Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.
Preferred Common Name
- centipede tongavine
Other Scientific Names
- Epipremnum angustilobum K.Krause
- Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting
- Epipremnum elegans Engl.
- Epipremnum elegans f. ternatensis Alderw.
- Epipremnum formosanum Hayata
- Epipremnum glaucicephalum Elmer
- Epipremnum glaucicephalum Elmer ex Merr.
- Epipremnum merrillii Engl. & K.Krause
- Epipremnum mirabile Schott
- Epipremnum mirabile f. eperforatum Engl.
- Epipremnum mirabile f. multisectum Engl.
- Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum Nicolson
- Epipremnum pinnatum f. multisectum (Engl.) Engl.
- Epipremnum robinsonii K.Krause
- Monstera caudata (Roxb.) Schott
- Monstera dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) K.Koch
- Monstera pinnata (L.) Schott
- Philodendron dilaceratum Engl.
- Philodendron nechodomae Britton
- Polypodium laciniatum Blume
- Polypodium laciniatum Burm.f.
- Pothos caudatus Roxb.
- Pothos pinnatifidus Roxb.
- Pothos pinnatus L.
- Rhaphidophora caudata (Roxb.) Schott
- Rhaphidophora cunninghamii Schott
- Rhaphidophora dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) K.Koch
- Rhaphidophora laciniata (Burm.f.) Merr.
- Rhaphidophora lovellae F.M.Bailey
- Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl.
- Rhaphidophora neocaledonica Guillaumin
- Rhaphidophora pertusa var. vitiensis (Schott) Engl
- Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.) Schott
- Rhaphidophora pinnatifida (Roxb.) Schott
- Rhaphidophora vitiensis Schott
- Rhaphidophora wallichii Schott
- Scindapsus bipinnatifidus Teijsm. & Binn.
- Scindapsus caudatus (Roxb.) Schott
- Scindapsus dilaceratus K.Koch & Sello
- Scindapsus forsteri Endl.
- Scindapsus pinnatifidus (Roxb.) Schott
- Scindapsus pinnatus (L.) Schott
- Tornelia dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) Schott
International Common Names
- English: devil's ivy; golden pothos; money plant; monstera; taro vine; tonga vine; variegated-philodendron
- Spanish: bejuco de agua; cortina; enredadera
- Chinese: long wei cao
Local Common Names
- Australia: monstera; native monstera
- Cook Islands: ara
- Cuba: malanga trepadora; malanguita
- Ecuador/Galapagos Islands: cortina; enredadera
- Germany: Gelbe Efeutute
- Micronesia, Federated states of: selkasohlap
- Puerto Rico: bejuco de agua
- South Africa: silver vine
- Tanzania: money-plant
EPPO code
- SNDAU (Scindapsus aureus)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageE. pinnatum is a fast-growing vine which has become highly invasive, mostly in tropical forests where it climbs from the forest floor into the forest canopy, engulfing vegetation and shading-out native trees and shrubs in the understory (ISSG, 2012). It is a root-climbing vine included in the Global Compendium of Weeds and classified as an “environmental weed” (Randall, 2012). This species spreads mainly by cuttings, plant fragments, and/or discarded plants (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005; Darwin Initiative Project, 2006). E. pinnatum is listed as invasive in the Galápagos Islands, Tanzania, St. Lucia and islands in the Pacific including Hawaii, French Polynesia, and Micronesia (Graveson, 2012; PIER, 2012). In Florida, it is classified as an invasive category II (Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Arales
- Family: Araceae
- Genus: Epipremnum
- Species: Epipremnum pinnatum
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageAraceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants also known as the “aroid family”. This family comprises about 117 genera and 4095 species, distributed mostly in tropical areas in the New World, but also in Australia, Africa, Madagascar, and north temperate regions (Stevens, 2012). Species in the genera Aglaonema, Anthurium, Caladium, Dieffenbachia, Epipremnum, Monstera, Nephthytis, Philodendron, and Zantedeschia are widely planted as garden and indoor ornamentals. Additionally, the species Colocasia esculenta (taro), Xanthosoma roseum (elephant ear) and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (yautia) are cultivated as food crops for their tubers (Bown, 2000).
The genus Epipremnum includes about 14 species distributed mainly in Australia, Tropical Asia, and from Southeast Asia to the Pacific Islands (Keating, 2004; Stevens, 2012). E. pinnatum is commonly used as an ornamental in tropical regions. The cultivar E. pinnatum cv. Aureum was originally reported from the Solomon Islands, is currently cultivated throughout the tropics, and has become invasive in many locations (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005; Randall, 2012). Although E. aureum (Linden & André) G.S. Bunting is included as an accepted name in The Plant List (2013), it is included here as a synonym of E. pinnatum.
Description
Top of pageE. pinnatum is an herbaceous root-climber that can reach 6-8 m long. Stems are flexible, cylindrical, green, and up to 3 cm in diameter, producing watery sap; bark papery. Leaves are alternate, glabrous, and green, not variegated, chartaceous, dimorphic; juvenile leaves are simple, ascendant; adult leaves hanging, pinnately dissected, to 50 × 30 cm; petioles to 35 cm long. Inflorescence is axillary, solitary, erect; spathe sub-cylindrical, up to 18 cm long, fleshy, yellowish, opening along one side, acuminate at apex; spadix sessile, nearly cylindrical, 12-15 cm long. Fruits are berries containing 1-2 seeds. In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, fruits are unknown (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005).
Distribution
Top of pageE. pinnatum is native to temperate Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Pacific Islands (Govaerts, 2012; USDA-ARS, 2012). The species has been cultivated as an ornamental throughout the tropics and has spread widely to several areas such as the Pacific region, Florida, South Africa, Tanzania, Hawaii, and the West Indies (Wagner et al., 1999; Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005; Wunderlin and Hansen, 2008).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Epipremnum aureum | |||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Epipremnum pinnatum | |||
Asia |
|||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Native | |||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 2006 | ||||
Cambodia | Present | Native | |||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Chongqing | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Hubei | Present | Native | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | |||||
India | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Assam | Present | Native | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | Borneo | ||||
-Irian Jaya | Present | Native | |||||
-Java | Present | Native | |||||
-Lesser Sunda Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Maluku Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Sulawesi | Present | Native | |||||
-Sumatra | Present | Native | |||||
Japan | Present | Native | Nansei-shoto | ||||
-Ryukyu Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Laos | Present | Native | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | |||||
Myanmar | Present | Native | |||||
Philippines | Present | Native | |||||
Singapore | Present | Native | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Native | |||||
Thailand | Present | Native | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Poland | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Bermuda | Present | Introduced | |||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated. Both Epipremnum pinnatum and Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum are present in Puerto Rico | |||
Saint Lucia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated: Epipremnum pinnatum | |||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Cultivated in St. Thomas Epipremnum pinnatum | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invasive category II | |||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | |||
-North Carolina | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Native | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Native | |||||
Cook Islands | Present | Invasive | Invasive status taken from PIER, 2012 Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | ||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum. Invasive in Pohnpei. Also found on Kosrae. | |||
Fiji | Present | Invasive | Invasive status taken from PIER, 2012. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | ||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | |||
Guam | Present | Introduced | Cultivated. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | ||||
Kiribati | Present | Introduced | Cultivated. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | ||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Invasive | Invasive status taken from PIER, 2012. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | ||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | |||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | |||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Native | |||||
Samoa | Present | Invasive | Invasive status taken from PIER, 2012. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | ||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Native | Invasive | Invasive status taken from PIER, 2012 Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum | |||
Tonga | Present | Native | |||||
Vanuatu | Present | Native | |||||
Wallis and Futuna | Present | Native | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | ||||||
Ecuador | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageE. pinnatum cultivars were probably introduced as ornamentals and houseplants in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Exact timing of introduction to particular countries and regions is very difficult to determine. In Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands, this species is commonly planted in gardens throughout the islands (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005). The first record of E. pinnatum for Puerto Rico comes from the collection Britton 8261(NY) from the Luquillo mountains in 1925 and is described as Philodendron nechodomae. Recent collections show the species to be widely spread in Puerto Rico. The cultivar Aureum has become naturalized and a serious pest in Puerto Rico, where it grows profusely and suffocates trees along roads and forest edges including natural areas (Acevedo-Rodríguez, personal observation) In urban areas it is not uncommon to see this cultivar growing on electric and communication posts (Acevedo-Rodríguez, personal observation).
Similarly, on islands in the Pacific such as Hawaii, French Polynesia and Micronesia, E. pinnatum was probably introduced from the Solomon Islands and it is currently reported as an ornamental plant commonly planted in gardens that has escaped into natural habitats (PIER, 2012).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of E. pinnatum is high. It is a fast growing vine that is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world as an ornamental and has the potential to become invasive (ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012). E. pinnatum has escaped from gardens and spreads rapidly into natural forest, climbing into the canopy of mature trees and forming dense stands and outcompeting native vegetation (ISSG, 2012). In consequence, the probability of invasion of this species, especially in and near areas where it was introduced and cultivated, remains high.
Habitat
Top of pageE. pinnatum is commonly planted in tropical and subtropical areas as an ornamental used to cover “open grounds” in gardens and yards and as an indoor hanging-potted-plant (Gilman, 2011; ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012). The species has escaped from cultivation areas and currently it can be found growing in disturbed forests, along roadsides, in urban areas, and in secondary and primary forests climbing on the trunks of trees and into the canopy of mature trees (Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011; ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number in this species is 2n=60 (Marchant, 1970).
Reproductive Biology
In Araceae, flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a “spadix”, which is usually accompanied by a spathe or leaf-like bract (Stevens, 2012). The spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers towards the top of the inflorescence. In species with perfect flowers, the stigma is no longer receptive when the pollen is released, thus preventing self-fertilization. There are also some dioecious species within this family (Bown, 2000). In the case of E. pinnatum, plants produce 1 or 2 inflorescences per node. Flowers are bisexual, without perianth; with 4 stamens; ovary prismatic, truncate at apex, unilocular, with 2 (-8) basal or parietal ovules (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005). Within its native range, this species reproduces sexually by seed, and vegetatively by cuttings or plant fragments. However, in many locations where it has been introduced, sexual reproduction appears to be absent or extremely rare, and plants mainly spread vegetatively.
Physiology and Phenology
E. pinnatum produces flowers throughout the year (Gilman, 2011).
Environmental Requirements
E. pinnatum is a shade tolerant species that grows in tropical and subtropical areas with warm temperatures (ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012). It is drought and heat tolerant, but has poor salt tolerance (Gilman, 2011). E. pinnatum has the potential to grow in a wide variety of soils including clay, sandy, and loamy soils with pH ranging from 4 to 6 (Gilman, 2011).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 35 | |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 10 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 500 | 3500 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- shallow
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageWithin its native range, E. pinnatum can be dispersed by seeds, and vegetatively by cutting and plant fragments (Gilman, 2011; ISSG, 2012). Reproductive plants produce berries containing seeds which are eaten and dispersed by animals, mainly birds (Darwin Initiative Project, 2006). Outside its native range, plants produce flowers, but do not set fruits, and this species spreads mainly by cuttings and plant fragments (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005). Stem fragments remain viable for long periods and have the capacity to grow into new individuals (Acevedo-Rodríguez, pers. observ.)
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Cultivated in gardens and yards | Yes | Yes | Gilman (2011) |
Garden waste disposal | Cuttings and plant disposals | Yes | Yes | PIER (2012) |
Medicinal use | Traditional medicine | Yes | Yes | Chen and Turner (1998) |
Ornamental purposes | Planted in gardens and yards as a ground cover | Yes | Yes | Gilman (2011) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Cuttings and plant disposals | Yes | Yes | PIER (2012) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageE. pinnatum is an aggressive invasive vine. It grows forming dense colonies that engulf native vegetation, climbing from the floor of the forest to areas high into the canopies of mature trees, and shading-out native trees and shrubs in the understory of the forests (ISSG, 2012; PIER 2012). This species has the potential to completely out-compete vegetation communities by displacing native species and changing community structures (ISSG, 2012). Tubers of E. pinnatum contain calcium oxalate crystals and are poisonous if they are consumed. Plants can cause minor skin irritation when touched (Gilman, 2011; ISSG, 2012).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Tolerant of shade
- Fast growing
- Reproduces asexually
- Host damage
- Loss of medicinal resources
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Competition - strangling
- Induces hypersensitivity
- Poisoning
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageE. pinnatum is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and West Indies (ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012; USDA-ARS, 2012).
The species has been also used in traditional medicine in tropical Southeast Asia to treat rheumatism, fractures, and dysentery. In Singapore, leaves of E. pinnatum have a local reputation as an effective anticancer agent. A study performed in this country has revealed that leaf extracts exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity toward cancer cells, and the hot water soluble fraction of the leaf extract also produces immuno-stimulation in laboratory tests (Chen and Turner, 1998).
Uses List
Top of pageGeneral
- Botanical garden/zoo
- Ornamental
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- Propagation material
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageThe cultivar Aureum (E. pinnatum “Aureum”) is similar to the wild species except that it is usually more robust, reaching 10 metres or more; the stems and petioles are yellow-orange, the leaves are variegated with yellow, and the cultivar rarely produces flowers or fruits. This cultivar was originally reported from the Solomon Islands, and currently it is cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Physical removal of E. pinnatum is very difficult but can be effective if done repeatedly for a long period. All rhizomes, tubers, and plant fragments must be properly disposed of from treated areas in order to avoid resprouts (Englberger, 2009).
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of page- Studies evaluating the impacts of this exotic species on native plants and natural vegetation communities are needed in order to develop appropriate management strategies.
- Recommendations for management and control (i.e., mechanical, biological and/or chemical control) are needed for this species.
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Bown D, 2000. Aroids: plants of the Arum family, Ed.2. Portland, USA: Timber Press, 392 pp.
Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
Darwin Initiative Project, 2006. Combating Invasive Alien Plants Threatening the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Usambara Invasive Plants. Species descriptions. http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species.htm
Englberger K, 2009. Invasive weeds of Pohnpei: A guide for identification and public awareness. Kolonia, Federated States of Micronesia: Conservation Society of Pohnpei, 29 pp.
Florence J; Chevillotte H; Ollier C; Meyer JY, 2011. [English title not available]. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP).) . http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011. Florida EPPC's 2011 Invasive Plant Species List. http://www.fleppc.org/list/11list.html
Fosberg FR; Sachet M-H; Oliver R, 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesia 20: 1-2, 19-129.
Gilman EF, 2011. Epipremnum aureum Golden Pothos., USA: University of Florida IFAS Extension. [FPS 194.] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp194
Govaerts R, 2012. World Checklist of Araceae. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
Graveson R, 2012. Plants of Saint Lucia. http://www.saintlucianplants.com
Henderson L, 2012. Invasive Aroids. Sapia News. Newsletter of the Southern African plant invaders atlas, 23:1-5.
ISSG, 2012. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. http://www.issg.org/database
Keating RC, 2004. Vegetative anatomical data and its relationship to a revised classification of the genera of Araceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 91(3):485-494.
Lorence DH; Flynn T, 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, Hawaii: National Tropical Botanical Garden, 26.
Oviedo Prieto R; Herrera Oliver P; Caluff MG, et al. , 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2011). Bissea: Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantas del Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, 6(Special Issue 1):22-96.
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Randall RP, 2012. A global compendium of weeds, 2. Western Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, 34.
Space JC; Imada CT, 2004. Report to the Republic of Kiribati on invasive plant species on the islands of Tarawa, Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. Cont. no. 2003-006 to the Pac. Biol. Surv. USDA Forest Service and Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
Space JC; Lorence DH; LaRosa AM, 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. Hilo, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service, 227. http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/palau/48.pdf
Space JC; Waterhouse BM; Newfield M; Bull C, 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. 80 pp. [UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity.] http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/niue_report_2004.htm
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
The Plant List, 2013. The Plant List: a working list of all plant species. Version 1.1. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.theplantlist.org
USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
Varnham K, 2006. Database of non-native species occurring in UK Overseas Territories. [JNCC Report 372.]
Wagner WL; Herbst DR; Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA: Bishop Museum Press, 1919 pp.
Wunderlin RP; Hansen BF, 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Florida, USA: University of South Florida. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos., Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
Darwin Initiative Project, 2006. Combating Invasive Alien Plants Threatening the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. In: Usambara Invasive Plants. Species descriptions, http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species.htm
Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer JY, 2011. [English title not available]. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP))., http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Fosberg FR, Sachet M-H, Oliver R, 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. In: Micronesia, 20 (1-2) 19-129.
Govaerts R, 2012. World Checklist of Araceae., London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
Graveson R, 2012. Plants of Saint Lucia., http://www.saintlucianplants.com
Henderson L, 2012. Invasive Aroids. Sapia News. In: Newsletter of the Southern African plant invaders atlas, 23 1-5.
Lorence DH, Flynn T, 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist., Lawai, Hawaii, National Tropical Botanical Garden. 26.
Space JC, Imada CT, 2004. Report to the Republic of Kiribati on invasive plant species on the islands of Tarawa, Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. In: Cont. no. 2003-006 to the Pac. Biol. Surv, Honolulu, USDA Forest Service and Bishop Museum.
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USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
Varnham K, 2006. Database of non-native species occurring in UK Overseas Territories. In: JNCC Report 372,
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Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website | http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ | |
Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants | http://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Epipremnum_pinnatum.htm | |
Flora of the West Indies | http://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/ | |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global Invasive Species Plant Database | http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1790&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN | |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk | http://www.hear.org/pier/species/urena_lobata.htm | |
Usambara Invasive Plants (Tanzania) | http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species.htm |
Contributors
Top of page7/12/12 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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