Typha angustifolia (lesser bulrush)

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Inflorescence

Thin, cylindrical spikes of male and female flowers of T. angustifolia.

©K.J. Murphy

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Typha angustifolia L.

Preferred Common Name

lesser bulrush

International Common Names

English: lesser reedmace; narrowleaf cattail
Spanish: abea; espadaña; junco de la pasion
French: massette a feuilles etroites
Portuguese: taboa; tabua-estreita

Local Common Names

Argentina: totora
Australia: cumbungi
Belgium: kleine Lisdodde
Brazil: taboa
Colombia: enea
Dominican Republic: enea
Germany: Schmalblaettriger Rohrkolben
Indonesia: purun
Italy: stiancia minore
Japan: himegama; hime-gama
Malaysia: banat
Netherlands: kleine Lisdodde
Philippines: balangot
Thailand: kok chaang; thoup susi
Uruguay: totora
Venezuela: enea
Vietnam: co nen; thuy huong

EPPO code

TYHAN (Typha angustifolia)

Summary of Invasiveness

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T. angustifolia is distributed throughout the temperate northern hemisphere, occurring in at least 56 countries. There is some dispute over its native distribution. The Kew Database regards the species as native to both the Palearctic and Nearctic but the USDA Plants Database gives its status in the USA as introduced. Most reports of problems come from Eurasia and North America. It is not listed (in 2007) as a noxious weed on either the US Federal, nor any state listing, although it is included in some state manuals for control of invasive plants (e.g. Wisconsin). It is a competitive species occurring in aquatic to wetland habitats, primarily considered a nuisance in North America where it invades and displaces other, less competitive, wetland and emergent species, causing loss of biodiversity. Otherwise, its impact is generally low, and often as part of a mixed community of native species causing overgrowth of drainage channels.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Typhales
Family: Typhaceae
Genus: Typha
Species: Typha angustifolia

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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The taxonomy of Typhaceae is somewhat complex. Some authorities combine Typha angustifolia with Typha domingensis, under the former name, but both the USDA Plants Database, and the Kew Index separate the two species (Chambers et al., 2008), and only T. angustifolia, sensu stricto, is dealt with here. Some workers have suggested that T. angustifolia was early introduced from Europe into Atlantic Coastal North America and migrated westward (Stuckey and Salamon, 1987). In South America Fernández et al. (1990), consider T. domingensis to be a separate species, and isoenzyme studies by Sharitz et al. (1980) on North American material provide further evidence for this. At least eight other species are commonly recognized, although only three of these (Typha javanica, Typha orientalis and Typha elephantina are serious causes of weed problems (Sainty and Jacobs, 1988; Gopal, 1990).

Species of Typha are known to hybridize (Stace, 1975) and ecotype formation is common, particularly in Typha latifolia (Grace and Wetzel, 1983).

Description

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T. angustifolia is a slender perennial aquatic emergent plant, growing to 3 m tall, but usually smaller. It has branched creeping rhizomes, 2-4 cm in diameter, commonly 70 cm or even longer, with dense fibrous root masses occurring at the base of stems and at rhizome nodes. Stems are unbranched and round with long (60-80 cm), linear leaves, 3-12 mm wide and deep green. Leaves are strongly planoconvex, numbering <10 per stem, sheathing at the base, and commonly overtopping the inflorescence. The inflorescence is a thin, dense crowded cylindrical spike of male flowers (brown to yellowish) above a similar spike of female flowers (reddish to dark brown), with a gap of approximately 10 mm between the two. Very large numbers of small pendulous seeds, with a straight, narrow embryo are produced.

Distribution

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T. angustifolia is distributed throughout the temperate northern hemisphere, occurring in at least 56 countries (Holm et al., 1997; Chambers et al., 2008). There is some dispute over its native distribution. The Kew Database regards the species as native to both the Palearctic and Nearctic but the USDA Plants Database gives its status in the USA as introduced. Most reports of problems come from Eurasia and North America. It is not listed (in 2007) as a noxious weed on either the US Federal, nor any State listing, although it is included in some state manuals for control of invasive plants (e.g. Wisconsin: Hoffman and Kearns, 1997).

Anderson (1990) reported T. angustifolia as a weed species throughout the southwestern USA, whereas species of Typha also caused problems in the northwestern states. In general, with the exception of Florida, Typha weeds appear to cause fewer problems in the eastern USA (Steward, 1990).

According to the Kew Database, records from the following countries are highly likely to be T. domingensis: Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, Australia, Micronesia (K Murphy, University of Glasgow, UK, personal communication, 2007).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 17 Feb 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Congo, Republic of the	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Egypt	Present		Holm et al. (1991)
Ghana	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Kenya	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Morocco	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Ennabili et al. (1998)
Mozambique	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Sudan	Present, Widespread		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Tanzania	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Uganda	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Asia
Afghanistan	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Cambodia	Present		Moody (1989) Waterhouse (1993)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
China	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)	Manchuria and north-central China
-Inner Mongolia	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Jiangsu	Present		Ye Chun et al. (2008)
-Shanxi	Present		Wu YuZhen and Zhang Feng (2006)
-Xinjiang	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Georgia	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)	Given in Kew database as 'Transcaucasus'
India	Present		Moody (1989)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Indonesia	Present		Moody (1989)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Iran	Present		Bischof (1971) Holm et al. (1991)
Israel	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Japan	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Nishihiro et al. (2004)
Jordan	Present		Holm et al. (1991)
Kazakhstan	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Laos	Present		Waterhouse (1993)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Lebanon	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Malaysia	Present		Moody (1989) Waterhouse (1993)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Nepal	Present		Moody (1989) CABI (Undated)
Philippines	Present		Waterhouse (1993)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Singapore	Present		Waterhouse (1993)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
South Korea	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Lee DoJin et al. (2001) Kim Changkyun et al. (2003)
Sri Lanka	Present		Moody (1989)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Syria	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Taiwan	Present	Native	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: eFlorasorg (2009)
Tajikistan	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Thailand	Present		Waterhouse (1993)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Turkey	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Uzbekistan	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Vietnam	Present		Waterhouse (1993)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Europe
Albania	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Austria	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Belarus	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Belgium	Present		Dethioux (1981) Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Bulgaria	Present		Yurukova and Kochev (1993) Chambers et al. (2008)
Czechoslovakia	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Denmark	Present		Hald-Mortensen (1982) Chambers et al. (2008)
Estonia	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Finland	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008) Horppila and Nurminen (2001)
France	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Ibañez et al. (1999) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Corsica	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Germany	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Greece	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Hungary	Present, Widespread		Holm et al. (1991) Szabo et al. (2002) Somodi and Botta-Dukát (2004) Chambers et al. (2008)
Ireland	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Italy	Present, Widespread		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Sardinia	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Sicily	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Latvia	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Lithuania	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Netherlands	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Coops et al. (2004) Chambers et al. (2008)
Norway	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Often (1998) Chambers et al. (2008)
Poland	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008) Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz et al. (2011)
Portugal	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Romania	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Stefan (1998) Chambers et al. (2008)
Russia	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Labutina et al. (1995) Vekhov (2000) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Siberia	Present	Native	Kovács et al. (1996) Chambers et al. (2008)
Serbia	Present	Native	Konstantinovic and Meseldzija (2005)	Drainage channels
Slovakia	Present		Hrivnak et al. (2001)	Ipel River
Spain	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008) CABI (Undated)
Sweden	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Switzerland	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Ukraine	Present		Gorbik (1988) Tsyusko et al. (2006) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Crimea	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
United Kingdom	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Linton and Goulder (2003) Chambers et al. (2008)
North America
Bahamas	Present		Britton and Millspaugh (1920)
Belize	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Bermuda	Present		Britton (1918)
Canada	Present		Anderson (1990)
-British Columbia	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Manitoba	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-New Brunswick	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Nova Scotia	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Ontario	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Prince Edward Island	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Quebec	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
-Saskatchewan	Present	Native	Chambers et al. (2008)
Costa Rica	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Cuba	Present		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
Dominican Republic	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Jamaica	Present		Azan and Webber (2007)	Black River wetlands: together with invasive T. domingensis
Mexico	Present		Holm et al. (1991) Chambers et al. (2008)
Puerto Rico	Present		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
United States	Present		Waterhouse (1993)
-Alabama	Present		Anderson (1990)
-Arizona	Present		Anderson (1990)
-Arkansas	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-California	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Colorado	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Connecticut	Present		Holm et al. (1991) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Delaware	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Florida	Present		CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Steward (1990)
-Hawaii	Present		Anderson (1990)
-Idaho	Present		Anderson (1990)
-Illinois	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Indiana	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Iowa	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Kansas	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Kentucky	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Louisiana	Present, Localized		USDA-NRCS (2007)
-Maine	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Maryland	Present	Native	Steury (1999) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Massachusetts	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Michigan	Present		Holm et al. (1991) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Minnesota	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Missouri	Present		USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Montana	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007)
-Nebraska	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Nevada	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-New Hampshire	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-New Jersey	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-New Mexico	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-New York	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-North Carolina	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-North Dakota	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Ohio	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Oklahoma	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Oregon	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Pennsylvania	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Rhode Island	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-South Carolina	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-South Dakota	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Tennessee	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Texas	Present		Anderson (1990)
-Utah	Present		Anderson (1990)
-Vermont	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Virginia	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Washington	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-West Virginia	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Wisconsin	Present	Native	USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
-Wyoming	Present		Anderson (1990) USDA-NRCS (2007) Chambers et al. (2008)
Oceania
Australia	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Federated States of Micronesia	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Fiji	Present		Holm et al. (1991)
South America
Argentina	Present, Widespread		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
Bolivia	Present		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
Brazil	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
-Sao Paulo	Present		Martins et al. (2009)
Chile	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Colombia	Present		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
Ecuador	Present, Widespread		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
Peru	Present, Widespread		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
Suriname	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis
Uruguay	Present		CABI (Undated)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis; Original citation: Fernández et al. (1990)
Venezuela	Present		Holm et al. (1991)	Highly likely to be T. domingensis

Habitat

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T. angustifolia is a plant of temperate drainage and irrigation channels, associated reservoir and pond systems, navigation canals, and natural freshwater and wetland systems (lakes, rivers, ponds, topogenous and soligenous mires, fens and other marsh systems). Because of its clonal growth pattern and high competitive ability, it tends to form monodominant stands in suitable habitats for growth. The related species T. latifolia occupies very similar habitats, but tends to be replaced by T. angustifolia in waters >15 cm deep (Grace and Wetzel, 1982). The optimal water depth is 11-25 mm, and neither species survives in water deeper than 60-80 cm under normal conditions. Neither plant is very tolerant of salinity, and only slightly more than mildly brackish conditions are tolerated (e.g. Crain et al., 2004). Salinity levels of even 1% causes leaf damage to T. latifolia, although there is some North American evidence that T. angustifolia is slighter more salt-tolerant than T. latifolia (Fossett and Calhoun, 1952). These observations match the known distribution of the two species in the UK (Grime et al., 1988). The plants prefer a soil pH of >5.5, and are absent from more acidic soils.

Habitat List

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Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Freshwater	Irrigation channels	Principal habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Freshwater	Lakes	Principal habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Freshwater	Reservoirs	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Freshwater	Rivers / streams	Principal habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Freshwater	Ponds	Principal habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Brackish	Estuaries	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)

Biology and Ecology

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T. angustifolia is a competitive species (Grime et al., 1988), occurring in aquatic to wetland habitats. Weisner (1993) provided evidence to show that under productive (eutrophic) conditions, T. angustifolia has a competitive edge over T. latifolia, displacing the latter in the long term. More recent work has confirmed this, especially at high latitudes in North America, with precise outcomes dependent upon the balance of solar radiation and nutrient availability to competing populations of the two species (Tanaka et al., 2004). A high competitive ability for T. angustifolia has also been demonstrated in tidal wetlands of the northeastern United States (Farnsworth and Meyerson, 2003). However Mal et al. (1997) showed that over time, in Michigan wetlands, T. angustifolia was susceptible to competition from the strongly invasive (in N. America) Lythrum salicaria. Both T. latifolia and T. angustifolia have many similar adaptations, such as the possession of well-developed aerenchyma to supply air to root and rhizome systems growing in anoxic substrates (Tornbjerg et al., 1994). They also have an element of disturbance-tolerance in their survival strategy (Wilcox, 1995), typified by the emphasis on prolific seed production from wind- or self-pollinated inflorescences. The seed is easily wind- or water-transported within tiny fruits, the pericarp of which opens to release the seed after a period of contact with water (Krattinger, 1975). There is some seed dormancy, with germination being influenced by light, low oxygen and fluctuating temperatures.

Despite the importance to the plant of seed production, there is a considerable resource allocation to rhizome production, which provides an effective mechanism of clonal advance of up to 4 m/year (Fiala, 1971). Rhizome fragments are usually viable, float easily and provide an alternative method of regeneration of new clones to seed dispersal. A comprehensive overview of the biology of both T. angustifolia and T. latifolia is provided by Grace and Harrison (1986) and Holm et al. (1997).

Climate

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Climate	Status	Description
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climate	Preferred	Average temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°C
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year	Preferred	Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer	Preferred	Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter	Preferred	Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters)
Df - Continental climate, wet all year	Tolerated	Continental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, wet all year)
Ds - Continental climate with dry summer	Tolerated	Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers)

Water Tolerances

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Parameter	Minimum Value	Maximum Value	Status	Notes
Depth (m b.s.l.)			Optimum	<0.45 preferred; 0.75 tolerated
Salinity (part per thousand)			Optimum	<1
Water pH (pH)	3.7	8.5	Optimum
Water temperature (ºC temperature)	5	20	Optimum

Notes on Natural Enemies

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Indigenous curculionid beetles (Yang and Zhang, 1988) and noctuid moth larvae, such as Bellura obliqua (Penko and Pratt, 1986) are known to consume Typha tissues. Species of Typha are among the aquatic weeds controlled by the introduction of cyprinid fishes into waterways around the world (Julien and Griffiths, 1998). The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) has been reported as significantly reducing biomass of T. angustifolia in coastal marshes of New York (Connors et al., 2000).

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Wind			Yes

Environmental Impact

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T. angustifolia is primarily considered a nuisance in North America where it invades and displaces other, less competitive, wetland and emergent species, causing loss of biodiversity. Otherwise, its impact is generally low, and often as part of a mixed community of native species causing overgrowth of drainage channels.

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Invasive in its native range
Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Long lived
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually

Impact outcomes

Changed gene pool/ selective loss of genotypes
Damaged ecosystem services
Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Modification of hydrology
Modification of natural benthic communities
Modification of successional patterns
Monoculture formation
Negatively impacts tourism
Reduced amenity values
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of endangered species
Threat to/ loss of native species

Impact mechanisms

Competition - monopolizing resources
Hybridization
Rapid growth

Uses

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Species of Typha have few uses for economic purposes, although the tubers are edible and have been used as food by indigenous peoples, notably in North America. Attempts have also been made to make paper with Typha pulp in the past, and Holm et al. (1991) state that a set of books published in 1765 with Typha paper still exists. They can be valuable components of constructed wetlands, for the purpose of wastewater cleanup, as they are efficient at accumulating heavy metals (Tjitrosoedirdjo and Sastroutomo, 1986), and also in removing nutrients and oils. Boyd (1970) calculated that Typha monocultures could (on a per hectare basis) remove up to 2600 kg of N and 400 kg of P per year from water, indicating a potentially high value for eutrophication control. Typha has been considered as a biomass crop for energy purposes (Yurukova and Kochev, 1993), but as in all aquatic plants its relatively high water content poses practical difficulties, particularly in harvesting.

Typha vegetation plays a very important role in wetland ecology at sites where it occurs, by providing food, shelter and nesting sites for waterfowl, fish and other wildlife (Dvorak, 1996), and has a role in wetland restoration projects (Dobberteen and Nickerson, 1991), although excessive growth can cause problems even in natural wetland systems, such as Spanish lagoons (Dies-Jambrino and Fernandez-Anero, 1997). T. angustifolia is of value for protecting banks from erosion in navigable river systems (Bonham, 1980).

Uses List

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Environmental

Erosion control or dune stabilization

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Traditional/folklore

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Control

Physical control

Wade (1990) provides a brief overview of Typha control by physical means. Cutting and dredging are common approaches used worldwide; cutting shoots below the waterline 2-3 times per year leads to depletion of rhizome carbohydrate reserves and can reduce growth by >90% (Sale and Wetzel, 1983; Husak et al., 1986). However, cutting above the water surface is much less efficient: in Czech fishponds a cut at 180 cm above the substrate had hardly any impact on stands of T. angustifolia, whereas cutting off stems at 80 cm above the substrate resulted in a reduction of about 65% in rhizome biomass compared with untreated controls. Burning of Typha foliage is counter-productive, and may even simulate growth of above-ground biomass (Holm et al., 1991).

Chemical control

Species of Typha are susceptible to the standard herbicides affecting emergent narrow-leaved weeds at the normal dose ranges, particularly dalapon (Barrett and Robson, 1974) and glyphosate (Seddon, 1981; Barrett, 1985; Schimming et al., 1987; Messersmith et al., 1992). However, they also respond to other herbicides, for example, fluridone (Parka et al., 1978) applied as a foliar spray. Arsenovic (1986) reported promising results using both imazapyr and glufosinate. In drainage channels in Serbia, glyphosate at 2.4 and 2.8 a.i. kg ha^-1, glufosinate ammonium at 2.0 a.i. kg ha^-1 and sulfosate [glyphosate] at 2.4 a.i. kg ha^-1 were reported as effective against mixed emergent stands including T. angustifolia (Konstantininovic and Meseldija, 2005).

In nature reserves, for example in Spain, glyphosate has been used to manage invasive growths of T. angustifolia and other emergent species (Dies-Jambrino and Fernandez-Anero, 1997).

Biological control

Relatively little work has been done on the biological control of species of Typha, probably because of the cosmopolitan occurrence of both T. angustifolia and T. latifolia, which makes classic biocontrol inappropriate (although not ruling out inundative methods). Species of Typha are listed as being target weeds of Aristichthys nobilis and Ctenopharyngodon idella, cyprinid fishes that have been released into waterways around the world (Julien and Griffiths, 1998). Certain curculionid beetles have been suggested as having potential (Yang and Zhang, 1988). Noctuid moth larvae, such as Bellura obliqua, are also known to infest Typha in parts of North America (Penko and Pratt, 1986), but have not been exploited as a means of practical control.

References

Top of page

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Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
Annotated Checklist of the Flora of Nepal	http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=200024679
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway	https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)	http://griis.org/	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew	http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/wcsp/home.do
USDA-PLANTS	http://plants.usda.gov

Contributors

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29/10/2007 Updated by:

Kevin Murphy, University of Glasgow, IBLS - DEEB, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

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Typha angustifolia (lesser bulrush)

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