Sesbania sesban (sesban)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.
Preferred Common Name
- sesban
Variety
- Sesbania sesban var. bicolor (Wight & Arn.) F. W. Andrews
- Sesbania sesban var. nubica Chiov.
- Sesbania sesban var. sesban
- Sesbania sesban var. zambesiaca J. B. Gillett
Other Scientific Names
- Aeschynomene sesban L.
- Coronilla sesban (L.) Moench
- Emerus sesban (L.) Kuntze
- Sesbania aegyptiaca (Poir.) Pers.
- Sesbania confaloniana (Chiov.) Chiov.
- Sesbania punctata DC.
International Common Names
- English: common sesban; Egyptian pea; Egyptian rattle pod; Egyptian river hemp; Egyptian sesban; frother; river bean
- Spanish: palisandro (Cuba); tamarindillo
- French: sesbanie d'Egypte
- Arabic: seseban; torero
- Chinese: yin du tian jing
Local Common Names
- Cambodia: snao kook
- Cuba: añil francés
- Germany: gelbe Baumwisterie
- India: chithagathi; chuchu-rangmei; jaint; jayant; jayantika; karunchembai; nadeyi; raishingin; rawsa; samintha; shevri; vaijayanti
- Indonesia: janti; jayanti; puri
- Laos: sapao lom
- Myanmar: yay-tha-kyee; yethugyi
- Philippines: katodai; katuray
- South Africa: riverbontjie; umQambuqweqwe; umsoksok
- Sri Lanka: chittakatti; karunchembai
- Thailand: champai; sami; saphaolom
- Uganda: mubimba; muzimbandeya
- Vietnam: dien-dien
EPPO code
- SEBSE (Sesbania sesban)
- SEBSP (Sesbania sesban subsp. punctata)
Synonymized subspecies
- Sesbania sesban subsp. punctata
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageS. sesban is a deciduous, short-lived perennial shrub or tree, indigenous to north-east Africa and often also described as native to parts of southern Asia. It is cultivated widely for fodder and forage, and is reported as an invasive species in Israel and the U.S. state of Hawaii (PIER, 2012; Dufour-Dror, 2013). It has become naturalized in many of the countries where it is cultivated, and is characterized by very rapid early growth.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Subfamily: Faboideae
- Genus: Sesbania
- Species: Sesbania sesban
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
There are 56 accepted species names in the genus Sesbania listed on The Plant List (2013). The genus Sesbania is in the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae, subfamily: Faboideae, tribe: Sesbanieae. The largest number of species are found in Africa, and the remainder in Australia, Hawaii, and Asia.
The most widely collected species within the genus, Sesbania sesban was circumscribed originally in 1753 by Linnaeus as Aeschynomene sesban and described in 1912 as a new combination by Elmer Drew Merrill, the foremost contributor to the taxonomy of plants of the Far East, who served as Director of the New York Botanical Garden from 1929 to 1935 (Merrill, 1912). S. sesban has two accepted infraspecific taxa according to The Plant List (2013): S. sesban var. bicolor (Wight & Arn.) F.W. Andrews and S. sesban subsp. punctata (DC.) J.B.Gillett. S. sesban is more closely related to annual sesbanias than the other common perennial species in the genus, S. grandiflora (Evans, 1994).
Care should be taken with the synonymy of Sesbania aegyptiaca sensu Bojer which, according to ILDIS (2014), is not S. sesban but rather S. bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight.
Etymology of sesban is derived through the French from Arabic 'saisabaan' from the Persian word 'sisabaan' which perhaps named one of two East Indian species, S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca.
Description
Top of pageThe following description comes from Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015):
Herbs, perennial, suffrutescent, 2-4 m tall. Branches pubescent, glabrescent, internodes often 0.5-2.5 cm, nodes conspicuously gibbous. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, caducous, pubescent. Leaves 20-40-foliolate; petiole and rachis appressed pubescent, more so at petiole base; rachis 4-10 cm; petiolules appressed pubescent; stipels acerose; leaflet blades oblong to linear, 1.3-2.5 cm × 3-4(-6) mm, both surfaces with purplish black glands, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent when young but glabrescent, adaxially glabrous or glabrescent, midvein evident on both surfaces, base obliquely rounded, apex rounded to retuse and mucronate. Racemes 4-10-flowered; peduncle 8-10 cm, slender, pubescent, glabrescent; bracts linear-lanceolate, caducous, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent. Pedicel ca. 8 mm, slender, pubescent when young; bracteoles smaller than bracts, caducous. Calyx campanulate; teeth shortly triangular, inside appressed pubescent to glabrescent. Corolla yellow or calyx and standard purplish black and wings and keel partly purplish black or red; standard transversely elliptic, 1.1-1.3 cm, wider than long, with a 4-5 mm claw, with a S-shaped callus ca. 2 mm, basally decurrent to lamina, widened in middle, and distinct and acuminate to obtuse at apex, base subcordate, apex emarginate; wings oblong, 1-1.2 cm, with a curved ca. 4 mm claw, base inconspicuously auriculate, apex rounded; keel nearly semicircular, 6-8 × 5-7 mm, lamina base narrower than apex and with a triangular short auricle, claw ± as long as calyx. Stamen tube 8-10 mm; anthers ellipsoid. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 5 mm, glabrous; stigma globose. Legume contorted when young but straight or slightly curved at maturity, subterete, 15-23(-30) cm × 3-4 mm, ca. 5 mm between transverse septa, base often with a marcescent calyx, apex beaked. Seeds 20-40 per legume, subterete, 3-4 × ca. 2 mm, slightly compressed; hilum rounded and concave.
Other descriptions describe the plant as a single or multistemmed shrub or small tree, with the height up to 8 m tall (see e.g. Evans, 1994).
Distribution
Top of page
According to the FAO Grassland and Species Profiles the "origins of S. sesban are unclear but it is widely distributed and cultivated throughout tropical Africa and Asia”. USDA-ARS (2014) gives a wide native distribution, extending in Africa from Egypt to South Africa and west to Nigeria and Senegal. It is also given as native to the south eastern Arabian peninsula, western Asia, the Indian subcontinent, south-east Asia and northern Australia. Orwa et al. (2009), however, limit the native distribution to Chad, Egypt, Kenya and Uganda. The centre of diversity is in Africa, and S. sesban probably originated there (Evans, 1994). Genetic analysis of African populations by Jamadass et al. (2005) found the greatest diversity in East Africa.
S. sesban has been widely cultivated and has become naturalized on some Pacific and Caribbean islands, as well as in parts of Central and South America.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Angola | Present | Native | ||||||
Botswana | Present | Native | ||||||
Burundi | Present | Native | Cultivated | |||||
Cabo Verde | Present, Localized | Introduced | Coastal planting trial; Original citation: Sandys-Winsch and Harris (1992) | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Native | ||||||
Central African Republic | Present | Planted | ||||||
Chad | Present | Native | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | |||||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | |||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Native | ||||||
Djibouti | Present | Native | ||||||
Egypt | Present | Native | ||||||
Eritrea | Present | |||||||
Eswatini | Present | Native | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present | Native | ||||||
Gabon | Present | |||||||
Gambia | Present | Native | ||||||
Ghana | Present | Native | ||||||
Guinea | Present | Native | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | Native | ||||||
Kenya | Present, Widespread | Native | Located in Northern Kenya along running water | |||||
Lesotho | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | |||||||
Malawi | Present | Native | ||||||
Mali | Present | Native | ||||||
Mauritania | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mauritius | Present | Native | ||||||
-Rodrigues | Present | Native | ||||||
Mozambique | Present | Native | ||||||
Namibia | Present | Native | ||||||
Niger | Present | Native | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | Native | ||||||
Réunion | Present | Native | ||||||
Rwanda | Present, Widespread | Native | Northern Rwanda- growing along river edges; utilized by elephants | |||||
Saint Helena | Present | Native | ||||||
Senegal | Present | Native | ||||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Native | ||||||
Somalia | Present | Native | ||||||
South Africa | Present | Native | ||||||
Sudan | Present | Native | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Native | ||||||
Togo | Present | Native | ||||||
Tunisia | Present | Naturalized | "cultivated and semi-naturalized" | |||||
Uganda | Present | Native | ||||||
Zambia | Present, Widespread | Native | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Native | ||||||
Asia |
||||||||
Afghanistan | Present | Native | ||||||
Bahrain | Present | Native | ||||||
Bangladesh | Present | |||||||
Bhutan | Present, Localized | Introduced | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | Native | ||||||
China | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Hainan | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
-Shandong | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Yunnan | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
India | Present, Widespread | Native | "cultivated and wild" | |||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | Native | ||||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | Native | ||||||
-Arunachal Pradesh | Present | Native | ||||||
-Assam | Present | Native | ||||||
-Bihar | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Chhattisgarh | Present | |||||||
-Delhi | Present | Native | ||||||
-Goa | Present | Native | ||||||
-Gujarat | Present | Native | ||||||
-Haryana | Present | Native | ||||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | Native | ||||||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Jharkhand | Present | Native | trial planting report | |||||
-Karnataka | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Kerala | Present | Native | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Manipur | Present | Native | ||||||
-Meghalaya | Present | Native | ||||||
-Mizoram | Present | Native | ||||||
-Nagaland | Present | Native | ||||||
-Odisha | Present | Native | ||||||
-Puducherry | Present | Native | ||||||
-Punjab | Present | Native | ||||||
-Rajasthan | Present | Native | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | Native | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | Native | ||||||
-Tripura | Present | Native | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Uttarakhand | Present | Native | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | Planted | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Java | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Lesser Sunda Islands | Present | Native | ||||||
-Sumatra | Present | Planted | ||||||
Iran | Present | Planted | ||||||
Iraq | Present | Planted | ||||||
Israel | Present | Planted | ||||||
Japan | Present | Planted | ||||||
Laos | Present | Planted | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | ||||||
Nepal | Present | |||||||
Oman | Present | Native | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | Native | ||||||
Philippines | Present | |||||||
Qatar | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Frequent along shaded roadsides; probably escaped from cultivation | |||||
Saudi Arabia | Present | Native | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | Planted | ||||||
Thailand | Present | Native | ||||||
United Arab Emirates | Present | Introduced | Landscape species | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Native | ||||||
Yemen | Present | Native | ||||||
North America |
||||||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | naturalized | ||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Present | Introduced | ||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Exotic in St. Croix | |||||
United States | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Hawaii | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Oceania |
||||||||
Australia | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Native | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | Native | ||||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | ||||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Norfolk Island | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Vanuatu | Present | Introduced | ||||||
South America |
||||||||
Brazil | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Bahia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Goias | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Planted | ||||||
Guyana | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Paraguay | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Suriname | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Venezuela | Present | Introduced |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageS. sesban is widely planted, and has a long history of use throughout Africa and Asia including India. While the origin of the species is unclear, Evans (1994) suggests that it may have been spread across southern Asia from northeastern Africa by man. It is less common in the Americas, but is known to have occurred in Cuba since 1908 and in Puerto Rico since 1885 (United States National Herbarium).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe likelihood of further introductions is high because S. sesban is used as a major agronomic species and is highly adaptable to climatic and physical conditions within tropical regions of the world. It has frequently escaped from cultivation and become naturalized. In a risk assessment on PIER (2012) for Hawaii it was given a high risk source of 11.
Habitat
Top of pageS. sesban is indigenous to "monsoonal, semi-arid to sub-humid regions with 500-2000 mm annual rainfall". It grows along "streams, swamp edges, moist and inundated bottomlands demonstrating tolerance to moisture-stress and soil alkalinity and salinity” (Cook et al., 2005; Orwa et al., 2009). In China it can be naturalized in wastelands, roadsides, riversides, mountain slopes and streamsides below 300-1300 m (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015). The species extends the range of nitrogen-fixing forage trees into cooler, higher elevation regions of the tropics and is ideally suited to seasonally flooded environments (Orwa et al., 2009).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brackish | Inland saline areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Productive/non-natural | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Industrial / intensive livestock production systems | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Arid regions | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Productive/non-natural | |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Productive/non-natural | |
Littoral | Salt marshes | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
2n=12 (Heering and Hanson, 1993).
Reproductive Biology
S. sesban reproduces primarily from seed although it can be vegetatively propagated. Flowering starts shortly after the onset of the rains, and in areas where there are two rainy seasons, it flowers and sets fruit twice (Orwa et al., 2009). Interspecific hybridization with S. goetzei is reported by Orwa et al. (2009). Seed is short-lived if not kept at room temperature.
Environmental Requirements
S. sesban is moderately shade tolerant and tolerates metalliferous mine tailings high in Cu, Zn and Pb (Orwa et al., 2009). It has outstanding ability to withstand waterlogging, shows some tolerance to moisture stress, and tolerates soil alkalinity and salinity. It does well under bimodal rainfall distributions where heavy rain is followed by a progressively drier season (Evans, 1994).
Physiology and Phenology
S. sesban grows very rapidly and thrives with repeated cuttings and coppicing, which can be carried out several times per year. When flooded, the plant initiates floating, adventitious roots and protects its stems, roots and nodules with spongy tissue (Orwa et al., 2009).
Associations
As a nitrogen-fixing legume, S. sesban forms associations with Rhizobium. The rhizobia strains that nodulate sesbanias are specialized and may not be present where sesbanias have not been grown previously (Evans, 1994).
Longevity
S. sesban is a short-lived perennial (1-5 years) which may be treated as an annual in regions where temperatures below 7°C preclude a perennial cultivation regime (Cook et al., 2005).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Tolerated | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Tolerated | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
BW - Desert climate | Tolerated | < 430mm annual precipitation | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
30 | -15 | 100 | 2300 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 0 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 20 | 28 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 25 | 30 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 14 | 19 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 3 | 5 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 340 | 2000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcidodes bubo | Herbivore | Fruits|pods; Plants|Leaves; Plants|Stems | not specific | |||
Eurytoma | Herbivore | Plants|Seeds | ||||
Mesoplatys ochroptera | Herbivore | Plants|Leaves | not specific | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageMany insects feed on Sesbania species in natural stands (Sileshi et al., 2000). Mesoplatys ochroptera "can completely defoliate S. sesban, leading to mortality" (Orwa et al., 2009). The weevil, Alcidodes buho, damages the plant and the larvae of Azygophelps scalaris bore through the stems. The bacterium, Xanthomonas sesbaniae affects the stems and foliage.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageSpread of S. sesban into new countries and regions has been intentional, as the species is grown for fodder and as a medicinal plant. It has sometimes escaped from cultivation to become naturalized. The species seeds prolifically and seedlings establish readily on moist bare soil.
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crop production | Intercropping | Yes | Yes | Gutteridge and Shelton (1995) |
Forage | Yes | Yes | Hanelt et al. (2001) | |
Habitat restoration and improvement | Yes | Yes | Sandys-Winsch and Harris (1992) | |
Medicinal use | Yes | Yes | Usman et al. (2013) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Positive |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive and negative |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Tolerant of shade
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Reproduces asexually
- Has high genetic variability
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Rapid growth
- Rooting
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageS. sesban is mainly used for fodder. The leaves and branches are high in protein (20-25%) and give high digestibility for ruminants, but are not recommended for feeding to monogastric animals such as rabbits and pigs (Evans, 1994). The species is less used for wood, but can be a source of light firewood used in cooking and charcoal production. As a fast-growing species, it produces a high woody biomass in a short time, and the wood is relatively smokeless and hot burning (Orwa et al., 2009).
S. sesban is cultivated or allowed to grow as a fallow crop in maize fields where it may be intercropped with beans and cotton as well as other crops. It improves soil fertility through the nitrogen it fixes. It is also used as a live support for black pepper, grapes, cucurbits and betel vine and as a shade tree for coffee and turmeric (Cook et al., 2005; Alavalapati and Mercer, 2006). It has also been used as a windbreak for crops including bananas, citrus and coffee (Orwa et al., 2009).
S. sesban has significant anti-inflammatory potential (Sajid et al., 2013)and may have "antibiotic, anthelmintic, anti-tumour and contraceptive properties as well as special properties in Ayurvedic medicinal practices” (Orwa et al., 2009). It is reported to be effective in the treatment of scorpion stings, boils and abscesses as well as a repellent of the tsetse fly (Orwa et al., 2009). S. sesban is used, according to Orwa et al. (2009) to treat "sore throat, gonorrhoea, syphilis, spasmodic fits in children and jaundice during pregnancy."
The flowers are edible and are added to stews and omelets in some regions (Evans, 1994).
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageS. sesban may be confused with annual Sesbania spp. such as S. sericea which also has yellow flowers, but S. sericea is more densely pubescent on the lower surface of leaflets. The perennial Sesbania grandiflora has very big flowers, and larger leaves and seed pods.
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of pageS. sesban is infrequently studied in natural systems. Information on rate of spread, and impacts on ecosystems, is limited. Management and control strategies in natural systems need to be researched.
References
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Alavalapati JRR; Mercer DE, 2006. Valuing Agroforestry Systems: Methods and Applications., Netherlands: Springer.
Ali SL, 1977. Flora of West Pakistan. No. 100 Papilionaceae.. Karachi, Pakistan: Department of Botany, Karachi University.
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Baxter J, 1996. Farmers who fallow with trees. Agroforestry Today, 7(3-4):8-10.
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Britton NL; Murrill WA; Barnhart JH, 1919. North American Flora. New York, USA: New York Botanical Garden.
Brummitt RK; Harder DK; Lewis GP; Lock JM; Polhill RM; Verdcourt B, 2007. Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae). Flora Zambesiaca, Kew Databases. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/efloras/fz/families.html
Burleigh JR; Yamoah CF, 1997. Site factors associated with the performance of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Sesbania sesban (L.) Merill in pure and mixed stands in the northern highlands of Rwanda. Agroforestry Systems, 37(2): 121-131.
Colville FV, 1908. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium [ed. by Colville, F. V.]. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Cook BG; Pengelly BC; Brown SD; Donnelly JL; Eagles DA; Franco MA; Hanson J; Partridge IJ; Peter M; Schultze-Kraft R, 2005. Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Brisbane, Australia: CSIRO, DPI&F, CIAT, ILRI. http://www.tropicalforages.info/
Craswell ET; Tangendjaja B, 1984. Shrub Legume Research in Indonesia and Australia : proceedings of an International workshop held in Indonesia in 1984 [ed. by Craswell, E. T. \Tangendjaja, B.].
Deb DB, 1981. The flora of Tripura State. Delhi, India: Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers.
Deomurari A; Jani M; Matieda K; Patel J; Parmar A, 2014. IBIS-Flora Beta Version. http://flora.indianbiodiversity.org/flora/angiosperms
Deshpande S; Nayar MP; Sharma BD, 1993. Flora of Mahabaleshwar and adjoinings, Maharashtra., India: Botanical Survey of India, 431 pp.
Dhiman AK, 2004. Medicinal plants of Uttaranchal State., India: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 590 pp.
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Distribution References
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Deb DB, 1981. The flora of Tripura State., Delhi, India: Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers.
Deshpande S, Nayar MP, Sharma BD, 1993. Flora of Mahabaleshwar and adjoinings., Maharashtra, India: Botanical Survey of India. 431 pp.
Dhiman AK, 2004. Medicinal plants of Uttaranchal State., India: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. 590 pp.
Dufour-Dror JM, 2013. Israel's Least Wanted Alien Ornamental Plant Species., [ed. by Dufour-Dror JM]. Israel: Information and Internet Division, Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection. http://www.moag.gov.il/en/Ministrys%20Units/Plant%20Protection%20and%20Inspection%20Services/Publications/2013/Documents/zanim_polshim_en.pdf
Evans D O, Rotar P P, 1987. Sesbania in agriculture. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press. 192 pp.
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015. Flora of China., St. Louis, Missouri; Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2
Flora of Nepal Editorial Committee, 2014. Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal., St. Louis, Missouri; Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=110
Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee, 2013. Taiwan Invasive Species Database., St. Louis, MO; Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=102
Gilbert-Carter H, Gilbert-Carter DN, 1921. Useful Plants of the District of Lakhimpur in Assam. In: Records of the Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India: Superintendent Government Printers.
ILDIS, 2014. International Legume Database and Information Service., Reading, UK: School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading. http://www.ildis.org/
Khare CP, 2007. Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary., New York, USA: Springer Press. 900 pp. http://www.ayurveda-heal.co.il/userfiles/Indian%20Medicinal%20Plants%20-%20Ayurveda.pdf
Khatun BMR, 1987. Tree legumes of Bangladesh., Chittagong, Bangladesh: Govt of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Forest Research Institute.
Kumar S, 2000. Leguminosae of Haryana. In: Indian Journal of Forestry, Additional Series 11,
Maheshwari JK, 1976. The Flora of Delhi., India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Maiti D, Maiti SK, 2014. Ecorestoration Of Waste Dump By The Establishment Of Grass-Legume Cover. In: International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 3 (3) 37-41.
Mandaville JP, 1990. Flora of Eastern-Saudi-Arabia., Riyadh; London, Saudi Arabia; UK: Kegan Paul International Limited.
Manilal KS, Sivarajan VV, 1982. Flora of Calicut: the flowering plants of the Greater Calicut area consisting of the western sectors of Calicut and Malappuram districts., 387 pp.
Nair NC, Henry AN, 1989. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India: analysis., India: Botanical Survey of India, Dept. of Environment.
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A, 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. In: World Agroforestry Centre, http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Roy GP, Shukla BK, Datt B, 1992. Flora of Madhya Pradesh: Chhatarpur and Damoh., India: Ashish Publishing House.
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2015. Kew Herbarium Catalogue., London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/
Ryakala VK, Ali SS, Sharanabasava H, Hasin N, Sharma P, Bora U, 2009. Ethnobotany of Plants Used to Cure Diabetes by the People of North East India. In: Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 4 (1) 64-68.
Sesagiriravu R, 1985. Flora of Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra and Nagarhaveli., India: Botanical Survey of India.
Sharma AK, Dhakre JS, 1995. Flora of Agra District., Calcutta, India: Botanical Survey of India.
Sharma M, 1990. Punjab Plants: Check-list., India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.
Shetty BV, Singh V, 1993. Flora of Rajasthan., Calcutta, India: Botanical Survey of India.
Singh NP, 1988. Flora of eastern Karnataka., India: Mittal Publications.
Thuan NVan, Phon PD, Niyomdham C, Vidal Y, 1987. [English title not available]. (Flore de du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam, 23 : Légumineuses-Papilionoïdées)., Association de Botanique Tropicale.
Townsend CC, Guest E, 1974. Flora of Iraq., 3 Baghdad, Iraq: Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform.
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
Varma SK, 1981. Flora of Bhagalpur: dicotyledons., Delhi, India: Today and Tomorrow's Publishers.
Wittmer W, Büttiker W, 1983. Fauna of Arabia., 5 [ed. by Wittmer W, Büttiker W]. Basle, Switzerland: Natural History Museum.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Agroforestree Database | http://www.worldagroforestry.org/resources/databases/agroforestree | |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Tropical Forages | http://www.tropicalforages.info/index.htm |
Contributors
Top of page31/05/2015 Original text by:
John Peter Thompson, Consultant, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, USA
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