Sesbania sesban
(sesban)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title S. sesban trees Caption Copyright ©A.R. Pittaway	S. sesban trees		©A.R. Pittaway
Title Seed collection Caption Copyright ICRAF	Seed collection		ICRAF
Title Flowers and foliage Caption Copyright ICRAF	Flowers and foliage		ICRAF
Title Seed pods Caption Copyright ICRAF	Seed pods		ICRAF
Title Defoliation Caption Example of Mesoplatys sp. damage. M. ochroptera has been recorded seriously defoliating trees in Malawi. Copyright ICRAF	Defoliation	Example of Mesoplatys sp. damage. M. ochroptera has been recorded seriously defoliating trees in Malawi.	ICRAF
Title Line artwork Caption 1. flowering branch 2. fruit 3. seeds Copyright PROSEA Foundation	Line artwork	1. flowering branch 2. fruit 3. seeds	PROSEA Foundation

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.

Preferred Common Name

• sesban

Variety

• Sesbania sesban var. bicolor (Wight & Arn.) F. W. Andrews
• Sesbania sesban var. nubica Chiov.
• Sesbania sesban var. sesban
• Sesbania sesban var. zambesiaca J. B. Gillett

Other Scientific Names

• Aeschynomene sesban L.
• Coronilla sesban (L.) Moench
• Emerus sesban (L.) Kuntze
• Sesbania aegyptiaca (Poir.) Pers.
• Sesbania confaloniana (Chiov.) Chiov.
• Sesbania punctata DC.

International Common Names

• English: common sesban; Egyptian pea; Egyptian rattle pod; Egyptian river hemp; Egyptian sesban; frother; river bean
• Spanish: palisandro (Cuba); tamarindillo
• French: sesbanie d'Egypte
• Arabic: seseban; torero
• Chinese: yin du tian jing

Local Common Names

• Cambodia: snao kook
• Cuba: añil francés
• Germany: gelbe Baumwisterie
• India: chithagathi; chuchu-rangmei; jaint; jayant; jayantika; karunchembai; nadeyi; raishingin; rawsa; samintha; shevri; vaijayanti
• Indonesia: janti; jayanti; puri
• Laos: sapao lom
• Myanmar: yay-tha-kyee; yethugyi
• Philippines: katodai; katuray
• South Africa: riverbontjie; umQambuqweqwe; umsoksok
• Sri Lanka: chittakatti; karunchembai
• Thailand: champai; sami; saphaolom
• Uganda: mubimba; muzimbandeya
• Vietnam: dien-dien

EPPO code

• SEBSE (Sesbania sesban)
• SEBSP (Sesbania sesban subsp. punctata)

Synonymized subspecies

• Sesbania sesban subsp. punctata

Summary of Invasiveness

S. sesban is a deciduous, short-lived perennial shrub or tree, indigenous to north-east Africa and often also described as native to parts of southern Asia. It is cultivated widely for fodder and forage, and is reported as an invasive species in Israel and the U.S. state of Hawaii (PIER, 2012; Dufour-Dror, 2013). It has become naturalized in many of the countries where it is cultivated, and is characterized by very rapid early growth. 

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Fabales
•                         Family: Fabaceae
•                             Subfamily: Faboideae
•                                 Genus: Sesbania
•                                     Species: Sesbania sesban

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

There are 56 accepted species names in the genus Sesbania listed on The Plant List (2013). The genus Sesbania is in the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae, subfamily: Faboideae, tribe: Sesbanieae. The largest number of species are found in Africa, and the remainder in Australia, Hawaii, and Asia.

The most widely collected species within the genus, Sesbania sesban was circumscribed originally in 1753 by Linnaeus as Aeschynomene sesban and described in 1912 as a new combination by Elmer Drew Merrill, the foremost contributor to the taxonomy of plants of the Far East, who served as Director of the New York Botanical Garden from 1929 to 1935 (Merrill, 1912). S. sesban has two accepted infraspecific taxa according to The Plant List (2013): S. sesban var. bicolor (Wight & Arn.) F.W. Andrews and S. sesban subsp. punctata (DC.) J.B.Gillett. S. sesban is more closely related to annual sesbanias than the other common perennial species in the genus, S. grandiflora (Evans, 1994).

Care should be taken with the synonymy of Sesbania aegyptiaca sensu Bojer which, according to ILDIS (2014), is not S. sesban but rather S. bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight.

Etymology of sesban is derived through the French from Arabic 'saisabaan' from the Persian word 'sisabaan' which perhaps named one of two East Indian species, S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca.

Description

The following description comes from Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015):

Herbs, perennial, suffrutescent, 2-4 m tall. Branches pubescent, glabrescent, internodes often 0.5-2.5 cm, nodes conspicuously gibbous. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, caducous, pubescent. Leaves 20-40-foliolate; petiole and rachis appressed pubescent, more so at petiole base; rachis 4-10 cm; petiolules appressed pubescent; stipels acerose; leaflet blades oblong to linear, 1.3-2.5 cm × 3-4(-6) mm, both surfaces with purplish black glands, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent when young but glabrescent, adaxially glabrous or glabrescent, midvein evident on both surfaces, base obliquely rounded, apex rounded to retuse and mucronate. Racemes 4-10-flowered; peduncle 8-10 cm, slender, pubescent, glabrescent; bracts linear-lanceolate, caducous, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent. Pedicel ca. 8 mm, slender, pubescent when young; bracteoles smaller than bracts, caducous. Calyx campanulate; teeth shortly triangular, inside appressed pubescent to glabrescent. Corolla yellow or calyx and standard purplish black and wings and keel partly purplish black or red; standard transversely elliptic, 1.1-1.3 cm, wider than long, with a 4-5 mm claw, with a S-shaped callus ca. 2 mm, basally decurrent to lamina, widened in middle, and distinct and acuminate to obtuse at apex, base subcordate, apex emarginate; wings oblong, 1-1.2 cm, with a curved ca. 4 mm claw, base inconspicuously auriculate, apex rounded; keel nearly semicircular, 6-8 × 5-7 mm, lamina base narrower than apex and with a triangular short auricle, claw ± as long as calyx. Stamen tube 8-10 mm; anthers ellipsoid. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 5 mm, glabrous; stigma globose. Legume contorted when young but straight or slightly curved at maturity, subterete, 15-23(-30) cm × 3-4 mm, ca. 5 mm between transverse septa, base often with a marcescent calyx, apex beaked. Seeds 20-40 per legume, subterete, 3-4 × ca. 2 mm, slightly compressed; hilum rounded and concave.

Other descriptions describe the plant as a single or multistemmed shrub or small tree, with the height up to 8 m tall (see e.g. Evans, 1994).

Plant Type

Distribution

According to the FAO Grassland and Species Profiles the "origins of S. sesban are unclear but it is widely distributed and cultivated throughout tropical Africa and Asia”. USDA-ARS (2014) gives a wide native distribution, extending in Africa from Egypt to South Africa and west to Nigeria and Senegal. It is also given as native to the south eastern Arabian peninsula, western Asia, the Indian subcontinent, south-east Asia and northern Australia. Orwa et al. (2009), however, limit the native distribution to Chad, Egypt, Kenya and Uganda. The centre of diversity is in Africa, and S. sesban probably originated there (Evans, 1994). Genetic analysis of African populations by Jamadass et al. (2005) found the greatest diversity in East Africa.

S. sesban has been widely cultivated and has become naturalized on some Pacific and Caribbean islands, as well as in parts of Central and South America.

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

S. sesban is widely planted, and has a long history of use throughout Africa and Asia including India. While the origin of the species is unclear, Evans (1994) suggests that it may have been spread across southern Asia from northeastern Africa by man. It is less common in the Americas, but is known to have occurred in Cuba since 1908 and in Puerto Rico since 1885 (United States National Herbarium). 

Risk of Introduction

The likelihood of further introductions is high because S. sesban is used as a major agronomic species and is highly adaptable to climatic and physical conditions within tropical regions of the world. It has frequently escaped from cultivation and become naturalized. In a risk assessment on PIER (2012) for Hawaii it was given a high risk source of 11. 

Habitat

S. sesban is indigenous to "monsoonal, semi-arid to sub-humid regions with 500-2000 mm annual rainfall". It grows along "streams, swamp edges, moist and inundated bottomlands demonstrating tolerance to moisture-stress and soil alkalinity and salinity” (Cook et al., 2005; Orwa et al., 2009). In China it can be naturalized in wastelands, roadsides, riversides, mountain slopes and streamsides below 300-1300 m (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015). The species extends the range of nitrogen-fixing forage trees into cooler, higher elevation regions of the tropics and is ideally suited to seasonally flooded environments (Orwa et al., 2009).

Habitat List

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

2n=12 (Heering and Hanson, 1993).

Reproductive Biology

S. sesban reproduces primarily from seed although it can be vegetatively propagated. Flowering starts shortly after the onset of the rains, and in areas where there are two rainy seasons, it flowers and sets fruit twice (Orwa et al., 2009). Interspecific hybridization with S. goetzei is reported by Orwa et al. (2009). Seed is short-lived if not kept at room temperature.

Environmental Requirements

S. sesban is moderately shade tolerant and tolerates metalliferous mine tailings high in Cu, Zn and Pb (Orwa et al., 2009). It has outstanding ability to withstand waterlogging, shows some tolerance to moisture stress, and tolerates soil alkalinity and salinity. It does well under bimodal rainfall distributions where heavy rain is followed by a progressively drier season (Evans, 1994).

Physiology and Phenology

S. sesban grows very rapidly and thrives with repeated cuttings and coppicing, which can be carried out several times per year. When flooded, the plant initiates floating, adventitious roots and protects its stems, roots and nodules with spongy tissue (Orwa et al., 2009).

Associations

As a nitrogen-fixing legume, S. sesban forms associations with Rhizobium. The rhizobia strains that nodulate sesbanias are specialized and may not be present where sesbanias have not been grown previously (Evans, 1994).

Longevity

S. sesban is a short-lived perennial (1-5 years) which may be treated as an annual in regions where temperatures below 7°C preclude a perennial cultivation regime (Cook et al., 2005). 

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Rainfall Regime

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

Many insects feed on Sesbania species in natural stands (Sileshi et al., 2000). Mesoplatys ochroptera "can completely defoliate S. sesban, leading to mortality" (Orwa et al., 2009). The weevil, Alcidodes buho, damages the plant and the larvae of Azygophelps scalaris bore through the stems. The bacterium, Xanthomonas sesbaniae affects the stems and foliage.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Spread of S. sesban into new countries and regions has been intentional, as the species is grown for fodder and as a medicinal plant. It has sometimes escaped from cultivation to become naturalized. The species seeds prolifically and seedlings establish readily on moist bare soil.

Pathway Causes

Impact Summary

Economic Impact

S. sesban is a naturalized occasional agricultural weed (Randall, 2012).     

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential
• Reproduces asexually
• Has high genetic variability

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of nutrient regime

• Rapid growth
• Rooting

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses

S. sesban is mainly used for fodder. The leaves and branches are high in protein (20-25%) and give high digestibility for ruminants, but are not recommended for feeding to monogastric animals such as rabbits and pigs (Evans, 1994). The species is less used for wood, but can be a source of light firewood used in cooking and charcoal production. As a fast-growing species, it produces a high woody biomass in a short time, and the wood is relatively smokeless and hot burning (Orwa et al., 2009).  

S. sesban is cultivated or allowed to grow as a fallow crop in maize fields where it may be intercropped with beans and cotton as well as other crops. It improves soil fertility through the nitrogen it fixes. It is also used as a live support for black pepper, grapes, cucurbits and betel vine and as a shade tree for coffee and turmeric (Cook et al., 2005; Alavalapati and Mercer, 2006). It has also been used as a windbreak for crops including bananas, citrus and coffee (Orwa et al., 2009).

S. sesban has significant anti-inflammatory potential (Sajid et al., 2013)and may have "antibiotic, anthelmintic, anti-tumour and contraceptive properties as well as special properties in Ayurvedic medicinal practices” (Orwa et al., 2009). It is reported to be effective in the treatment of scorpion stings, boils and abscesses as well as a repellent of the tsetse fly (Orwa et al., 2009). S. sesban is used, according to Orwa et al. (2009) to treat "sore throat, gonorrhoea, syphilis, spasmodic fits in children and jaundice during pregnancy."

The flowers are edible and are added to stews and omelets in some regions (Evans, 1994).

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

S. sesban may be confused with annual Sesbania spp. such as S. sericea which also has yellow flowers, but S. sericea is more densely pubescent on the lower surface of leaflets. The perennial Sesbania grandiflora has very big flowers, and larger leaves and seed pods.

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

S. sesban is infrequently studied in natural systems. Information on rate of spread, and impacts on ecosystems, is limited. Management and control strategies in natural systems need to be researched.   

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Links to Websites

Contributors

31/05/2015 Original text by:

John Peter Thompson, Consultant, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, USA

Distribution Maps