Athelia rolfsii (sclerotium rot)

Pictures

Top of page

Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Symptoms on tomato

Decay of tomato fruit, and colonization of damp paper tissue, on which numerous sclerotia have formed.

©Anna L. Snowdon

Symptoms on carrot

Typical silky white mycelium spreading over carrot roots (artificially inoculated), with sclerotia just beginning to form.

©Anna L. Snowdon

Symptoms on carrot

Advanced natural infection of a mass of carrots; sclerotia in various stages of maturity (from white to dark brown).

©Anna L. Snowdon

Symptoms on soyabean stems

Infected soyabean stems.

ISU

Symptoms on sorghum stem

Infected sorghum stems.

R.A. Frederiksen

Symptoms on cowpea plant

Sclerotium rolfsii, with abundant sclerotia.

Rob Williams/CAB International

Symptoms on cowpea plant

Basal stem rot causing wilting.

Rob Williams/CAB International

Seedling blight

Seedling blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii.

Chin Khoon Min

Symptoms on lentil

Initial symptom of sclerotium rot of lentil: drooping of the upper green leaves of the plant.

Ved Prakash Gupta

Symptoms on lentil

Wilting of lentil plants at the flowering stage in the field.

Ved Prakash Gupta

C. rolfsii in culture

ICRISAT

C. rolfsii - line drawing

A, Cells from sclerotium rind; B, from sclerotium cortex; C, from sclerotium medulla; D, primary and secondary hyphae including mycelial strand; E, tertiary hyphae. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 410. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

©CABI BioScience

Symptoms

Symptoms: collar rot of soybean caused by S. rolfsii, showing mycelia growth on stem and mycelia growth with sclerotia on soil surface around collar region of stem

Ved Prakash Gupta

Symptoms

Symptoms: collar rot of soybean caused by S. rolfsii, showing mycelia growth on stem and mycelia growth with sclerotia on soil surface around collar region of stem.

Ved Prakash Gupta

Symptoms

White cottony mycelial growth of S. rolfsii on collar region of wilted chickpea seedling.

Ved Prakash Gupta

Symptoms

Mycelial growth and sclerotia (arrowed) of S. rolfsii on the root of wilted chickpea plant.

Ved Prakash Gupta

Symptoms

Sclerotium rot of lentil at seedlling stage in field.

Ved Prakash Gupta

Symptoms

Close-up of collar region of wilted plant showing white cottony growth of S. rolfsii mycelium.

Ved Prakash Gupta

Symptoms

Wilted lentil plant at flowering stage showing white mycelial growth of S. rolfsii on stem near soil level.

Ved Prakash Gupta

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr.

Preferred Common Name

sclerotium rot

Other Scientific Names

Botryobasidium rolfsii (Saccardo) Venkat.
Corticium centrifugum (Lév.) Bresad.
Corticium rolfsii Curzi
Hypochnus centrifugus (Lév.) Tul.
Pellicularia rolfsii (Curzi) E. West
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
Sclerotium rolfsii var. rolfsii Saccardo

International Common Names

English: collar rot; collar rot of tomato; cotton stem & root rot; crown rot (bean); damping-off; groundnut stem rot; leaf spot or neck rot of yams; root and stem wilt of groundnut; root rot of beans, citrus; sclerotium blight (alfalfa, soyabean); seedling blight (sweet potato, rice); southern blight (groundnut, alfalfa, soyabean); southern blight of ginger; southern root rot (sugarbeet); southern sclerotial rot (sorghum, sugarbeet); southern stem rot (groundnut, bean, soyabean); southern wilt (bean); white mould (groundnut, soyabean); white rot on taro; white rot or bulb rot of onions; wilt and fruit rot
Spanish: mal del esclerocio
French: nécrose du collet; pourriture des capsules
Portuguese: murcha-de-sclerotium; podridão-das-raízes

Local Common Names

Germany: Sklerotienkrankheit

EPPO code

SCLORO (Sclerotium rolfsii)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
Class: Agaricomycetes
Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
Order: Polyporales
Family: Atheliaceae
Genus: Athelia
Species: Athelia rolfsii

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Jan 2020

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference	Notes
Africa
Angola	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Benin	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Botswana	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Burkina Faso	Present	Subrahmanyam et al. (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
Burundi	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Cabo Verde	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Cameroon	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Herb IMI (Undated)
Central African Republic	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Chad	Present	Sougnabe and Foko (2003)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Congo, Republic of the	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	Savary (1987); UK, CAB International (1992)
Egypt	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Fahim et al. (1994)
Equatorial Guinea	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Ethiopia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Hulluka and Ahmed (1993)
Gabon	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Gambia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Ghana	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Abbasher et al. (1995)
Guinea	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Kenya	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Lesotho	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Liberia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Madagascar	Present	Dequaire (1976); UK, CAB International (1992)
Malawi	Present	Rothwell (1972); ICRISAT (1986); UK, CAB International (1992)
Mali	Present	IRAT (1983); UK, CAB International (1992)
Mauritania	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Mauritius	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Rodrigues	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Morocco	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Mozambique	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Niger	Present	Reddy et al. (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
Nigeria	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Osai and Ikotun (1994)
Rwanda	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Senegal	Present	IRAT (1983); UK, CAB International (1992)
Seychelles	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Sierra Leone	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Somalia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
South Africa	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
Sudan	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Tanzania	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Togo	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Tunisia	Present	Boulila and Mahjoub (1994); Kalai-Grami et al. (2013)
Uganda	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Elobu and Adipala (1993)
Zambia	Present	Rothwell (1972); UK, CAB International (1992)
Zimbabwe	Present	Rothwell (1972); UK, CAB International (1992)
Asia
Bangladesh	Present	Reddy et al. (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
Brunei	Present	Peregrine et al. (1984); UK, CAB International (1992)
Cambodia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
China	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Guangdong	Present	Zheng XiaoHui et al. (2001)
-Hainan	Present	Liu XiaoMei and Pu JinJi (2004)
-Hunan	Present	You et al. (2016)
-Liaoning	Present	Chen and Zhu (1991)
-Sichuan	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Yunnan	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Zhejiang	Present	Yuan et al. (1990)
Hong Kong	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
India	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Harlapur et al. (1993)
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Andhra Pradesh	Present	Raju et al. (1995)
-Assam	Present	Roy (1989); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Bihar	Present	Sinha et al. (1993)
-Chhattisgarh	Present	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Gupta et al. (2005)
-Delhi	Present	Kapoor (1988)
-Gujarat	Present	Rakholiya et al. (2003); Ronakkkumar and Sumanbhai (2014)
-Himachal Pradesh	Present	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Madhu-Meeta et al., 1992
-Jammu and Kashmir	Present	Thakur et al. (1991); Vikas Gupta et al. (2012)
-Karnataka	Present	Mahadevakumar et al. (2016); CABI (Undated)
-Kerala	Present	CABI (Undated); Sudina et al. (2014)	Original citation: Anon. (1992)
-Madhya Pradesh	Present	Ashok Krishna (1995)
-Maharashtra	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
-Manipur	Present	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Singh et al. (1991)
-Nagaland	Present	Singh et al. (1987); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Odisha	Present	Ashok Krishna (1995)
-Rajasthan	Present	Agrawat et al. (1980)
-Sikkim	Present	Bag (2003)
-Tamil Nadu	Present	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Anon. (1992)
-Uttar Pradesh	Present	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Sujan Singh et al., 1991
-Uttarakhand	Present	Bijender Kumar (2016)
-West Bengal	Present	Giri et al. (1989)
Indonesia	Present	Naito et al. (1993)
-Irian Jaya	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Java	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Vos and Nurtika (1995)
-Sumatra	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Iran	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Iraq	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Israel	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Lisker et al. (1994)
Japan	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Takahashi and Tsukiboshi (2012)
-Honshu	Present	Ishikawa et al. (1992); Takeuchi and Horie (1994); Iihama et al. (2013); Morita et al. (2015)
-Kyushu	Present	Morita (1995)
-Ryukyu Islands	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Laos	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Songvilay et al. (2013)
Lebanon	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
Malaysia	Present	Lim and Sijam (1989)
-Peninsular Malaysia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Sabah	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Sarawak	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Chong (1995)
Myanmar	Present	Reddy et al. (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
Nepal	Present	Jayaswal et al. (1988); UK, CAB International (1992)
North Korea	Present	Kim (1974); Kye and Kim (1985); UK, CAB International (1992)
Pakistan	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Mirza and Aslam (1993)
Philippines	Present	Reddy et al. (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
Saudi Arabia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Singapore	Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)	Yik (1988); AVA (2001)
South Korea	Present	Kwon et al. (2011); Kwon JinHyeuk et al. (2012); Kwon et al. (2013); Kwon JinHyeuk et al. (2013)
Sri Lanka	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Jayasinghe et al. (1993); CABI (Undated)
Syria	Present	ICRISAT (1984); UK, CAB International (1992)
Taiwan	Present	Sun (1991); UK, CAB International (1992); Fu et al. (2012); Fu et al. (2012a)
Thailand	Present	Reddy et al. (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
Turkey	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
Vietnam	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Europe
Belgium	Present	Kamoen and Jamart (1977)
Cyprus	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Denmark	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Present	Milevoj (1989); UK, CAB International (1992)
France	Present	IRAT (1983)
Germany	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
Greece	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Chatzivassiliou et al. (2016)	Agrinion
Guernsey	Present	Herb IMI (Undated)
Italy	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Carrieri et al. (2016); CABI (Undated)
-Sardinia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Garibaldi et al. (2013); Gilardi et al. (2013)
-Sicily	Present	Polizzi et al. (2010)
Jersey	Present	Herb IMI (Undated)
Netherlands	Present	Herb IMI (Undated)
Poland	Present	Orlikowski and Ptaszek (2013)
Portugal	Present	Herb IMI (Undated)
Russia	Present	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Mkervali et al., 1990
-Russia (Europe)	Present	Shengeliya (1971); Skripka et al. (1986); UK, CAB International (1992)
Slovenia	Present	Celar and Valič (2003)
Spain	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Remesal et al. (2010); Roca et al. (2016)
North America
Antigua and Barbuda	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Barbados	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Belize	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Bermuda	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Canada	Present	CABI (Undated a)
-Alberta	Present	Chang and Mirza (1994)
Costa Rica	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Cuba	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
Dominica	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Dominican Republic	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
El Salvador	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Grenada	Present	CABI (Undated a)
Guadeloupe	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Guatemala	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Haiti	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Honduras	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Jamaica	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Martinique	Present	IRAT (1983); UK, CAB International (1992)
Mexico	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
Montserrat	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Nicaragua	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Panama	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Puerto Rico	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Esnard and Hepperly (1995)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Saint Lucia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Trinidad and Tobago	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
United States	Present, Widespread	Minton and Bell (1981)
-Alabama	Present	CABI (Undated);
-Arizona	Present	Mihail and Alcorn (1984); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Arkansas	Present	West et al. (1991); UK, CAB International (1992)
-California	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Koike et al. (1994); Koike (2014)
-Connecticut	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Florida	Present	Kucharek and Edmondson (1991); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Georgia	Present	Minton et al. (1975); Culbreath et al. (1995)
-Hawaii	Present	Ko and Nishijima (1985); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Illinois	Present	Kane and Wilkinson (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Indiana	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Iowa	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Kansas	Present	Appel and Jardine (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Kentucky	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Louisiana	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Rolston et al. (1995)
-Maryland	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Lewis et al. (1993)
-Michigan	Present	Persich (1975); CABI (Undated)
-Minnesota	Present	Pedersen et al. (1976)
-Mississippi	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Missouri	Present	Beuselinck and McGraw (1990); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Nevada	Present	Pedersen et al. (1976)
-New Jersey	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-New York	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-North Carolina	Present	Ristaino et al. (1991); UK, CAB International (1992)
-Ohio	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Oklahoma	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Damicone and Jackson (1994)
-Oregon	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Pennsylvania	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-South Carolina	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Chapin and Thomas (1993)
-Tennessee	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Texas	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Nalim et al. (1995)
-Utah	Present	Pedersen et al. (1976)
-Virginia	Present	Brenneman et al. (1990); UK, CAB International (1992); CABI (Undated)
-Washington	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Oceania
Australia	Present	Conde and Diatloff (1991)
-New South Wales	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Northern Territory	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Duff and Connelly (1993)
-Queensland	Present	Vawdrey and Peterson (1990); UK, CAB International (1992)
-South Australia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Tasmania	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Victoria	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Western Australia	Present	Dewan and Sivasithamparam (1987); UK, CAB International (1992)
Fiji	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
French Polynesia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Guam	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
New Caledonia	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
New Zealand	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Alexander and Stewart (1994)
Norfolk Island	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Papua New Guinea	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Samoa	Present	Reynolds (1975)
Solomon Islands	Present	Gollifer (1973); UK, CAB International (1992)
Tonga	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Tuvalu	Present	Anon (1985)
Vanuatu	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
South America
Argentina	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Mitidieri (1994); Cúndom et al. (2013)
Brazil	Present	Ponte (1986); UK, CAB International (1992); Macedo et al. (2016)
-Espirito Santo	Present	Moreira et al. (2013)
-Goias	Present	Charchar et al. (2004)
-Maranhao	Present	CABI (Undated a)
-Mato Grosso	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
-Minas Gerais	Present	Goulart (1988)
-Para	Present	Bastos (2007)
-Parana	Present	Almeida et al. (2000); Franzener et al. (2013); Dias-Arieira et al. (2014)
-Pernambuco	Present	Silveira et al. (1994); CABI (Undated)
-Rio de Janeiro	Present	Soares et al. (2009)
-Santa Catarina	Present	Becker (1989)
-Sao Paulo	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Chile	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Sepúlveda Chavera (1993)
Colombia	Present	Tamayo M. and Jaramillo N. (1992); UK, CAB International (1992)
Ecuador	Present	Padilla B. (1979)
French Guiana	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Guyana	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Peru	Present	Vallejos (1988); UK, CAB International (1992)
Suriname	Present	UK, CAB International (1992)
Uruguay	Present	Backman et al. (1981); UK, CAB International (1992)
Venezuela	Present	UK, CAB International (1992); Aponte et al. (1994)

Growth Stages

Top of page Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Pre-emergence, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms/Signs

Top of page

Sign	Life Stages	Type
Fruit / extensive mould
Fruit / lesions: black or brown
Inflorescence / lesions on glumes
Inflorescence / rot
Leaves / abnormal colours
Leaves / abnormal leaf fall
Leaves / fungal growth
Leaves / necrotic areas
Leaves / wilting
Roots / fungal growth on surface
Roots / necrotic streaks or lesions
Roots / rot of wood
Roots / soft rot of cortex
Seeds / rot
Stems / canker on woody stem
Stems / dieback
Stems / discoloration of bark
Stems / internal discoloration
Stems / mould growth on lesion
Vegetative organs / internal rotting or discoloration
Vegetative organs / soft rot
Vegetative organs / surface lesions or discoloration
Whole plant / damping off
Whole plant / seedling blight

Natural enemies

Top of page

Natural enemy	Type	Biological control in	Biological control on
Aspergillus flavus	Antagonist
Aspergillus niger	Antagonist
Bacillus subtilis	Pathogen		sunflowers
Gliocladium virens	Antagonist
Glomus fasciculatum	Antagonist	India
Hypocrea rufa	Mycoparasite	India; Italy	sunflowers
Laetisaria arvalis	Pathogen
Nectria ventricosa	Pathogen
Penicillium corylophilum	Pathogen
Penicillium notatum	Antagonist
Pseudomonas fluorescens	Antagonist
Serratia marcescens	Pathogen
Trichoderma hamatum	Antagonist
Trichoderma harzianum	Antagonist	India; Philippines; Italy
Trichoderma longibrachiatum	Antagonist
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae	Pathogen

Plant Trade

Top of page

Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport	Pest stages	Borne internally	Borne externally	Visibility of pest or symptoms
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes	hyphae; sclerotia	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx	hyphae; sclerotia	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Fruits (inc. pods)	hyphae; sclerotia	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Growing medium accompanying plants	hyphae; sclerotia		Yes	Pest or symptoms usually invisible
Leaves	hyphae; sclerotia	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Roots	hyphae; sclerotia	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches	hyphae; sclerotia	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
True seeds (inc. grain)	hyphae; sclerotia	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants
Wood

References

Top of page

Abbasher AA, Kroschel J, Sauerborn J, 1995. Microorganisms of Striga hermonthica in northern Ghana with potential as biocontrol agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 5(2):157-161; 17 ref.

Abd-Allah EF, 2005. Effect of a Bacillus subtilis isolate on southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) and lipid composition of peanut seeds. Phytoparasitica, 33(5):460-466. http://www.phytoparasitica.org

Abd-Allah EF, El-Didamony G, 2007. Effect of seed treatment of Arachis hypogaea with Bacillus subtilis on nodulation in biological control of southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) disease. Phytoparasitica, 35(1):8-12. http://www.phytoparasitica.org

Adandonon A, Aveling TAS, Labuschagne N, Tamo M, 2006. Biocontrol agents in combination with Moringa oleifera extract for integrated control of Sclerotium-caused cowpea damping-off and stem rot. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 115(4):409-418. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265

Agrawat JM, Chhipa HP, Sobti AK, 1980. A note on two post harvest disease of vegetables for Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 10(1):97-98

Ahmad Y, Mirza MS, Aslam M, 1984. Sclerotium rolfsii on maize. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 32:147.

Akem CN, Dashiell KE, 1991. First report of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on soybeans in Nigeria. Plant Disease, 75(5):537

Akgul DS, Ozgonen H, Erkilic A, 2011. The effects of seed treatments with fungicides on stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., in peanut. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(6):2991-2996. http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43(6)/57.pdf

Alexander BJR, Stewart A, 1994. Survival of sclerotia of Sclerotinia and Sclerotium spp. in New Zealand horticultural soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 26(10):1323-1329

Almeida ÂMR, Torres E, Farias JRB, 2000. Outbreak of Sclerotium rolfsii in soybean is favored by weather and conventional tillage. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 25(4):672.

Amin KS, 1976. Epidemiology of Sclerotium seedling blight of rice. Indian Phytopathology, 29(2):133-137

Ansari MM, 2005. Management of collar rot of soybean through biological agents. Plant Disease Research (Ludhiana), 20(2):171-173.

Aponte A, Rinc=n A, Navas R, Pacheco W, 1994. Effect of diseases on the yield of 8 sunflower hybrids during the rainy and dry seasons in Maracay, Venezuela. Fitopatologi^acute~a Venezolana, 7(1):8-14; 24 ref.

Appel JA, Jardine DJ, 1992. First reports of Sclerotium (southern) blight and Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybeans in Kansas. Plant Disease, 76(5):539

Ashok Krishna, 1995. Chemical control of root rot of ganja. Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore), 24(6):99-100; 3 ref.

AVA, 2001. Diagnostic records of the Plant Health Diagnostic Services, Plant Health Centre, Agri-food & Veterinary Authority, Singapore.

AyaydIn F, Özkutlu M, AltInyay S, 1984. Preliminary studies on the distribution and incidence of the agents causing diseases in soybean growing areas on the Black Sea region of Turkey. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 13(2/3):75-80.

Aycock R, 1966. Stem rot and other diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. N. C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 174.

Backman PA, Rodriguez-Kabana R, Caulin MC, Beltramini E, Ziliani N, 1981. Using the soil-tray technique to predict the incidence of Sclerotium rot in sugar beets. Plant Disease, 65(5):419-421

Backman PA, Rodriguez-Kabana R, Williams JC, 1975. The effect of peanut leafspot fungicides on the nontarget pathogen, Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology, 65(7):773-776

Bag TK, 2003. Orchid wilt incited by Sclerotium rolfsi on some Indian orchids. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 16(1/2):97-98.

Bagwan NB, 2011. Evaluation of biocontrol potential of Trichoderma species against Sclerotium rolfsii, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. International Journal of Plant Protection, 4(1):107-111. http://www.hindagrihorticulturalsociety.co.in

Bastos CN, 2007. Sclerotium rolfsii leaf spot on Anthurium plowmanii. (Mancha foliar em antúrio causada por Sclerotium rolfsii.) Fitopatologia Brasileira, 32(3):267. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fb/v32n3/15.pdf

Becker WF, 1989. Sclerotial rot of carrot. Agropecuaria Catarinense, 2(4):40-41

Beuselinck PR, McGraw RL, 1990. Registration of 'Marion' annual lespedeza. Crop Science, 30(2):423-424.

Beute MK, Rodriguez-Kabana R, 1981. Effects of soil moisture, temperature and field environment on survival of Sclerotium rolfsii in Alabama and North Carolina. Phytopathology, 71(12):1293-1296

Bijender Kumar, 2016. Status of small millets diseases in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Plant Protection, 9(1):256-263. http://www.researchjournal.co.in/online/IJPP.htm

Boulila M, Mahjoub M, 1994. Inventory of olive disease in Tunisia. Bulletin OEPP, 24(4):817-823; 25 ref.

Bowen KL, Hagan AK, Weeks R, 1992. Seven years of Sclerotium rolfsii in peanut fields: yield losses and means of minimization. Plant Disease, 76(10):982-985

Branch WD, 1994. Registration of 'Georgia Browne' peanut. Crop Science, 34(4):1125-1126; 3 ref.

Brenneman TB, Csinos AS, Phipps PM, 1990. Evaluation of ammonium bicarbonate for control of soilborne peanut pathogens. Peanut Science, 17(1):28-31

Brown JE, Stevens C, Osborn MC, Bryce HM, 1989. Black plastic mulch and spunbonded polyester row cover as method of southern blight control in bell pepper. Plant Disease, 73(11):931-932

Canullo GH, Rodrfguez-Kßbana R, 1992. Evaluation of host and pathogen responses for screening soil amendments to control Sclerotium rolfsii. Plant and Soil, 147(2):275-282; 18 ref.

Carrieri R, Cozzolino E, Tarantino P, Cerrato D, Lahoz E, 2016. First report of southern blight on candyleaf (Stevia rebaudiana) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Italy. Plant Disease, 100(1):220-221. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Celar F, Valic N, 2003. Fungus Corticium rolfsii Curzi found in Slovenia. (Corticium rolfsii Curzi tudi v Sloveniji.) In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov 6. Slovenskega Posvetovanje o Varstvu Rastlin, Zrece, Slovenije, 4-6 marec 2003 . Ljubljana, Slovenia: Dru?tvo za varstvo rastlin Slovenije, 98-100.

Chandrasehar G, Ayyappan S, Eswaran A, 2005. Management of tomato collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii by antagonistic micro organisms. Journal of Ecobiology, 17(3):261-264.

Chang KF, Mirza M, 1994. Sclerotium rolfsii on Alstroemeria in Alberta, Canada. Plant Pathology, 43(2):406-409

Chapin JW, Thomas JS, 1993. Effects of chlorpyrifos on pod damage, disease incidence, and yield in two peanut fungicide programs. Peanut Science, 20(2):102-106

Charchar MJd'A, Anjos JRNdos, Andrade RPde, Fernandes FD, Fernandes CD, 2004. Diseases of forage Arachis in Federal District, Brazil. (Doenças de Arachis forrageiro no Distrito Federal.) Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - Embrapa Cerrados, No.133:18 pp.

Chatzivassiliou EK, Giakountis A, Testa A, Kienle U, Jungbluth T, 2016. Natural infection of Stevia rebaudiana by Cucumber mosaic virus in Spain and by Sclerotium rolfsii in Greece. Plant Disease, 100(5):1029. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Chen J, Zhu YG, 1991. Study on the etiology of diseases in sorghum seedlings. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 21(2):95-99; 6 ref.

Chima Wokocha R, 1987. Effect of soil type on the damping-off of tomato seedlings caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in the Nigerian savanna. Plant and Soil, 98(3):443-444

Chima Wokocha R, 1988. Relationship between the population of viable sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii in soil to cropping sequence in the Nigerian savanna. Plant and Soil, 106(1):146-148

Chong L, 1995. Sclerotium seedling blight of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Leaflet - Forest Pathology Information (Kuching), No. 4/95:4 pp.; 1 ref.

Chowdhury AK, 2003. Control of sclerotium blight of groundnut by plant growth substances. Crop Research (Hisar), 25(2):355-359.

Ciccarese F, Frisullo S, Amenduni M, Cirulli M, 1992. Use in the open field of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai in the biological control of sugarbeet root rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Informatore Fitopatologico, 42(5):63-64

Clark CA, 1989. Influence of volatiles from healthy and decaying sweet potato storage roots on sclerotial germination and hyphal growth of Sclerotium rolfsii.. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67(1):53-57; 15 ref.

Coe G, O'Neill NR, 1983. Selecting sugarbeet seedlings in the greenhouse for resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists, 22(1):35-45

Conde BD, Diatloff A, 1991. Diseases of mungbeans. Mungbean: the Australian experience. Proceedings of the first Australian mungbean workshop, Brisbane, 1991 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, CSIRO, 73-77

Culbreath AK, Brenneman TB, Bondari K, Reynolds KL, McLean HS, 1995. Late leaf spot, southern stem rot, and peanut yield responses to rates of cyproconazole and chlorothalonil applied alone and in combination. Plant Disease, 79(11):1121-1125; 21 ref.

Cúndom MA, Gutiérrez SA, Cabrera MG, 2013. Occurrence of Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot to Peperomia glabella in Argentina. Summa Phytopathologica, 39(2):142. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v39n2/13.pdf

Damicone JP, Jackson KE, 1994. Factors affecting chemical control of southern blight of peanut in Oklahoma. Plant Disease, 78(5):482-486

Das Gupta B, 1990. Pathogenesis of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. on wheat seedlings. Journal of Mycopathological Research, 28(2):129-133

Dequaire J, 1976. Breeding vanilla in Madagascar. Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquee, 23(7/12):139-158.

Derbalah AS, Dewir YH, El-Sayed AEB, 2012. Antifungal activity of some plant extracts against sugar beet damping-off caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Annals of Microbiology, 62(3):1021-1029. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b477322723xw7185/

Deshpande AL, Tiwari RKS, 1991. Effect of solarisation on sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot in betelvine. Indian Phytopathology, 44(3):353-355

Dewan MM, Sivasithamparam K, 1987. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii on wheat in Western Australia. Plant Disease, 71(12):1146

Dhara PK, Poi AK, Sengupta PK, 1989. Control of some common diseases of betelvine by foliar application of chemicals. Indian Journal of Mycological Research, 27(2):169-172; 3 ref.

Dias-Arieira CR, Severino JJ, Abe VHF, Silva CN, Tessmann DJ, 2014. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii in greater plantain in Paraná, Brazil. Plant Disease, 98(6):851-852. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Duff JD, Connelly MI, 1993. Effect of solarisation using single and double layers of clear plastic mulch on Pythium, Phytophthora and Sclerotium species in a nursery potting mix. Australasian Plant Pathology, 22(1):28-35

Echandi E, 1976. Principal fungus diseases of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the American tropics in different ecological zones. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 1(3):171-177

Eeden CFvan, Rensburg JBJvan, Linde TCde Kvan der, 1994. The role of insect damage in the colonization of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods by fungi. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 11(4):159-162; 21 ref.

El-Abyad MS, Hindorf H, Rizk MA, 1988. Impact of salinity stress on soil-borne fungi of sugarbeet. I. Pathogenicity implications. Plant and Soil, 110(1):27-32; 20 ref.

Ellis MA, Paschal EH, Powell PE, Tenne FD, 1979. Internally seedborne fungi of soya bean in Puerto Rico and their effect on seed germination and field emergence. Tropical Agriculture, 56(2):171-174

Elobu P, Adipala E, 1993. Prevalence of finger millet diseases in Kaberamaido subcounty, Soroti district, Uganda. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(1):13-19; 11 ref.

Epps WM, Patterson JC, Freeman IE, 1951. Physiology of parasitism of Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology, 41:245-256.

Esnard J, Hepperly PR, 1995. First report of southern blight of common barley in Puerto Rico. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 101(5):497-501

Esqueda-Valle M, Zenteno-Zevada M, 1991. The effect of polyethylene mulch on the mycoflora associated with bean. Anales del Instituto de Biologia. Serie Botanica, 61(1):11-19

Fahim MM, Attla MF, Okasha AK, Abada KA, 1994. Control of strawberry root-rot disease by soil fumigation. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 22(1):1-15; 21 ref.

Fahim MM, Kararah MA, El-Gharabawi AA, Abada KAM, 1981. Studies on fungi causing root-rot of sugar beet with special reference to Sclerotium rolfsii.. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 13(1/2):1-10; [1 fig., 5 tab.]; 24 ref.

Fahim MM, Kararah MA, El-Gharabawi AA, Abada KAM, 1984. Chemical control of damping-off of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 16(1-2):35-42

FAO, 1985. New records. Tuvalu. Taro disease. Quarterly Newsletter, FAO Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 28(3):29

Fatema Begum, Bhuiyan MKA, 2007. Integrated control of seedling mortality of lentil caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Pathology, 23(1/2):17-24.

Franzener G, Moura GS, Meinerz CC, Stangarlin JR, 2013. Occurrence of Sclerotium rolfsii in Rumex acetosa in Paraná. (Ocorrência de Sclerotium rolfsii em Rumex acetosa no Paraná.) Summa Phytopathologica, 39(1):64. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v39n1/a13v39n1.pdf

Fu CH, Huang YP, Lin FY, 2012. First report of southern blight of Iresine herbstii caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Taiwan. Plant Disease, 96(11):1692-1693. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Fu CH, Huang YP, Lin FY, 2012. First report of southern blight of Mexican petunia (Ruellia brittoniana) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Taiwan. Plant Disease, 96(12):1822. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Galletti S, Burzi PL, Sala E, Marinello S, Cerato C, 2009. Synergy of Brassica napus green manure and Trichoderma seed treatment against Sclerotium rolfsii of sugar beet. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin [Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Multitrophic Interactions in Soil", Dijon, France, 24-27 June 2007.], 42:69-72. http://www.iobc-wprs.org/pub/bulletins/bulletin_2009_42_table_of_contents_abstracts.pdf

Garibaldi A, Gilardi G, Ortu G, Gullino ML, Testa M, 2013. First report of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Italy. Plant Disease, 97(10):1386. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Garza Lopez JG, Cruz Fernandez M, 1991. Effect of fertilizers and chemical control of diseases on yield and quality of soyabean in las Huastecas, Tamaulipas. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia, 9(2):134-143

Gautum M, Kolte SJ, 1979. Control of Sclerotium of sunflower through organic amendments of soil. Plant and Soil, 53(1/2):233-238

Ghosh A, Chatterjee NC, Pal PK, 2012. Germination deterrence of seeds of Abrus precatorius L. by the seed-borne pathogen, Sclerotium rolfsii. Journal of Mycopathological Research, 50(1):115-116. http://www.imskolkata.org/

Gilardi G, Testa M, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A, 2013. Sclerotium rolfsii new pathogen of bean in Italy. (Sclerotium rolfsii nuovo parassita su fagiolo in Italia.) Protezione delle Colture, No.4:41-43.

Giri D, Banerjee K, Laha SK, Khatua DC, 1989. Some diseases of horticultural and field crops. Environment and Ecology, 7(4):821-825

Gladders P, Derbyshire DM, 1979. Corticium rolfsii on Syngonium (Nephthytis) podophyllum. Plant Pathology, 28(4):199-200

Gollifer DE, 1973. The introduction of spice crops into the British Solomon Islands. Proceedings of the Conference on Spices, 10th-14th April,1972. London, UK: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 97-104.

Goulart ACP, 1988. Bean diseases in the northern region of Minas Gerais. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 13(3):230-242; 6 ref.

Grichar WJ, 1995. Management of stem rot of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii with fungicides. Crop Protection, 14(2):111-115

Gulya TJ, Woods DM, Bell R, Mancl MK, 1991. Diseases of sunflower in California. Plant Disease, 75(6):572-574

Gupta GK, Sharma SK, 2009. Influence, optimization, energy budgeting and monetary considerations of different time intervals between fungicidal seed treatment and sowing on sclerotium blight of soybean. Crop Protection, 28(10):854-858. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02612194

Gupta GK, Verma MM, Sharma SK, 2005. Effect of nutrients, pH and temperature on the growth and sclerotium formation in Sclerotium rolfsii and amendments on collar rot in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Soybean Research, 3:29-35.

Gupta SB, Thakur KS, Anup Singh, Tamrakar DK, Tedia K, 2005. Exploiting Trichoderma viride for improving performance of chickpea in wilt complex affected area of Chhattisgarh. Advances in Plant Sciences, 18(2):609-614.

Hagan AK, Weeks JR, Bowen K, 1991. Effects of application timing and method on control of southern stem rot of peanut with foliar-applied fungicides. Peanut Science, 18(1):47-50

Hall R, ed. , 1991. Compendium of Bean Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA: APS Press.

Hameeda B, Harini G, Rupela OP, Rao JVDKK, Gopal Reddy, 2010. Biological control of chickpea collar rot by co-inoculation of antagonistic bacteria and compatible rhizobia. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 50(4):419-424. http://www.springerlink.com/content/t2ku475gm400q0m0/

Hanssler G, Maxwell DP, Maxwell MD, 1978. Ultrastructure and acid phosphatase cytochemistry of hyphae of Sclerotium rolfsii in hypercotyl tissue of Phaseolus vulgaris. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 92(2):157-167

Harlapur SI, Srikant Kulkarni, Hegde RK, Nargund VB, 1993. Wheat genotypes against foot rot. Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore), 22(2):33-34

Harlapur SI, Srikant Kulkarni, Hegde RK, Sreenivasa MN, Rajashekara E, 1990. Interaction between vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in wheat. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(3-4):203-207

Hegde YR, Tippeshi Chavhan, Patil SJ, 2009. Jatropha curcas - a new host for Sclerotium rolfsii. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences, 4(2):230.

Herrera Isla L, Camara M, Galantai E, 1986. Survival of Sclerotium rolfsii in the soil. Centro Agricola, 13(2):34-38

Herzog DC, Thomas JW, Jensen RL, Newsom LD, 1975. Association of sclerotial blight with Spissistilus festinus girdling injury on soybean. Environmental Entomology, 4(6):986-988

Hulluka M, Ahmed S, 1993. Outbreaks and new records. Ethiopia. Outbreak of garlic bulb rot in Ethiopia. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 41(2):124

Ichinose R, Morita K, Sasai Y, Tachi S, Yoshizawa Y, Aragane M, Hoshi H, Kagiwada S, Ishikawa S, Horie H, 2014. New records of southern blight on three medical plants in Japan: fish mint, geranium herb and American mandrake. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.61:74-77. http://www.ktpps.org/

ICRISAT, 1984. A World List of Chickpea and Pigeonpea Pathogens. Andhra Pradesh, India: ICRISAT.

ICRISAT, 1986. Groundnut. Diseases and mycorrhizas. Fungal and virus diseases in southern Africa. ICRISAT Annual Report 1985. Andhra Pradesh, India: Int. Crops Res. Inst. Semi Arid Tropics, 216-226, 235-236, 249-252.

Iihama H, Takeuchi J, Ono T, Yoshizawa Y, Yazawa K, Kagiwada S, Horie H, 2013. First report of southern blight of ginger in Japan. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.60:45-47. http://www.ktpps.org/

Iijima Y, Tachi S, Sasai Y, Morita K, Ichinose R, Yoshizawa Y, Kagiwada S, Horie H, 2014. First report of southern blight on mukdenia and lily of the valley in Japan. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.61:96-98. http://www.ktpps.org/

Ikediugwu FEO, 1980. Corticum rolfsii and fruit rot of Citrullus lanatus in the field in Nigeria. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 75(2):316-319

IMI Herbarium, undated. Herbarium specimen. International Mycological Institute (now CABI Bioscience) Herbarium. Egham, UK: CABI Bioscience.

Inami S, 1988. Breeding of new alfalfa cultivars for high quality forage production in warm regions of Japan. JARQ, Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 22(3):206-213; 7 ref.

Index Kewensis, 1991. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 1992. Groundnut variety ICGV 86590. Plant Material Description, No. 31:4 pp.

IRAT, 1983. Annual Report 1982. Paris, France, Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivieres. See RPP 62, 3736.

Ishikawa S, Hayama K, Nakayama K, Tezuka N, 1992. Occurrence of strawberry southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No. 39:125-127

Islam MN, Shamsuddula AM, Ahmed HP, 2007. Comparative effectiveness of Trichoderma colonized organic wastes in controlling foot and root rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) disease of wheat. In: 8th African Crop Science Society Conference, El-Minia, Egypt, 27-31 October 2007 [ed. by Ahmed, K. Z.]. El-Minia, Egypt: African Crop Science Society, 2079-2082.

ISTA, 1966. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 31(1):107-115.

Jayasinghe CK, Warnapura SS, Fernando BI, 1993. Sclerotium collar rot of Hevea seedlings and its management. Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 6(1-2):5-9; 14 ref.

Jayaswal ML, Waliyar F, McDonald D, Rao MJV, 1988. A survey report on the constraints to groundnut production in Nepal. International Arachis Newsletter, 4:7-8.

Jones A, Dukes PD, Schalk JM, Hamilton MG, Mullen MA, Baumgardner RA, Paterson DR, Boswell TE, 1983. 'Resisto' sweet potato. HortScience, 18(2):251-252.

Kalai-Grami L, Mnari-Hattab M, Terres R, Dridi M, Hajlaoui MR, 2013. First report of apple collar rot incited by Sclerotium rolfsii in Tunisia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 95(4, Supplement):S4.71. http://sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/3067/1740

Kamoen O, Jamart G, 1977. Control of Sclerotium rolfsii on Ficus [elastica] cuttings. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 42(2):I, 1105-1115.

Kane RT, Wilkinson HT, 1992. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii infection of Poa annua in Illinois. Plant Disease, 76(5):538

Kapoor IJ, 1988. Fungi involved in tomato wilt syndrome in Delhi, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Indian Phytopathology, 41(2):208-213; 10 ref.

Khalequzzaman KM, 2008. Effect of seed treating fungicides and biofertilizer in the incidence of foot and root rot disease of lentil and chickpea. Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture, 12(2):39-44.

Kim K, 1974. Studies on Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. isolated from Magnolia kobus DC. in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Protection, 13(3):105-133

Kishore GK, Pande S, Rao JN, Podile AR, 2005. Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits the plant cell wall degrading enzymes of Sclerotium rolfsii and reduces the severity of groundnut stem rot. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 113(3):315-320. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265

Ko WH, Nishijima KA, 1985. Nature of suppression of Phytophthora capsici in a Hawaiian soil. Phytopathology, 75(6):683-685

Koike ST, 2014. First report of southern blight of Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in California. Plant Disease, 98(6):849. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Koike ST, Gonzalez TG, Oakes ED, 1994. Crown and root rot of chives in California caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Plant Disease, 78(2):208

Koné D, Mohamed D, Soro S, Bi BAB, Kouadio YJ, Ji P, 2010. First report of southern blight of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Côte d'Ivoire. Plant Disease, 94(11):1379. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Kucharek TA, Edmondson GR, 1991. Suppression of southern stem rot of peanut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii with the insecticide chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G). Proceedings - Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida, 50:41-43

Kulkarni S, 1980. Chemical control of foot rot of wheat in Karnataka. Pesticides, 14(5):29-30

Kulkarni SA, Srikant Kulkarni, 1995. Effect of organic amendments and green manuring on the survival of collar rot fungus of groundnut. Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore), 24(8):135-136; 9 ref.

Kwon JH, Kang DW, Kim J, 2013. Sclerotium rolfsii causes white rot on taro in Korea. Plant Disease, 97(7):1000. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Kwon JH, Kang DW, Lee SD, Kim L, 2014. First report of Sclerotium rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on Yacón in South Korea. Plant Disease, 98(10):1443. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Kwon JH, Lee YH, Shim HS, Kim J, 2011. First report of root rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on Daucus carota var. sativa in Southern Korea. Plant Disease, 95(12):1585. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Kwon JinHyeuk, Cho HyeounSuk, Shen ShunShan, Kim JinWoo, 2013. The occurrence of Sclerotium rot on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Korea. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 8(1):89-91. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-013-0103-0/fulltext.html

Kwon JinHyeuk, Choi SiLim, Lee HeungSu, Shim HongSik, 2012. Stem rot of perilla caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Korea. Korean Journal of Mycology, 40(3):177-178. http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=JAKO201229140688865

Kwon JinHyeuk, Kang DongWan, Shen ShunShan, Kim JinWoo, 2014. The occurrence of sclerotium rot on Catharanthus roseus caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in South Korea. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 9(1):145. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-014-0145-y

Kwon JinHyeuk, Lee HeungSoo, Kang DongWan, Kwack YongBum, 2011. Stem rot of Convallaria keiskei caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Korean Journal of Mycology, 39(2):145-147. http://img.kisti.re.kr/originalView/originalView.jsp?url=/soc_img/society//mycology/GNHHDL/2011/v39n2/GNHHDL_2011_v39n2_145.pdf

Kye UK, Kim KC, 1985. Possibility of soil solarization in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Protection, 24(2):107-114; [6 fig., 7 tab.]; 20 ref.

Lahre SK, Khare N, Lakpale N, Chaliganjewar SD, 2012. Efficacy of bio-agents and organic amendments against Sclerotium rolfsii in chickpea. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences, 7(1):32-34.

Lakshmidevi N, Prakash HS, Shetty HS, 1991. Seed-borne nature and transmission of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in sunflower. Plant Disease Research, 6(1):63-65

Leeper PW, Phatak SC, Bell DK, George BF, Cox EL, Oerther GE, Scully BT, 1992. Southern blight-resistant tomato breeding lines: 5635M, 5707M, 5719M, 5737M, 5876M, and 5913M. HortScience, 27(5):475-478; 8 ref.

Lewis JA, Papavizas GC, Hollenbeck MD, 1993. Biological control of damping-off of snapbeans caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in the greenhouse and field with formulations of Gliocladium virens. Biological Control, 3(2):109-115

Lim TK, Sijam K, 1989. A rot of detached durian fruits caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Pertanika, 12(1):11-14

Lisker N, Michaeli R, Frank ZR, 1994. Aspergillus flavus and other mycoflora of groundnut kernels in Israel and the absence of aflatoxin. Mycotoxin Research, 10(1):47-55; 26 ref.

Littlefield LJ, 1985. Biocontrol of leafy spurge with pathogenic fungi. Proceedings of the VI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds Ottawa, Canada; Agriculture Canada, 633

Liu XiaoMei, Pu JinJi, 2004. Preliminary report on diseases in turf grasses. Pratacultural Science, 21(6):73-74.

Macedo DM, Pereira OL, Hora Júnior BT, Weir BS, Barreto RW, 2016. Mycobiota of the weed Tradescantia fluminensis in its native range in Brazil with particular reference to classical biological control. Australasian Plant Pathology, 45(1):45-56. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13313-015-0388-x

Madhu Meeta, Madhu Bhatia, 1992. Some new host records on ornamental plants. Indian Phytopathology, 45(2):279-280

Mahadevakumar S, Tejaswini GS, Shilpa N, Yadav V, Dharanendraswamy S, Janardhana GR, 2016. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii associated with boll rot of cotton in India. Plant Disease, 100(1):214. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Maiti S, Sen C, 1982. Incidence of major diseases of betel vine in relation to weather. Indian Phytopathology, 35(1):14-17

Mandal RK, 2001. Seed borne fungi of jute. Journal of Interacademicia, 5(3):402-405; 4 ref.

Marino RH, Mesquita JB, Andrade KVSde, Costa NAda, Amaral LA, 2008. Fungi incidence in Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds from State of Sergipe. (Incidência de fungos em sementes de Phaseolus vulgaris L. provenientes do Estado de Sergipe.) Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, 3(1):26-30. http://www.agraria.pro.br/sistema/index.php?journal=agraria&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=289&path%5B%5D=135

Mathur SC, 1973. Studies in seedling blight of rice caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Riso, 22(3):231-237

Mehan VK, Mayee CD, Brenneman TB, McDonald D, 1995. Stem and pod rots of groundnut. ICRISAT Information Bulletin, No. 44:23 pp.

Mihail JD, Alcorn SM, 1984. Effects of soil solarization on Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rolfsii. Plant Disease, 68(2):156-159

Milevoj L, 1989. Buckwheat diseases. Fagopyrum, 9:31-40

Minton NA, Bell DK, 1981. Effects of chemicals, applied before and after planting, on nematodes and southern stem rot of peanuts. Plant Disease, 65(6):497-500

Minton NA, Parker MB, Flowers RA, 1975. Response of soybean cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita and to the combined effects of M. arenaria and Sclerotium rolfsii. Plant Disease Reporter, 59(11):920-923

Mirza MS, Aslam M, 1993. Helianthus tuberosus: a new host of Sclerotium rolfsii in Pakistan. Helia, 16(18):85-88

Mishra PC, Pathak RK, Jain SK, 1992. Incidence of foot-rot disease in wheat in Sagar region. JNKVV Research Journal, 26(2):80; 2 ref.

Mitidieri IMde, 1994. The main diseases which affect horticultural crops grown under cover in northern Buenos Aires, Argentina. Acta Horticulturae, No.357:143-152; 8 ref.

Mkervali VG, 1990. Harmfulness of diseases infecting subtropical plants. Subtropicheskie Kul'tury, No. 1:126-131

Mordue JEM, 1974. Corticium rolfsii. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 410. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Moreira SI, Dutra Dda C, Rodrigues AC, Oliveira JRde, Dhingra OD, Pereira OL, 2013. Fungi and bacteria associated with post-harvest rot of ginger rhizomes in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 38(3):218-226. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1982-56762013000300006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Morita A, 1995. Occurrence of southern blight disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo on loquat. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 61(3):197-201; 5 ref.

Morita K, Ichinose R, Shibata A, Yoshizawa Y, Aragane M, Kagiwada S, Ishikawa S, Horie H, 2015. The first record of Southern blight on St John's wort, Japanese valerian, common verbena, fairy bells and chives in Japan. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.62:93-96. http://www.ktpps.org/

Mridha AU, Fakir GA, 1978. Seed transmission of Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rolfsii in groundnut (Arachis hypogpa L.) in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 7(2):31-34

Mukhtar J, Khan AA, 1989. Disease complex in chickpea involving Meloidogyne javanica and Sclerotium rolfsii. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 6(4):31-32

Naito S, Mohamad D, Nasution A, Purwanti H, 1993. Soil-borne diseases and ecology of pathogens on soybean roots in Indonesia. JARQ, Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 26(4):247-253; 15 ref.

Nalim FA, Starr JL, Woodard KE, Segner S, Keller NP, 1995. Mycelial compatibility groups in Texas peanut field populations of Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology, 85(12):1507-1512; 31 ref.

Nicholson JF, Sinclair JB, 1973. Effect of planting date, storage conditions and seedborne fungi on soybean seed quality. Plant Disease Reporter, 57(9):770-774.

Nwakpa FI, Ikotun T, 1988. The reaction of cowpea varieties to infection by Sclerotium rolfsii. Tropical Grain Legume Bulletin, No. 35:32-34

Olivos MI, Mont R, 1993. Use of fungicides and Trichoderma viride for the control of Sclerotium rolfsii. Fitopatologia, 28(1):16-21

Orlikowski L, Ptaszek M, 2013. First report of Sclerotium rot of foliage ornamental plants in Poland. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 53(2):190-193. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jppr.2013.53.issue-2/jppr-2013-0029/jppr-2013-0029.xml?format=INT

Osai EO, Ikotun T, 1994. Microbial rot of yam minisetts. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 19(3):408-412

Osborne WW, Hameed KM, Harris C, Pristou R, Lambe RC, Fox JA, Sill L, 1973. Peanut pod rot disease control. Journal of the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc., 5(1):189-191.

Ou-Yang W, Wu WS, 1998. Survey of periwinkle diseases in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 7(3):147-149; 12 ref.

Ozgonen H, Gulcu M, 2011. Determination of mycoflora of pea (Pisum sativum) seeds and the effects of Rhizobium leguminosorum on fungal pathogens of peas. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(33):6235-6240. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/full%20text/2011/6Jul/Ozgonen%20and%20Gulcu.htm

Padilla B FG, 1979. Study of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) wilt caused by fungi in the inter-Andean region of Ecuador. 1979, 100pp., 37 ref. Thesis. Quito, Ecuador: Universidad Central del Ecuador.

Palakshappa MG, Srikant Kulkarni, Hegde RK, 1989. Effect of soil temperature and moisture on survival ability of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. a causal agent of foot rot of betelvine. Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore), 18(3):34-36

Pedersen MW, Barnes DK, Sorensen EL, Griffin GD, Nielson MW, Hill RR Jr, Frosheiser FI, Sonoda RM, Hanson CH, Hunt OJ, Peaden RN, Elgin JH Jr, Devine TE, Anderson MJ, Goplen BP, Elling LJ, Howarth RE, 1976. Effects of low and high saponin selection in alfalfa on agronomic and pest resistance traits and the interrelationship of those traits. Crop Science, 16(2):193-199

Peregrine WTH, Ahmad K, Momin M, 1984. Controlling anthracnose in water melon. World Crops, 36(5):184-185

Persich JA, 1975. Interaction of atrazine with soil microorganisms: population changes, disease enhancement and herbicide accumulation. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, 36(2):1049

Piriyaprin S, Manoch L, Sunantapongsuk V, Somrang A, 2007. Biological control of Pythium aphanidermatum and Sclerotium rolfsii, root rot of Sunn-hemp and mungbeen by Gliocladium virens. In: Proceedings of the 45th Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 30 January-2 February 2007. Subject: Plants. Bangkok, Thailand: Kasetsart University, 694-701.

Polizzi G, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Parlavecchio G, Vitale A, 2010. First report of southern blight on silverbush (Convolvulus cneorum) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Italy. Plant Disease, 94(1):131. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Ponte JJ da, 1986. Mapping and importance of the disease of cashew in the north-east of Brazil. Nematologia Brasileira, 10(1):59-68.

Popoola TOS, Akueshi CO, 1986. Seed borne fungi and bacteria of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Nigeria. Seed Research, 14(2):170-176; 13 ref.

Poswal MAT, Masunga G, Javaid I, Kwerepe BC, 1993. Potential of different toxic and medicinal plant extracts for the control of fungal plant pathogens in Botswana. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 58(3b):1373-1381

Prasad BK, Sinha TSP, Narayan N, 1988. Influence of temperature on the soft rot of tomato fruits due to Sclerotium rolfsii. Indian Phytopathology, 41(2):256-257

Prasad R, Basuchaudhary KC, 1987. Seed treatment to control root rot of lentil. Farm Science Journal, 2(2):112-115; 8 ref.

Pratibha Sharma, Saini MK, Swati Deep, Vignesh Kumar, 2012. Biological control of groundnut root rot in farmer's field. Journal of Agricultural Science (Toronto), 4(8):48-59. http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/15883/12197

PTrez Sendfn Mde los A, Gonzßlez Barrios J, Morales Gonzßlez N, 1990. Viability of Sclerotium rolfsii sclerotia in soils grown with kidney beans in Cuba. Ciencias de la Agricultura, No. 39:29-32; 10 ref.

Punja ZK, Grogan RG, 1981. Mycelial growth and infection without a food base by eruptively germinating sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology, 71(10):1099-1103

Punja ZK, Huang JS, Jenkins SF, 1985. Relationship of mycelial growth and production of oxalic acid and cell wall degrading enzymes to virulence in Sclerotium rolfsii. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 7(2):109-117

Purkayastha RP, Pradhan S, 1994. Immunological approach to study the etiology of Sclerotium rot disease of groundnut. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 60(2):157-165

Rajendra Prasad, Chaudhary KCB, 1987. Seed-borne mycoflora of lentil. Lens Newsletter, 14(1-2):20-22; 9 ref.

Rajput VA, Konde SA, Thakur MR, 2010. Evaluation of bioagents against chickpea wilt complex. Journal of Soils and Crops, 20(1):155-158.

Raju CA, Krishna Murty GVG, Nagarajan K, Chari MS, 1995. A new disease of Orobanche cernua parasitizing tobacco, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytoparasitica, 23(3):235-237

Rakholiya KB, Chheladiya KK, Parakhia AM, Kikani BK, 2003. Root rot of isabgol. Indian Phytopathology, 56(4):503.

Rakholiya KB, Jadeja KB, 2010. Effect of seed treatment of biocontrol agents and chemicals for management of stem and pod rot of groundnut. International Journal of Plant Protection, 3(2):276-278. http://www.hindagrihorticulturalsociety.co.in

Rather TR, Razdan VK, Tewari AK, Efath Shanaz, Bhat ZA, Hassan MG, Wani TA, 2012. Integrated management of wilt complex disease in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Agricultural Science (Toronto), 4(7):141-147. http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/15776/11977

Rathod LR, Pawar PV, 2012. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant to control seed borne pathogen of soybean. Current Botany, 3(2):10-12. http://currentbotany.org/index.php/currbotany/article/view/14619/7402

Ravinder Kumar, Mishra P, Singh G, Yadav RS, 2008. Integration of bioagents and fungicides for management of collar rot of chickpea. Journal of Biological Control, 22(2):487-489.

Reddy DB, ed. , 1971. Outbreaks of pests and diseases and new records. Quarterly Newsletter Plant Protection Committee for the South East Asia and Pacific Region Food and Agriculture Organization, 14(3/4):5-15, Cyclostyled.

Reddy HR, Kulkarni BGP, Hegde RK, 1976. Studies on chemical control of foot rot on wheat in Karnataka. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(3):428-431

Reddy LJ, Nigam SN, Subrahmanyam P, Reddy AGS, McDonald D, Gibbons RW, Pentaiah V, 1992. Registration of 'ICGV 87160' peanut. Crop Science, 32(4):1075; 2 ref.

Remesal E, Lucena C, Azpilicueta A, Landa BB, Navas-Cortés JA, 2010. First report of southern blight of pepper caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Southern Spain. Plant Disease, 94(2):280. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Reynolds SG, 1975. The influence of Sclerotium rolfsii, mulching and season on yields of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Western Samoa. Agronomie Tropicale, 30(3):245-250

Ristaino JB, Lewis JA, Lumsden RD, 1994. Influence of isolates of Gliocladium virens and delivery systems on biological control of southern blight on carrot and tomato in the field. Plant Disease, 78(2):153-156

Ristaino JB, Perry KB, Lumsden RD, 1991. Effect of solarization and Gliocladium virens on sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii, soil microbiota, and the incidence of southern blight of tomato. Phytopathology, 81(10):1117-1124

Roca LF, Raya MC, Luque F, Agustí-Brisach C, Romero J, Trapero A, 2016. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii causing soft rot of potato tubers in Spain. Plant Disease, 100(12):2535. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Rodrfguez-Kßbana R, Robertson DG, King PS, Wells L, 1991. American jointvetch and partridge pea for the management of Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut. Nematropica, 21(1):97-103; 22 ref.

Rodriguez Kabana R, Backman PA, Wiggins EA, 1974. Determination of sclerotial populations of Sclerotium rolfsii in soil by a rapid flotation-sieving technique. Phytopathology, 64(5):610-615.

Rodriguez-Kabana R, Robertson DG, Wells L, King PS, 1991. Soybean-peanut rotations for the management of Meloidogyne arenaria and Sclerotium rolfsii. Nematropica, 21(2):147-154

Rodriguez-Kabana R, Robertson DG, Wells L, Weaver CF, King PS, 1991. Cotton as a rotation crop for the management of Meloidogyne arenaria and Sclerotium rolfsii in peanut. Journal of Nematology, 23(4S):652-657

Rolston LH, Bonte DRla, Mulkey WA, Clark CA, Cannon JM, Wilson PW, 1995. 'Darby' sweetpotato. HortScience, 30(2):398-399.

Ronakkkumar VT, Sumanbhai MC, 2014. First report of stem rot on clusterbean in Gujarat. Trends in Biosciences, 7(23):3983-3985. http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:tbs&volume=7&issue=23&article=044

Rothwell A, 1972. Ground-nut diseases in Rhodesia. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal, 69(2):35-38

Roy AK, 1989. Further records of plant diseases from Karbi Anglong district, Assam. Journal of Research - Assam Agricultural University, 10(1-2):88-91; 5 ref.

Sahu KC, Narain A, 1995. Viability of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii in soil at different temperature and moisture levels. Environment and Ecology, 13(2):300-303

Sahu KC, Senapati AK, 2003. Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. against Sclerotium rolfsii causing stem rot of groundnut. Journal of Applied Biology, 13(1/2):38-40.

Sariah Meon, 1991. Hyphal interactions of Trichoderma sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii, the causal pathogen of foot-rot of chilli. Pertanika, 14(2):167-169

Sasai Y, Tachi S, Shimura M, Sakaguchi M, Ozawa A, Yoshizawa Y, Konishi N, Kagiwada S, Ishikawa S, Horie H, 2014. The first record of southern blight on pineapple lily, prairie poppy mallow, creeping phlox, white cup and melampodium in Japan. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.61:99-102. http://www.ktpps.org/

Savary S, 1987. A survey of fungal diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in the Ivory Coast. I. Survey methods and descriptive study: cropping techniques and the main diseases. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 93(4):167-188; 39 ref.

Sepulveda Chavera G, 1993. Sclerotium rolfsii Saac. in the First Region of Chile. IDESIA, 12:13-17

Severino JJ, Dias-Arieira CR, Abe VHF, Roldi M, Silva CNda, Tessmann DJ, 2014. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii in dandelion in Parana, Brazil. Journal of Phytopathology, 162(7/8):553-555. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434

Sharma BK, Sugha SK, Tyagi PD, 1994. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of chickpea collar rot. Plant Disease Research, 9(2):139-141; 3 ref.

Sharma BS, Pathak VN, Kalpna Bhatnagar, 1990. Fungicidal management of root rot of sugar beet induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 20(3):207-210

Sharma YR, Singh BM, Khatri HL, 1976. Chemical control of seed- and soil-borne infection by Corticium rolfsii Curzi in maize. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 15(2/3):134-136

Sharma YR, Singh BM, Sharma RD, 1977. Occurrence of seedling blight and ear rot of maize caused by Corticium rolfsii Curzi in India. Science and Culture, 43(10):434

Shen YM, Chao CH, Liu HL, 2014. Asian foxtail (Uraria crinita), a new host for Sclerotium rolfsii from Taiwan. Plant Disease, 98(10):1438-1439. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Shengeliya D, 1971. Fungi causing wilt of medicinal plants. Tr. Tbilis. Gos. Ped. Inst., 26:265-269.

Silva GS da, 1996. Occurrence of Sclerotium rolfsii in neem (Azadirachta indica). Fitopatologia Brasileira, 21(4):522.

Silveira NSS, Michereffi SJ, Menezes M, Campos-Takaki GM, 1994. Potential of Trichoderma spp. isolates on the control of Sclerotium rolfsii on beans. Summa Phytopathologica, 20(1):22-25

Silveira VD, 1947. The phytopathological examination of seeds. Bol. Soc. Brasil. Agron., 10:143-160.

Singh AK, Singh AK, Mandvi Singh, Jitendra Singh, Singh SB, 2008. Bio-intensive management of soil-borne diseases of sunflower. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 16(2):433-437. http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:apps&type=home

Singh BP, Chand JN, 1972. Assessment of losses of betelvine (Piper betle) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Jabalpur (M.P.). Science and Culture, 38(12):526-527

Singh HB, Upadhyay DN, Saha LR, 1987. Collar rot of pigeonpea in Nagaland, India. International Pigeonpea Newsletter, No. 6:52-53

Singh K, Srivastava SN, Misra SR, 1982. Management of sugarbeet seedling diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Indian Phytopathology, 35(4):639-641

Singh SN, Srivastava SK, Agarwal SC, 1985. Relative efficacy of fungicides in the control of seedling blight and rust of lentil. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55(4):284-286

Singh SP, Agarwal RK, Bhagawati R, 2012. Screening of chick pea germplasms, date of sowing and integrated management of collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii'. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 20(2):397-399. http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:apps&type=home

Singh SR, Prajapati RK, Srivastava SSL, Pandey RK, Singh OP, 2007. Management of collar rot of lentil. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 15(1):270-271. http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:apps&type=home

Singh SR, Singh NI, Singh AS, 1991. The effects of inoculum position and plant spacing on the epidemiology of Sclerotium wilt disease of broad bean. Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin, 29(3):325-330

Singh UP, Sarma BK, Singh DP, 2003. Effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and culture filtrate of Sclerotium rolfsii on phenolic and salicylic acid contents in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Current Microbiology, 46(2):131-140.

Sinha BK, Sinha RKP, Roy B, Sinha BBP, 1993. Two new diseases of Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris). Journal of Applied Biology, 3(1/2):102-103; 1 ref.

Sivaprakasam K, Kandaswamy TK, 1983. Collar rot of sweet potato. Madras Agricultural Journal, 70(3):205

Skripka OV, Sizova TP, Bab'eva EN, 1986. Fungi on soyabean seeds in Abkhazia. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 20(4):306-308; 8 ref.

Smartt J, 1960. A guide to soybean cultivation in Northern Rhodesia. Rhodesia Agric., 57:459-463.

Smith VL, Punja ZK, Jenkins SF, 1986. A histological study of infection of host tissue by Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology, 76(8):755-759

Soares JM, Crato FFdo, Macedo DM, Barreto RW, 2009. Sclerotium rolfsii causing stem rot of Impatiens walleriana in Brazil. Plant Disease, 93(11):1214. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Somnath Roy, Amrita Banerjee, Jayanta Tarafdar, Samanta SK, 2010. Superior bio-efficacy of a combined formulation of carbendazim and mancozeb in inducing defense responses in chilli seedlings against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in comparison with methyl jasmonate. Crop Protection, 29(2):163-167. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02612194

Songvilay P, Groenewald JZ, Vongphachanh P, Sayapattha S, Chittarath K, Crous PW, Burgess LW, 2013. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii in the Lao PDR. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 8(1):13-15. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-012-0085-3/fulltext.html

Sougnabe SP, Foko J, 2003. Knowledge contribution to groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) spermoflora parasitic fungus in the Mayo-Kebbi Basin of Chad. (Contribution à la connaissance de la spermoflore fongique parasite de l'arachide dans le bassin du Mayo-Kebbi au Tchad.) In: Savanes africaines: des espaces en mutation, des acteurs face à de nouveaux défis. Actes du colloque. Garoua, Cameroun, 27-31 mai 2002 [ed. by Jamin, J. Y.\Seiny Boukar, L.\Floret, C.]. Montpellier, France: La Librairie du Cirad, 5-27.

Sreenivasa MN, Nirmalnath PJ, Kulkarni S, 1992. Interaction between VA-mycorrhizal fungi and Sclerotium rolfsii in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie, 147(8):509-512

Sreenivasaprasad S, Manibhushanrao K, 1993. Efficacy of Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma longibrachiatum as biological control agents of groundnut root and stem rot diseases. International Journal of Pest Management, 39(2):167-171

Srikanta Das, Raj SK, 2004. Management of Sclerotium root rot of sugarbeet through seed soaking with non-conventional chemicals. Indian Phytopathology, 57(1):112-113.

Srinivas T, Manjulatha M, Venkateswarlu D, 2005. Biointensive management of collar rot, Aspergillus niger and stem rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. Journal of Oilseeds Research, 22(1):103-104.

Subrahmanyam P, Bosc JP, Hassane H, Smith DH, Mounkaila A, Ndunguru BJ, Sankara P, 1992. Groundnut diseases in Niger and Burkina Faso. Oléagineux (Paris), 47(3):119-133; 28 ref.

Sudina A, Arathy Rajan, Girija VK, Naseema A, 2014. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii causing foliar blight on yard long bean and its management. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 44(3):292-293. http://www.ismpp.org.in/journal.php

Sujan Singh, Pandey PC, Ajab Singh, Ram Bahadur, Mukherjee SN, 1991. Studies on foliage diseases of poplars. Indian Forester, 117(2):135-142

Sun SK, 1991. Soilborne disease research in Taiwan: retrospect and prospect. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taipei), 33(1):1-16; 124 ref.

Tabosa SAS, Nunes MAL, Libonati VF, Oliveira FCde, 1989. Effect of acapu (Vouacapoua americana) leaf extract on the mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii in vitro. Boletim da Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias do Para, No. 18:1-9

Tachi S, Sasai Y, Yoshizawa Y, Konishi N, Kagiwada S, Horie H, 2014. First report of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on eight ornamental plants in flowerbeds. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.61:103-107. http://www.ktpps.org/

Takahashi C, Tsukiboshi T, 2012. Southern blight, a new disease of water dropwort caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Japan. Annual Report of the Society of Plant Protection of North Japan, No.63:78-81. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/kitanihon1966

Takeuchi J, Horie H, 1994. Occurrence of southern blight of Japanese spurge, Pachysandra terminalis, and sweet box, Sarococa ruscifolia, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo in Tokyo. Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No. 41:145-147; 2 ref.

Tamayo M PJ, Jaramillo N JE, 1992. Root rots of carrot limiting seed production in east Antioquia. ASCOLFI Informa, 18(6):53-54

Tewari AK, Mukhopadhyay AN, 2003. Management of chickpea root rot and collar rot by integration of biological and chemical seed treatment. Indian Phytopathology, 56(1):39-42.

Thakur RN, Singh C, Kaul BL, 1991. Leaf blight and root rot of Vernonia galamensis.. Indian Phytopathology, 44(1):148.

Thakur RP, Mukhopadhyay AN, 1972. Nitrogen fertilization of sugarbeet in relation to sclerotium root rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 42(7):614-617

Thippeswamy G, Lokesh S, Rai VR, 2003. Influence of some indigenous medicinal plants extracts on seed mycoflora and seedling growth of some oilseed crop species. Advances in Plant Sciences, 16(1):67-74.

Tonelli ML, Furlan A, Taurian T, Castro S, Fabra A, 2011. Peanut priming induced by biocontrol agents. PMPP Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 75(3):100-105. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08855765

Tripathi BP, Shrivastava DK, Mishra PK, Khare N, 2011. Effect of Trichoderma sp. on germination and mortality in chickpea. Environment and Ecology, 29(2):714-717.

Tu CC, Cheny YH, Hwang SC, 1991. Effects of solar energy and green manures on the control of southern blight of tomato. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taipei), 33(1):95-102

Tu CC, Kimbrough JW, 1978. Systematics and phylogeny of fungi in the Rhizoctonia complex. Botanical Gazette, 139(4):454-466.

UK CAB International, 1992. Corticium rolfsii. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, April (Edition 4). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Map 311.

Vallejos OV, 1988. Effect of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii on 10 bean cultivars and lines in Lambayeque, Peru. Fitopatologia, 23(1):22-25

Vannacci G, Pecchia S, Resta E, 1989. Presence of Sclerotinia minor jagger antagonists in soils from different Mediterranean areas. II. Sclerotia decaying fungi. Acta Horticulturae, No. 255:293-302; 15 ref.

Vawdrey LL, Peterson RA, 1990. Diseases of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area. Australasian Plant Pathology, 19(2):34-35

Vikas Gupta, Deepak Kumar, Razdan VK, 2012. Occurrence of root rot of Stevia caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Plant Disease Research (Ludhiana), 27(1):97-98.

Vos JGM, Nurtika N, 1995. Transplant production techniques in integrated crop management of hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) under tropical lowland conditions. Crop Protection, 14(6):453-459

Watkins GM, ed. , 1981. Compendium of Cotton Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA: APS Press.

West CP, Beuselinck PR, Huneycutt HJ, McGraw RL, 1991. 'Marion' lespedeza: a new forage cultivar. Arkansas Farm Research, 40(1):4.

Wijetilaka LC, 2003. Biological control of collar rot in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) incited by Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.). Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture, 5:299-315.

Yik CP, 1988. Plant disease research and service, Primary Production Department. Singapore Journal of Primary Industries, 16(2, Supplement):30-37

You JM, Liu H, Huang BJ, 2016. First report of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on Macleaya cordata in China. Plant Disease, 100(2):530. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Yuan KP, Ge QX, Zhang BX, 1990. Studies on biology of Sclerotium rolfsii causing pinellia basal rot and some antagonists to S. rolfsii.. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis, 16(Suppl. 2):225-234; 22 ref.

Zheng XiaoHui, Qi PeiKun, Jiang ZiDe, 2001. Identification of the fungal diseases on ornamental plants (Araceae) in Guangzhou region - I. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 22(1):51-53.

Distribution References

Abbasher A A, Kroschel J, Sauerborn J, 1995. Microorganisms of Striga hermonthica in northern Ghana with potential as biocontrol agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 5 (2), 157-161. DOI:10.1080/09583159550039864

Agrawat J M, Chhipa H P, Sobti A K, 1980. A note on two post harvest disease of vegetables for Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 10 (1), 97-98.

Alexander B J R, Stewart A, 1994. Survival of sclerotia of Sclerotinia and Sclerotium spp. in New Zealand horticultural soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 26 (10), 1323-1329. DOI:10.1016/0038-0717(94)90213-5

Almeida Á M R, Torres E, Farias J R B, 2000. Outbreak of Sclerotium rolfsii in soybean is favored by weather and conventional tillage. Fitopatologia Brasileira. 25 (4), 672.

Anon, 1985. New records. Tuvalu. Taro disease. Quarterly Newsletter, FAO Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission. 28 (3), 29.

Aponte A, Rincón A, Navas R, Pacheco W, 1994. Effect of diseases on the yield of 8 sunflower hybrids during the rainy and dry seasons in Maracay, Venezuela. (Efecto de las enfermedades sobre el rendimiento de ocho híbridos de girasol durante las épocas seca y lluviosa en Maracay, Venezuela.). Fitopatología Venezolana. 7 (1), 8-14.

Appel J A, Jardine D J, 1992. First reports of Sclerotium (southern) blight and Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybeans in Kansas. Plant Disease. 76 (5), 539. DOI:10.1094/PD-76-0539D

Ashok Krishna, 1995. Chemical control of root rot of ganja. Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore). 24 (6), 99-100.

AVA, 2001. Diagnostic records of the Plant Health Diagnostic Services., Singapore: Plant Health Centre Agri-food & Veterinary Authority.

Backman P A, Rodriguez-Kabana R, Caulin M C, Beltramini E, Ziliani N, 1981. Using the soil-tray technique to predict the incidence of Sclerotium rot in sugar beets. Plant Disease. 65 (5), 419-421. DOI:10.1094/PD-65-419

Bag T K, 2003. Orchid wilt incited by Sclerotium rolfsi on some Indian orchids. Indian Journal of Hill Farming. 16 (1/2), 97-98.

Bastos C N, 2007. Sclerotium rolfsii leaf spot on Anthurium plowmanii. (Mancha foliar em antúrio causada por Sclerotium rolfsii.). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 32 (3), 267. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fb/v32n3/15.pdf DOI:10.1590/S0100-41582007000300015

Becker W F, 1989. Sclerotial rot of carrot. (Podridão de esclerócio em cenoura.). Agropecuária Catarinense. 2 (4), 40-41.

Beuselinck P R, McGraw R L, 1990. Registration of 'Marion' annual lespedeza. Crop Science. 30 (2), 423-424. DOI:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000020043x

Bijender Kumar, 2016. Status of small millets diseases in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Plant Protection. 9 (1), 256-263. http://www.researchjournal.co.in/online/IJPP.htm

Boulila M, Mahjoub M, 1994. Inventory of olive disease in Tunisia. (Inventaire des maladies de l'olivier en Tunisie.). Bulletin OEPP. 24 (4), 817-823. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1994.tb01103.x

Brenneman T B, Csinos A S, Phipps P M, 1990. Evaluation of ammonium bicarbonate for control of soilborne peanut pathogens. Peanut Science. 17 (1), 28-31. DOI:10.3146/i0095-3679-17-1-10

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Carrieri R, Cozzolino E, Tarantino P, Cerrato D, Lahoz E, 2016. First report of southern blight on candyleaf (Stevia rebaudiana) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Italy. Plant Disease. 100 (1), 220-221. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0324-PDN

Celar F, Valič N, 2003. Fungus Corticium rolfsii Curzi found in Slovenia. (Corticium rolfsii Curzi tudi v Sloveniji.). In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov 6. Slovenskega Posvetovanje o Varstvu Rastlin, Zreče, Slovenije, 4-6 marec 2003. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Društvo za varstvo rastlin Slovenije. 98-100.

Chang K F, Mirza M, 1994. Sclerotium rolfsii on Alstroemeria in Alberta, Canada. Plant Pathology. 43 (2), 406-409. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb02702.x

Chapin J W, Thomas J S, 1993. Effects of chlorpyrifos on pod damage, disease incidence, and yield in two peanut fungicide programs. Peanut Science. 20 (2), 102-106. DOI:10.3146/i0095-3679-20-2-9

Charchar M J d'A, Anjos J R N dos, Andrade R P de, Fernandes F D, Fernandes C D, 2004. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, Brazil: Embrapa Cerrados. 18 pp.

Chatzivassiliou E K, Giakountis A, Testa A, Kienle U, Jungbluth T, 2016. Natural infection of Stevia rebaudiana by Cucumber mosaic virus in Spain and by Sclerotium rolfsii in Greece. Plant Disease. 100 (5), 1029. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1149-PDN

Chen J, Zhu Y G, 1991. Study on the etiology of diseases in sorghum seedlings. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica. 21 (2), 95-99.

Chong L, 1995. Sclerotium seedling blight of Gmelina arborea Roxb. In: Leaflet - Forest Pathology Information (Kuching), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia: Pathology Research Unit, Forest Research Branch, Forest Department. 4 pp.

Conde B D, Diatloff A, 1991. Diseases of mungbeans. In: Mungbean: the Australian experience. Proceedings of the first Australian mungbean workshop, Brisbane, 1991. [Mungbean: the Australian experience. Proceedings of the first Australian mungbean workshop, Brisbane, 1991.], Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, CSIRO. 73-77.

Culbreath A K, Brenneman T B, Bondari K, Reynolds K L, McLean H S, 1995. Late leaf spot, southern stem rot, and peanut yield responses to rates of cyproconazole and chlorothalonil applied alone and in combination. Plant Disease. 79 (11), 1121-1125. DOI:10.1094/PD-79-1121

Cúndom M A, Gutiérrez S A, Cabrera M G, 2013. Occurrence of Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot to Peperomia glabella in Argentina. Summa Phytopathologica. 39 (2), 142. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v39n2/13.pdf DOI:10.1590/S0100-54052013000200013

Damicone J P, Jackson K E, 1994. Factors affecting chemical control of southern blight of peanut in Oklahoma. Plant Disease. 78 (5), 482-486. DOI:10.1094/PD-78-0482

Dequaire J, 1976. Breeding vanilla in Madagascar. (L'amelioration du vanillier a Madagascar.). Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquee. 23 (7/12), 139-158.

Dewan M M, Sivasithamparam K, 1987. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii on wheat in Western Australia. Plant Disease. 71 (12), 1146. DOI:10.1094/PD-71-1146E

Dias-Arieira C R, Severino J J, Abe V H F, Silva C N, Tessmann D J, 2014. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii in greater plantain in Paraná, Brazil. Plant Disease. 98 (6), 851-852. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-11-13-1108-PDN

Duff J D, Connelly M I, 1993. Effect of solarisation using single and double layers of clear plastic mulch on Pythium, Phytophthora and Sclerotium species in a nursery potting mix. Australasian Plant Pathology. 22 (1), 28-35. DOI:10.1071/APP9930028

Elobu P, Adipala E, 1993. Prevalence of finger millet diseases in Kaberamaido subcounty, Soroti district, Uganda. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1 (1), 13-19.

Esnard J, Hepperly P R, 1995. First report of southern blight of common barley in Puerto Rico. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 101 (5), 497-501. DOI:10.1007/BF01874473

Fahim M M, Attla M F, Okasha A K, Abada K A, 1994. Control of strawberry root-rot disease by soil fumigation. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology. 22 (1), 1-15.

Franzener G, Moura G S, Meinerz C C, Stangarlin J R, 2013. Occurrence of Sclerotium rolfsii in Rumex acetosa in Paraná. (Ocorrência de Sclerotium rolfsii em Rumex acetosa no Paraná.). Summa Phytopathologica. 39 (1), 64. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v39n1/a13v39n1.pdf DOI:10.1590/S0100-54052013000100013

Fu C H, Huang Y P, Lin F Y, 2012. First report of southern blight of Iresine herbstii caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Taiwan. Plant Disease. 96 (11), 1692-1693. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-04-12-0372-PDN

Fu C H, Huang Y P, Lin F Y, 2012a. First report of southern blight of Mexican petunia (Ruellia brittoniana) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Taiwan. Plant Disease. 96 (12), 1822. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-04-12-0412-PDN

Garibaldi A, Gilardi G, Ortu G, Gullino M L, Testa M, 2013. First report of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Italy. Plant Disease. 97 (10), 1386. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-12-12-1165-PDN

Gilardi G, Testa M, Gullino M L, Garibaldi A, 2013. Sclerotium rolfsii new pathogen of bean in Italy. (Sclerotium rolfsii nuovo parassita su fagiolo in Italia.). Protezione delle Colture. 41-43.

Giri D, Banerjee K, Laha S K, Khatua D C, 1989. Some diseases of horticultural and field crops. Environment and Ecology. 7 (4), 821-825.

Gollifer DE, 1973. The introduction of spice crops into the British Solomon Islands. [Proceedings of the Conference on Spices, 10th-14th April,1972], London, UK: Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 97-104.

Goulart A C P, 1988. Bean diseases in the northern region of Minas Gerais. (Doenças do feijoeiro na região Norte de Minas Gerais.). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 13 (3), 230-242.

Harlapur S I, Srikant Kulkarni, Hegde R K, Nargund V B, 1993. Wheat genotypes against foot rot. Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore). 22 (2), 33-34.

Herb IMI, Undated. Specimen record from the collection in the Herb IMI Database., Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.herbimi.info/herbimi/home.htm

Hulluka M, Ahmed S, 1993. Outbreaks and new records. Ethiopia. Outbreak of garlic bulb rot in Ethiopia. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin. 41 (2), 124.

ICRISAT, 1984. A World List of Chickpea and Pigeonpea Pathogens., Andhra Pradesh, India: ICRISAT.

ICRISAT, 1986. Groundnut. Diseases and mycorrhizas. Fungal and virus diseases in southern Africa. In: ICRISAT Annual Report 1985, 216-226, 235-236, 249-252 Andhra Pradesh, India: Int. Crops Res. Inst. Semi Arid Tropics.

Iihama H, Takeuchi J, Ono T, Yoshizawa Y, Yazawa K, Kagiwada S, Horie H, 2013. First report of southern blight of ginger in Japan. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society. 45-47. http://www.ktpps.org/

IRAT, 1983. Annual Report 1982., Paris, France: Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivieres. See RPP 62. 3736.

Ishikawa S, Hayama K, Nakayama K, Tezuka N, 1992. Occurrence of strawberry southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society. 125-127.

Jayasinghe C K, Warnapura S S, Fernando B I, 1993. Sclerotium collar rot of Hevea seedlings and its management. Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research. 6 (1-2), 5-9.

Jayaswal M L, Waliyar F, McDonald D, Rao M J V, 1988. A survey report on the constraints to groundnut production in Nepal. International Arachis Newsletter. 7-8.

Kalai-Grami L, Mnari-Hattab M, Terres R, Dridi M, Hajlaoui M R, 2013. First report of apple collar rot incited by Sclerotium rolfsii in Tunisia. Journal of Plant Pathology. 95 (4, Supplement), S4.71. http://sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/3067/1740

Kamoen O, Jamart G, 1977. Control of Sclerotium rolfsii on Ficus [elastica] cuttings. (Bestrijding van Sclerotium rolfsii bij Ficus stekken.). Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 42 (2, I), 1105-1115.

Kane R T, Wilkinson H T, 1992. First report of Sclerotium rolfsii infection of Poa annua in Illinois. Plant Disease. 76 (5), 538. DOI:10.1094/PD-76-0538D

Kapoor I J, 1988. Fungi involved in tomato wilt syndrome in Delhi, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Indian Phytopathology. 41 (2), 208-213.

Kim K, 1974. Studies on Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. isolated from Magnolia kobus DC. in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Protection. 13 (3), 105-133.

Ko W H, Nishijima K A, 1985. Nature of suppression of Phytophthora capsici in a Hawaiian soil. Phytopathology. 75 (6), 683-685. DOI:10.1094/Phyto-75-683

Koike S T, 2014. First report of southern blight of Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in California. Plant Disease. 98 (6), 849. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-10-13-1038-PDN