at least in temperate climates (Kadlec et al., 2007). Barreto et al. (2000) mention a variety of fungal pathogens, although none have been extensively studied in the field. A variety of insects feed on T. latifolia and T. angustifolia. Lepidopteran larvae often inhabit inflorescences, while noctuid caterpillars and coleoptera attack leaves, stalks, and sometimes rhizomes (Grace and Harrison, 1986).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crop production | Seeds attach to mud on agricultural implements. | Yes | Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) | |
Disturbance | Seedlings establish in disturbed vegetation. | Yes | Finlayson et al. (1983) | |
Hitchhiker | Achenes with hairs attach to humans and animals. | Yes | Yes | Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
Interbasin transfers | Achenes and rhizomes disperse with water currents. | Yes | Grace and Harrison (1986); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) | |
Interconnected waterways | Achenes and rhizomes disperse with water currents. | Yes | Grace and Harrison (1986); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) | |
Self-propelled | Achenes with hairs are wind-dispersed. | Yes | Krattinger (1975) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Achenes with hairs. | Yes | Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) | |
Host and vector organisms | Achenes adhere to fish scales. | Yes | Krattinger (1975) | |
Water | Achenes with hairs, rhizomes. | Yes | Grace and Harrison (1986); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) | |
Wind | Achenes with hairs. | Yes | Yes | Krattinger (1975) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageT. domingensis can interfere with agriculture in wet areas. With the adoption of year-round rice cropping in Australia, T. domingensis invaded fields and decreased yields by 5% (Sykes 1981, cited in Finlayson et al., 1983). In central Mexico’s Lake Pátzcuaro, T. domingensis can invade low-lying cornfields. This species also tends to replace the bulrush Schoenoplectus californicus, a valuable species traditionally used to weave mats (Hall, 2008). In southern Mexico, T. domingensis invades wetlands used for horse pasture, and replaces valuable fodder (S Hall, University of Wisconsin, USA, personal communication, 2009). In lacustrine wetlands, T. domingensis can interfere with fishing and water transportation (Mitchell, 1985).
Environmental Impact
Top of pageImpact on Habitats
Threatened Species
Top of pageThreatened Species | Conservation Status | Where Threatened | Mechanism | References | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (Fiordland crested penguin) | VU (IUCN red list: Vulnerable); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Puerto Rico | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013) |
Social Impact
Top of pageTypha invasion can reduce opportunities for waterfowl hunting and viewing, and decrease the aesthetic value of natural areas by lowering biodiversity, for example, in Costa Rica’s Palo Verde National Park (McCoy et al., 1994).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Reproduces asexually
- Has high genetic variability
- Altered trophic level
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Infrastructure damage
- Modification of hydrology
- Modification of natural benthic communities
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts cultural/traditional practices
- Negatively impacts livelihoods
- Negatively impacts aquaculture/fisheries
- Reduced amenity values
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Soil accretion
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Transportation disruption
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Hybridization
- Rapid growth
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult to identify/detect in the field
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of page
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
- Forage
Environmental
- Boundary, barrier or support
- Erosion control or dune stabilization
- Wildlife habitat
General
- Ritual uses
- Sociocultural value
- Souvenirs
Human food and beverage
- Food additive
Materials
- Baskets
- Fertilizer
- Fibre
- Green manure
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageT. domingensis often grows with T. latifolia, T. angustifolia, T. orientalis. Floral characters of these species, summarized from Smith (1967, 2000), are described below. See Smith (2000) for descriptions of hybrids.
T. latifolia is characterized by: absence of pistillate bracteoles; broad stigmas (ovate to lanceolate); compound pedicels long, soft, and slender (1.5-3.5 mm), visible after flowers are removed from the spike axis; pistillate spikes green at anthesis, black at maturity; pistil hairs linear, colorless; staminate bracteoles colorless; tetrad pollen. Pistillate and staminate spikes are normally contiguous, and mature pistillate spikes (24-36 mm) and leaves (10-29 mm) are wider than in other species.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Prevention
Prevention is difficult given Typha’s prolific seed production and rhizome expansion. Reducing anthropogenic disturbance of soil and vegetation could reduce establishment, but disturbance by animals can still create germination sites, even in protected wetlands. Maintaining natural hydrology, salinity, and nutrient levels could reduce the density and spread of Typha after it establishes. Maintaining consistently high water levels (> 1.2 m) in managed wetlands could prevent establishment from seed (Ivens, 1967).
References
Top of pageAl-Rawi A, 1968. Wild plants of Iraq with their distribution. Technical Bulletin, 14
Baker JG, 1877. Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles. London, UK: L. Reeve & Co
Breedlove DE, 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Florísticos de México, 4: 1-246
Burkill HM, 2000. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens
Krattinger K, 1975. Genetic mobility in Typha. Aquatic Botany, 1(1):57-70
McVaugh R, Koch SD, 1993. Typhaceae. Flora Novo-Galiciana, 13:441-449
Morton JF, 1975. Cattails (typha spp.) - weed problem or potential crop? Economic Botany, 29(1):7-29
Post GE, 1933. Flora of Syria, Palestine, and Sinai, vol. 2. Beirut, Lebanon: American Press
Smith LM, Kadlec JA, 1985. Fire and herbivory in a Great Salt Lake marsh. Ecology, 6(1):259-265
Standley PC, Steyermark JA, 1958. Typhaceae. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Botany, 24(1):63-67
White F, 1983. The vegetation of Africa. Natural Resources Research, UNESCO
Distribution References
Al-Rawi A, 1968. Technical Bulletin, Baghdad, Iraq: Iraq Ministry of Agriculture.
Baker J G, 1877. Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles. London, UK: L. Reeve & Co.
Brako L, Zarucchi J L, 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. 1286 pp.
Breedlove D E, 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Florísticos de México, Vol. 4. 246 pp.
Burkill H M, 2000. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
CABI Data Mining, Undated. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
D'Arcy W G, 1987. Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. 328 pp.
Foster R C, 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. 223 pp.
Jørgensen P M, León-Yánez S, 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. 1182 pp.
McVaugh R, Koch S D, 1993. Typhaceae. In: Flora Novo-Galiciana, Vol. 13. 441-449.
Post G E, 1933. Flora of Syria, Palestine, and Sinai, Vol. 2. Beirut, Lebanon: American Press.
Standley P C, Steyermark J A, 1958. Flora of Guatemala: Typhaceae. Fieldiana, Botany. 24 (1), 63-67.
White F, 1983. The vegetation of Africa. Natural Resources Research, UNESCO. 356 pp.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Missouri Botanical Garden Tropicos Database | http://www.tropicos.org |
Contributors
Top of page29/04/08 Original text by:
Steven Hall, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/