Sesbania sesban (sesban)

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

S. sesban trees

©A.R. Pittaway

Seed collection

ICRAF

Flowers and foliage

ICRAF

Seed pods

ICRAF

Defoliation

Example of Mesoplatys sp. damage. M. ochroptera has been recorded seriously defoliating trees in Malawi.

ICRAF

Line artwork

1. flowering branch 2. fruit 3. seeds

PROSEA Foundation

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.

Preferred Common Name

sesban

Variety

Sesbania sesban var. bicolor (Wight & Arn.) F. W. Andrews
Sesbania sesban var. nubica Chiov.
Sesbania sesban var. sesban
Sesbania sesban var. zambesiaca J. B. Gillett

Other Scientific Names

Aeschynomene sesban L.
Coronilla sesban (L.) Moench
Emerus sesban (L.) Kuntze
Sesbania aegyptiaca (Poir.) Pers.
Sesbania confaloniana (Chiov.) Chiov.
Sesbania punctata DC.

International Common Names

English: common sesban; Egyptian pea; Egyptian rattle pod; Egyptian river hemp; Egyptian sesban; frother; river bean
Spanish: palisandro (Cuba); tamarindillo
French: sesbanie d'Egypte
Arabic: seseban; torero
Chinese: yin du tian jing

Local Common Names

Cambodia: snao kook
Cuba: añil francés
Germany: gelbe Baumwisterie
India: chithagathi; chuchu-rangmei; jaint; jayant; jayantika; karunchembai; nadeyi; raishingin; rawsa; samintha; shevri; vaijayanti
Indonesia: janti; jayanti; puri
Laos: sapao lom
Myanmar: yay-tha-kyee; yethugyi
Philippines: katodai; katuray
South Africa: riverbontjie; umQambuqweqwe; umsoksok
Sri Lanka: chittakatti; karunchembai
Thailand: champai; sami; saphaolom
Uganda: mubimba; muzimbandeya
Vietnam: dien-dien

EPPO code

SEBSE (Sesbania sesban)
SEBSP (Sesbania sesban subsp. punctata)

Synonymized subspecies

Sesbania sesban subsp. punctata

Summary of Invasiveness

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S. sesban is a deciduous, short-lived perennial shrub or tree, indigenous to north-east Africa and often also described as native to parts of southern Asia. It is cultivated widely for fodder and forage, and is reported as an invasive species in Israel and the U.S. state of Hawaii (PIER, 2012; Dufour-Dror, 2013). It has become naturalized in many of the countries where it is cultivated, and is characterized by very rapid early growth.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Sesbania
Species: Sesbania sesban

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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There are 56 accepted species names in the genus Sesbania listed on The Plant List (2013). The genus Sesbania is in the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae, subfamily: Faboideae, tribe: Sesbanieae. The largest number of species are found in Africa, and the remainder in Australia, Hawaii, and Asia.

The most widely collected species within the genus, Sesbania sesban was circumscribed originally in 1753 by Linnaeus as Aeschynomene sesban and described in 1912 as a new combination by Elmer Drew Merrill, the foremost contributor to the taxonomy of plants of the Far East, who served as Director of the New York Botanical Garden from 1929 to 1935 (Merrill, 1912). S. sesban has two accepted infraspecific taxa according to The Plant List (2013): S. sesban var. bicolor (Wight & Arn.) F.W. Andrews and S. sesban subsp. punctata (DC.) J.B.Gillett. S. sesban is more closely related to annual sesbanias than the other common perennial species in the genus, S. grandiflora (Evans, 1994).

Care should be taken with the synonymy of Sesbania aegyptiaca sensu Bojer which, according to ILDIS (2014), is not S. sesban but rather S. bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight.

Etymology of sesban is derived through the French from Arabic 'saisabaan' from the Persian word 'sisabaan' which perhaps named one of two East Indian species, S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca.

Description

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The following description comes from Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015):

Herbs, perennial, suffrutescent, 2-4 m tall. Branches pubescent, glabrescent, internodes often 0.5-2.5 cm, nodes conspicuously gibbous. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, caducous, pubescent. Leaves 20-40-foliolate; petiole and rachis appressed pubescent, more so at petiole base; rachis 4-10 cm; petiolules appressed pubescent; stipels acerose; leaflet blades oblong to linear, 1.3-2.5 cm × 3-4(-6) mm, both surfaces with purplish black glands, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent when young but glabrescent, adaxially glabrous or glabrescent, midvein evident on both surfaces, base obliquely rounded, apex rounded to retuse and mucronate. Racemes 4-10-flowered; peduncle 8-10 cm, slender, pubescent, glabrescent; bracts linear-lanceolate, caducous, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent. Pedicel ca. 8 mm, slender, pubescent when young; bracteoles smaller than bracts, caducous. Calyx campanulate; teeth shortly triangular, inside appressed pubescent to glabrescent. Corolla yellow or calyx and standard purplish black and wings and keel partly purplish black or red; standard transversely elliptic, 1.1-1.3 cm, wider than long, with a 4-5 mm claw, with a S-shaped callus ca. 2 mm, basally decurrent to lamina, widened in middle, and distinct and acuminate to obtuse at apex, base subcordate, apex emarginate; wings oblong, 1-1.2 cm, with a curved ca. 4 mm claw, base inconspicuously auriculate, apex rounded; keel nearly semicircular, 6-8 × 5-7 mm, lamina base narrower than apex and with a triangular short auricle, claw ± as long as calyx. Stamen tube 8-10 mm; anthers ellipsoid. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 5 mm, glabrous; stigma globose. Legume contorted when young but straight or slightly curved at maturity, subterete, 15-23(-30) cm × 3-4 mm, ca. 5 mm between transverse septa, base often with a marcescent calyx, apex beaked. Seeds 20-40 per legume, subterete, 3-4 × ca. 2 mm, slightly compressed; hilum rounded and concave.

Other descriptions describe the plant as a single or multistemmed shrub or small tree, with the height up to 8 m tall (see e.g. Evans, 1994).

Plant Type

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Broadleaved
Perennial
Seed propagated
Shrub
Tree
Woody

Distribution

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According to the FAO Grassland and Species Profiles the "origins of S. sesban are unclear but it is widely distributed and cultivated throughout tropical Africa and Asia”. USDA-ARS (2014) gives a wide native distribution, extending in Africa from Egypt to South Africa and west to Nigeria and Senegal. It is also given as native to the south eastern Arabian peninsula, western Asia, the Indian subcontinent, south-east Asia and northern Australia. Orwa et al. (2009), however, limit the native distribution to Chad, Egypt, Kenya and Uganda. The centre of diversity is in Africa, and S. sesban probably originated there (Evans, 1994). Genetic analysis of African populations by Jamadass et al. (2005) found the greatest diversity in East Africa.

S. sesban has been widely cultivated and has become naturalized on some Pacific and Caribbean islands, as well as in parts of Central and South America.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 17 Dec 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	Invasive	Planted	Reference	Notes
Africa
Angola	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Botswana	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Burundi	Present	Native			Akyeampong and Dzowela (1996) CABI (Undated)	Cultivated
Cabo Verde	Present, Localized	Introduced			CABI (Undated)	Coastal planting trial; Original citation: Sandys-Winsch and Harris (1992)
Cameroon	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Central African Republic	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Chad	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present				Usman et al. (2013) CABI (Undated)
Congo, Republic of the	Present				Usman et al. (2013)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Djibouti	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Egypt	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) Seebens et al. (2017) CABI (Undated)
Eritrea	Present				Usman et al. (2013)
Eswatini	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Ethiopia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Gabon	Present				Usman et al. (2013)
Gambia	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Ghana	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Guinea	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014)
Guinea-Bissau	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Kenya	Present, Widespread	Native			Gillett (1963) ILDIS (2014) USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)	Located in Northern Kenya along running water
Lesotho	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
Madagascar	Present				ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Malawi	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Mali	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Mauritania	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
Mauritius	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014)
-Rodrigues	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014)
Mozambique	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Namibia	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Niger	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Nigeria	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Réunion	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014)
Rwanda	Present, Widespread	Native			Evans and Rotar (1987) ILDIS (2014) USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)	Northern Rwanda- growing along river edges; utilized by elephants
Saint Helena	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014)
Senegal	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Sierra Leone	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Somalia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) Gillett (1963) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
South Africa	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Sudan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Tanzania	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Togo	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Tunisia	Present		Naturalized		Evans and Rotar (1987)	"cultivated and semi-naturalized"
Uganda	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Zambia	Present, Widespread	Native			Jamnadass et al. (2005) ILDIS (2014) USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Zimbabwe	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Asia
Afghanistan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) Lock and Simpson (1991) CABI (Undated)
Bahrain	Present	Native			Lock and Simpson (1991) CABI (Undated)
Bangladesh	Present				Khatun (1987) USDA-ARS (2014)
Bhutan	Present, Localized	Introduced			Bhutan Biodiversity Portal (2014) Seebens et al. (2017)
Cambodia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) Thuan et al. (1987) CABI (Undated)
China	Present			Planted	Seebens et al. (2017)
-Guangdong	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
-Hainan	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)	Cultivated
-Shandong	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Yunnan	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) CABI (Undated)	Cultivated
India	Present, Widespread	Native			Khare (2007) Rasthra Vardhana (2007) Rasthra Vardhana (2007a) CABI (Undated)	"cultivated and wild"
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Present	Native			Abraham et al. (2008)
-Andhra Pradesh	Present	Native			Roshetko and Gutteridge (1996)
-Arunachal Pradesh	Present	Native			Varaprasad et al. (2011)
-Assam	Present	Native			Gilbert-Carter and Gilbert-Carter (1921) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Bihar	Present			Planted	Varma (1981) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Chhattisgarh	Present				Amia Tirkey (2006)
-Delhi	Present	Native			Maheshwari (1976) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Goa	Present	Native			Sesagiriravu (1985) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Gujarat	Present	Native			Sesagiriravu (1985) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Haryana	Present	Native			Kumar (2000) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Himachal Pradesh	Present	Native			ILDIS (2014) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Jammu and Kashmir	Present			Planted	ILDIS (2014)
-Jharkhand	Present	Native			Maiti and Maiti (2014)	trial planting report
-Karnataka	Present			Planted	Singh (1988) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Kerala	Present	Native			Manilal and Sivarajan (1982) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Madhya Pradesh	Present			Planted	Roy et al. (1992) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Maharashtra	Present			Planted	Deshpande et al. (1993) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Manipur	Present	Native			Ryakala et al. (2009) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Meghalaya	Present	Native			Verma (1988)
-Mizoram	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014)
-Nagaland	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014)
-Odisha	Present	Native			Bairiganjan et al. (1985) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Puducherry	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014)
-Punjab	Present	Native			Sharma (1990) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Rajasthan	Present	Native			Shetty and Singh (1993) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Sikkim	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014)
-Tamil Nadu	Present	Native			Nair and Henry (1989) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Tripura	Present	Native			Deb (1981) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Uttar Pradesh	Present			Planted	Sharma and Dhakre (1995) Rasthra Vardhana (2007) Rasthra Vardhana (2007a) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Uttarakhand	Present	Native			Dhiman (2004)
-West Bengal	Present			Planted	USDA-ARS (2014)
Indonesia	Present			Planted	Hanelt et al. (2001) USDA-ARS (2014)
-Java	Present			Planted	Backer et al. (1963)
-Lesser Sunda Islands	Present	Native			Craswell and Tangendjaja (1984)
-Sumatra	Present			Planted	Gutteridge and Shelton (1995)
Iran	Present			Planted	Lock and Simpson (1991) USDA-ARS (2014)
Iraq	Present			Planted	Townsend and Guest (1974) USDA-ARS (2014)
Israel	Present			Planted	Castri et al. (1990) Dufour-Dror (2013)
Japan	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Laos	Present			Planted	Thuan et al. (1987)
Malaysia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Nepal	Present				Flora of Nepal Editorial Committee (2014) USDA-ARS (2014)
Oman	Present	Native			Lock and Simpson (1991) CABI (Undated)
Pakistan	Present	Native			Ali (1977) USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Philippines	Present				Merrill (1912) Cook et al. (2005)
Qatar	Present, Widespread	Introduced			Mandaville (1990)	Frequent along shaded roadsides; probably escaped from cultivation
Saudi Arabia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) Wittmer and Büttiker (1983) Mandaville (1990) CABI (Undated)
Sri Lanka	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) Palm et al. (1988) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Taiwan	Present			Planted	Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)
Thailand	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) CABI (Undated)
United Arab Emirates	Present	Introduced			Seth (2003)	Landscape species
Vietnam	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) CABI (Undated)
Yemen	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
North America
Cuba	Present	Introduced	Invasive		Oviedo Prieto et al. (2012)
Jamaica	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2014) CABI (Undated)
Mexico	Present	Introduced	Naturalized		Villaseñor and Espinosa-Garcia (2004)	naturalized
Puerto Rico	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2014) CABI (Undated)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2014)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2014)	Exotic in St. Croix
United States	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Hawaii	Present, Widespread	Introduced	Invasive		PIER (2012) Seebens et al. (2017) CABI (Undated)
Oceania
Australia	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Northern Territory	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)
-Queensland	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Cook Islands	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
Fiji	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
French Polynesia	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
New Caledonia	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
Norfolk Island	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
Solomon Islands	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
Tonga	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
Vanuatu	Present	Introduced			Orwa et al. (2009)
South America
Brazil	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Bahia	Present	Introduced			Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2015)
-Espirito Santo	Present	Introduced			Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2015)
-Goias	Present	Introduced			Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2015)
-Minas Gerais	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Sao Paulo	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Guyana	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2014)
Paraguay	Present	Introduced			ILDIS (2014)
Suriname	Present	Introduced			ILDIS (2014) CABI (Undated)
Venezuela	Present	Introduced			ILDIS (2014)

History of Introduction and Spread

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S. sesban is widely planted, and has a long history of use throughout Africa and Asia including India. While the origin of the species is unclear, Evans (1994) suggests that it may have been spread across southern Asia from northeastern Africa by man. It is less common in the Americas, but is known to have occurred in Cuba since 1908 and in Puerto Rico since 1885 (United States National Herbarium).

Risk of Introduction

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The likelihood of further introductions is high because S. sesban is used as a major agronomic species and is highly adaptable to climatic and physical conditions within tropical regions of the world. It has frequently escaped from cultivation and become naturalized. In a risk assessment on PIER (2012) for Hawaii it was given a high risk source of 11.

Habitat

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S. sesban is indigenous to "monsoonal, semi-arid to sub-humid regions with 500-2000 mm annual rainfall". It grows along "streams, swamp edges, moist and inundated bottomlands demonstrating tolerance to moisture-stress and soil alkalinity and salinity” (Cook et al., 2005; Orwa et al., 2009). In China it can be naturalized in wastelands, roadsides, riversides, mountain slopes and streamsides below 300-1300 m (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015). The species extends the range of nitrogen-fixing forage trees into cooler, higher elevation regions of the tropics and is ideally suited to seasonally flooded environments (Orwa et al., 2009).

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Brackish		Inland saline areas	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Principal habitat	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed forests, plantations and orchards	Principal habitat	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed grasslands (grazing systems)	Principal habitat	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Industrial / intensive livestock production systems	Principal habitat	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Principal habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Principal habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural grasslands	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Riverbanks	Principal habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Wetlands	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Scrub / shrublands	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Arid regions	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Productive/non-natural
Littoral		Coastal areas	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Productive/non-natural
Littoral		Coastal dunes	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Productive/non-natural
Littoral		Salt marshes	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Productive/non-natural

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

2n=12 (Heering and Hanson, 1993).

Reproductive Biology

S. sesban reproduces primarily from seed although it can be vegetatively propagated. Flowering starts shortly after the onset of the rains, and in areas where there are two rainy seasons, it flowers and sets fruit twice (Orwa et al., 2009). Interspecific hybridization with S. goetzei is reported by Orwa et al. (2009). Seed is short-lived if not kept at room temperature.

Environmental Requirements

S. sesban is moderately shade tolerant and tolerates metalliferous mine tailings high in Cu, Zn and Pb (Orwa et al., 2009). It has outstanding ability to withstand waterlogging, shows some tolerance to moisture stress, and tolerates soil alkalinity and salinity. It does well under bimodal rainfall distributions where heavy rain is followed by a progressively drier season (Evans, 1994).

Physiology and Phenology

S. sesban grows very rapidly and thrives with repeated cuttings and coppicing, which can be carried out several times per year. When flooded, the plant initiates floating, adventitious roots and protects its stems, roots and nodules with spongy tissue (Orwa et al., 2009).

Associations

As a nitrogen-fixing legume, S. sesban forms associations with Rhizobium. The rhizobia strains that nodulate sesbanias are specialized and may not be present where sesbanias have not been grown previously (Evans, 1994).

Longevity

S. sesban is a short-lived perennial (1-5 years) which may be treated as an annual in regions where temperatures below 7°C preclude a perennial cultivation regime (Cook et al., 2005).

Climate

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Climate	Status	Description
Af - Tropical rainforest climate	Tolerated	> 60mm precipitation per month
Am - Tropical monsoon climate	Preferred	Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25]))
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate	Tolerated	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
BW - Desert climate	Tolerated	< 430mm annual precipitation
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter	Tolerated	Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters)

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Latitude North (°N)	Latitude South (°S)	Altitude Lower (m)	Altitude Upper (m)
30	-15	100	2300

Air Temperature

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC)	0
Mean annual temperature (ºC)	20	28
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC)	25	30
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC)	14	19

Rainfall

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Dry season duration	3	5	number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall
Mean annual rainfall	340	2000	mm; lower/upper limits

Rainfall Regime

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Bimodal
Summer
Winter

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Specificity	References
Alcidodes bubo	Herbivore	Fruits\|pods; Plants\|Leaves; Plants\|Stems	not specific
Eurytoma	Herbivore	Plants\|Seeds
Mesoplatys ochroptera	Herbivore	Plants\|Leaves	not specific	Orwa et al. (2009)

Notes on Natural Enemies

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Many insects feed on Sesbania species in natural stands (Sileshi et al., 2000). Mesoplatys ochroptera "can completely defoliate S. sesban, leading to mortality" (Orwa et al., 2009). The weevil, Alcidodes buho, damages the plant and the larvae of Azygophelps scalaris bore through the stems. The bacterium, Xanthomonas sesbaniae affects the stems and foliage.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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Spread of S. sesban into new countries and regions has been intentional, as the species is grown for fodder and as a medicinal plant. It has sometimes escaped from cultivation to become naturalized. The species seeds prolifically and seedlings establish readily on moist bare soil.

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Crop production	Intercropping	Yes	Yes	Gutteridge and Shelton (1995)
Forage		Yes	Yes	Hanelt et al. (2001)
Habitat restoration and improvement		Yes	Yes	Sandys-Winsch and Harris (1992)
Medicinal use		Yes	Yes	Usman et al. (2013)

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Economic/livelihood	Positive
Environment (generally)	Positive and negative
Human health	Positive and negative

Economic Impact

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S. sesban is a naturalized occasional agricultural weed (Randall, 2012).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Tolerant of shade
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Reproduces asexually
Has high genetic variability

Impact outcomes

Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Modification of nutrient regime

Impact mechanisms

Rapid growth
Rooting

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses

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S. sesban is mainly used for fodder. The leaves and branches are high in protein (20-25%) and give high digestibility for ruminants, but are not recommended for feeding to monogastric animals such as rabbits and pigs (Evans, 1994). The species is less used for wood, but can be a source of light firewood used in cooking and charcoal production. As a fast-growing species, it produces a high woody biomass in a short time, and the wood is relatively smokeless and hot burning (Orwa et al., 2009).

S. sesban is cultivated or allowed to grow as a fallow crop in maize fields where it may be intercropped with beans and cotton as well as other crops. It improves soil fertility through the nitrogen it fixes. It is also used as a live support for black pepper, grapes, cucurbits and betel vine and as a shade tree for coffee and turmeric (Cook et al., 2005; Alavalapati and Mercer, 2006). It has also been used as a windbreak for crops including bananas, citrus and coffee (Orwa et al., 2009).

S. sesban has significant anti-inflammatory potential (Sajid et al., 2013)and may have "antibiotic, anthelmintic, anti-tumour and contraceptive properties as well as special properties in Ayurvedic medicinal practices” (Orwa et al., 2009). It is reported to be effective in the treatment of scorpion stings, boils and abscesses as well as a repellent of the tsetse fly (Orwa et al., 2009). S. sesban is used, according to Orwa et al. (2009) to treat "sore throat, gonorrhoea, syphilis, spasmodic fits in children and jaundice during pregnancy."

The flowers are edible and are added to stews and omelets in some regions (Evans, 1994).

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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S. sesban may be confused with annual Sesbania spp. such as S. sericea which also has yellow flowers, but S. sericea is more densely pubescent on the lower surface of leaflets. The perennial Sesbania grandiflora has very big flowers, and larger leaves and seed pods.

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

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S. sesban is infrequently studied in natural systems. Information on rate of spread, and impacts on ecosystems, is limited. Management and control strategies in natural systems need to be researched.

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Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
Agroforestree Database	http://www.worldagroforestry.org/resources/databases/agroforestree
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway	https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Tropical Forages	http://www.tropicalforages.info/index.htm

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31/05/2015 Original text by:

John Peter Thompson, Consultant, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, USA

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