Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Threatened Species
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms
Preferred Common Name
- umbrella tree
Other Scientific Names
- Aralia longipes W. Bull
- Brassaia actinophylla Endl.
- Brassaia singaporensis Ridl.
International Common Names
- English: Australian umbrella tree; ivy tree; octopus tree; Queensland umbrella tree
- Spanish: cheflera
- French: arbre ombrelle; arbre pieuvre
Local Common Names
- Brazil: arvore-polvo
- Germany: Queensland-strahlenaralie; Schefflera, Strahlenblütige
- Micronesia, Federated states of: tuhke kihs
- Portugal/Madeira: arvore-guarda-chuva
EPPO code
- SCHAC (Schefflera actinophylla)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageS. actinophylla is a fast-growing, ornamental tree which has been introduced to many regions. It has highly invasive behaviour in tropical and subtropical areas and is classified as a weed in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). It produces thousands of seeds that can be easily dispersed by animals (mainly birds and bats). Seeds have high germination rates, and high densities of seedlings and young plants have been reported near seed sources, which are able to grow in shaded areas as well as in sunny open areas (Gucker, 2011). S. actinophylla is able to form dense thickets that can reduce the amount of light, space, and nutrients available to native plants (Langeland et al., 2008). In addition, this species has a dense root network that can pressurize building foundations and block plumbing joints and pipes in urban areas (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2007).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Araliales
- Family: Araliaceae
- Genus: Schefflera
- Species: Schefflera actinophylla
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe family Araliaceae includes about 43 genera and 1450 species, largely distributed in tropical regions with a reduced number of species in temperate zones (Stevens, 2012). Plants within this family are predominantly shrubs or trees, rarely herbs and vines.
The genus Schefflera is pantropical and includes over half of the species described for this family (Plunkett et al., 2005). Recent studies have shown that the genus Schefflera is broadly polyphyletic within Araliaceae and five major lineages or clades have been recognized. These five clades correspond perfectly to geographic distributions: two morphologically distinct clades are centered in the southwest Pacific, and three other clades are centered in the Neotropics, Southeast Asia, and Africa-Madagascar (Plunkett et al., 2005; Frodin et al., 2009).
Description
Top of pageEvergreen, fast-growing tree, up to 12 m height, with single or multi-stemmed trunks, and greenish bark. Leaves are alternate with petioles up to 61 cm long, palmately compound with mostly 7-16 leaflets, these shiny, light green, oblanceolate, up to 30 cm long, and entire margins (or sparsely toothed when young). Flowers are borne in dense clusters that form a large, red, showy inflorescence at stem tips above foliage. Fruits are purplish black, round, fleshy drupes up to 7 mm in diameter (Gilman and Watson, 1994).
Distribution
Top of pageS. actinophylla is native to northern Queensland in Australia, New Guinea, and Java and it has become weedy where introduced in southern Queensland (Russell-Smith, 1991; Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011). It was introduced as an ornamental in Singapore, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Mexico, the Galapagos Islands, Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Hawaii and Pacific islands, where it has escaped from gardens and yards and invaded both disturbed and native unaltered forests (Gucker, 2011). Half of Joy Island in Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia) is covered with S. actinophylla (Englberger, 2009).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 2013 | ||||
China | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Java | Present | Native | |||||
-Maluku Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Europe |
|||||||
Portugal | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | |||||
Spain | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Canary Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Anguilla | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Bermuda | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | Yucatan Peninsula | ||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present | Introduced | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Cultivated: St. Croix | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Category I | |||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | |||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Native | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Native | |||||
-South Australia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2007) | |||
Christmas Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Swarbrick and Hart (2001) | |||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Potential invader | ||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Pohnpei Islands. Under eradication in Pohnpei | |||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Havai and Tahiti Islands | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Nauru | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Norfolk Island | Present | Introduced | |||||
Palau | Absent, Eradicated | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Native | |||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Distrito Federal | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Introduced | Subspontaneous | ||||
Ecuador | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Potentially invasive |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageS. actinophylla was introduced to Hawaii in about 1900. Currently this species is common as an ornamental in lowlands, where it escapes from cultivated areas to become a serious weed and an invasive species in natural areas (Wagner et al., 1999; PIER, 2012). In Florida, S. actinophylla was introduced in 1927 and by the late 1970s it was reported as “escaped from cultivation” and listed as a Category I invasive plant by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council in 1996 (Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011). By 1997, the species occurred in 44% of preserves in southern Florida (Bradley and Gann, 1999).
In the West Indies, S. actinophylla was probably introduced from Florida as an ornamental. It was listed as an invasive plant in 2003 for the Bahamas (Kairo et al., 2003); and in 2012 for Cuba (González-Torres et al., 2012) and Puerto Rico (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012). In 2010, S. actinophylla was first reported for the Canary Islands, where it was introduced as a fast-growing, flowering landscape tree. On these islands, it has been recorded germinating below the crown of leaves of the native palm Phoenix canariensis (Verloove and Reyes-Betancort, 2011).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of S. actinophylla is high. It is available to the public through internet sites and is also sold in nurseries. In additions, the species is used commonly by landscapers to be planted in gardens and yards because it attracts birds (Gilman and Watson, 1994; Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2007; Gucker, 2011). Considering that S. actinophylla is a successful invader that can escape from gardens and is able to colonize disturbed areas as well as natural undisturbed forest, the probability of colonizing new areas remains high.
Habitat
Top of pageS. actinophylla grows in full sun or partial shaded areas on a wide variety of well-drained soils. In its native range, this species occurs in tropical lowland or monsoon rain forests (Russell-Smith, 1991). Outside its native range, it can be found invading xeric hammocks, scrublands, sand hill, beach dunes, coastal forests, mesic forests, ruderal communities, riparian areas, and secondary forests mainly in low elevations (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2007; Gucker, 2011). Because S. actinophylla is shade tolerant, it is able to invade disturbed and undisturbed forests (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageS. actinophylla has been documented shading out the threatened species nodding pinweed (Lechua cernua) in Florida (Langeland et al., 2008). In addition, seedlings of this species may germinate in the crotches or branches of large trees and in this case the plant will grow as an epiphyte that can strangle and eventually kill host trees (Menninger, 1971).
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Chromosome numbers in the genus Schefflera are relatively uniform, generally with 2n = 24 or 48, and both diploid and tetraploid counts have been reported for S. actinophylla (Yi et al., 2004).
Reproductive Biology
Flowers of S. actinophylla are hermaphroditic and it is suggested that this species is capable of self-pollination (Brown and Hopkins, 1995). In Florida, flowers of S. actinophylla are visited by the red-whiskered bulbuls Pycnonotus jocosus, which escaped from captivity around 1960 (Carleton and Owre, 1975).
Physiology and Phenology
In Australia, flowering activity occurs mostly during spring and summer (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011). In Hawaii, S. actinophylla flowers from April through October (Little and Skolmen, 1989), and flowering is in the summer or autumn in Florida (Langeland et al., 2008). S. actinophylla requires full sun to flower (Gilman and Watson, 1994), and fruits appear about 6 weeks or more after flowering (Menninger, 1971).
Environmental Requirements
S. actinophylla is restricted to warmer areas with minimum temperatures averaging above 1.7°C (Broschat and Meerow 1991), although a few days of frost are tolerated (Little and Skolmen, 1989). It grows in sunny open areas as well as in shaded areas on well-drained soils (including clay, loam, sand, slightly alkaline, acidic soils; Gilman and Watson, 1994). S. actinophylla has moderate tolerance to drought and poor tolerance to salty soils, and it can inhabit areas from sea level to 750-1000 m altitude (Little and Skolmen, 1989).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 32 | |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 1.7 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 500 | 3600 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageS. actinophylla reproduces by seeds and each tree can produce thousands of seeds that can be dispersed by birds and bats. In Florida, seeds are dispersed mainly by birds including crows, starlings, mockingbirds, and parrots (Gucker, 2011).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Seeds are dispersed by birds and bats | Yes | Yes | Gilman and Watson (1994); PIER (2012) |
Landscape improvement | Yes | Yes | Gucker (2011) | |
Nursery trade | Yes | Yes | Gucker (2011) | |
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes | Gucker (2011) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageS. actinophylla is commonly used as an ornamental in yards and gardens because it attracts birds. Unfortunately, birds and other animals (i.e., bats) can easily disperse thousands of seeds into adjacent disturbed forests as well as into native unaltered forests. Once established, S. actinophylla achieves high population densities, altering native plant communities by displacing native species, and changing community structures and ecological functions of invaded habitats (Gucker, 2011; PIER, 2012). In addition, the epiphytic growth form can strangle and eventually kill host trees (Menninger, 1971). In Florida, it is out-competing the threatened species Lechua cernua (Langeland et al., 2008). S. actinophylla can also damage pipes and housing foundations (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011) and cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals (Gucker, 2011).
Threatened Species
Top of pageThreatened Species | Conservation Status | Where Threatened | Mechanism | References | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lechea cernua (nodding pinweed) | National list(s) | Florida | Competition - shading | Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (2011); Gucker (2011) |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Tolerant of shade
- Highly mobile locally
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Host damage
- Infrastructure damage
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of endangered species
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Causes allergic responses
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Competition - strangling
- Competition (unspecified)
- Poisoning
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageMany Schefflera species are grown as ornamentals and potted-plants. The genus Schefflera is the second most important interior tree genus after Ficus (Chen et al., 2002). Numerous cultivars of S. actinophylla are commonly planted in gardens and yards in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2007). S. schefflera is valued by landscapers because it attracts birds to gardens (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2007).
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageS. actinophylla is relatively similar to Schefflera arboricola. These two species can be differentiated by the colour of their flowers and by tree-size (height). S. actinophylla is a relatively large tree usually growing 6-12 metres tall while S. arboricola is a shrub or relatively small tree usually growing 3-4 metres tall. Additionally, S. actinophylla has pinkish-red to red flowers whereas S. arboricola has greenish-yellow flowers (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Mechanical Control
S. actinophylla is difficult to eradicate. Seedlings and young plants should be pulled up. Fruits and branches with fruits should be removed from treated areas. Larger trees should be cut, and follow-up treatments are required to control sprouts (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries 2007; Gucker, 2011).
Chemical Control
S. actinophylla is very difficult to control with herbicides (Thayer, 1998). Effects of herbicide may not be seen for months, and follow-up treatments are necessary. When this species is growing as an epiphyte, herbicide applications require care to avoid damaging host plants. N-phosphonomethyl-glycine (glyphosate) or 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl-oxy acetic acid (triclopyr) can be used as foliar applications on seedlings and young plants. In the case of larger trees, it is recommended to cut notches into the cambium around the stem and apply undiluted glyphosphate or triclopyr (Englberger, 2009), or to cut and then treat the stumps with the following herbicides:
- N-phosphonomethyl-glycine (glyphosate): apply on cut stump, or paint basal green bark
- 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl-oxy acetic acid (triclopyr) + 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram): apply on basal bark
Repeated applications of herbicides are necessary in order to avoid re-sprouts (Motooka et al., 2003; Englberger, 2009).
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Bradley K; Gann GD, 1999. The status of exotic plants in the preserves of southern Florida. In: Florida's garden of good and evil: Proceedings of the 1998 joint symposium of the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council and the Florida Native Plant Society, June 3-7, 1998, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida [ed. by Jones, D. T. \Gamble, B. W.]. 36-41.
Broschat TK; Meerow AW, 1991. Betrock's Reference Guide to Florida Landscape Plants. Hollywood, Florida, USA: Betrock Information Services.
Carleton AR; Owre OT, 1975. The red-whiskered bulbul in Florida: 1960-1971. The Auk, 92(1):40-57.
Carnevali G; Tapia-Muñoz JL; Duno Stefano Rde; Hernández-Aguilar S; Daniel TF; Coe F; Ortíz JJ; Diego N; Itzá LC; Pat FM, 2005. Notes on the flora of the Yucatan Peninsula III: new records and miscellaneous notes for the peninsular flora II. Harvard Papers in Botany, 9(2):257-296.
Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
Chong KY; Tan HTW; Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, 273 pp. http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/LKCNH%20Museum%20Books/LKCNHM%20Books/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf
Correll DS; Correll HB, 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. Vaduz, Germany: J. Cramer, 1692 pp.
Englberger K, 2009. Invasive weeds of Pohnpei: A guide for identification and public awareness. Kolonia, Federated States of Micronesia: Conservation Society of Pohnpei, 29 pp.
Florence J; Chevillotte H; Ollier C; Meyer JY, 2011. [English title not available]. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP).) . http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011. Florida EPPC's 2011 Invasive Plant Species List. http://www.fleppc.org/list/11list.html
Forzza RC; Leitman PM; Costa AF; Carvalho Jr AA, et al. , 2012. List of species of the Flora of Brazil (Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012/
Fosberg FR; Sachet MH; Oliver RL, 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica, 15:222.
Frodin DG; Lowry PPII; Plunkett GM, 2009. Schefflera (Araliaceae): taxonomic history, overview and progress. Plant Diversity and Evolution, 128:561-595.
Gilman EF; Watson DG, 1994. Shefflera actinophylla: schefflera. Fact Sheet ST-585. Shefflera actinophylla: schefflera. Fact Sheet ST-585. Gainesville, FL, USA: University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, Environmental Horticultural Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service. http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/schacta.pdf
González-Torres LR; Rankin R; Palmarola A (eds), 2012. Invasive plants in Cuba. (Plantas Invasoras en Cuba.) Bissea: Boletin sobre Conservacion de Plantad del Jardin Botanico Nacional, 6:1-140.
Gucker CL, 2011. Schefflera actinophylla. Fire Effects Information System., USA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Hancock IR; Henderson CP, 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Honiara, Solomon Islands: Dodo Creek Research Station.
ISSG, 2012. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. http://www.issg.org/database
Langeland KA; Cherry HM; McCormick CM; Craddock Burks KA, 2008. Identification and Biology of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida IFAS Extension.
Menninger EA, 1971. Queensland umbrella tree, Brassaia-actinophylla. American Horticultural Magazine, 50(3):141-142.
Mori SA; Buck WR; Gracie CA; Tulig M, 2007. Plants and Lichens of Saba. [Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden.] http://sweetgum.nybg.org/saba/
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., USA: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry . http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Plunkett GM; Lowry PPII; Frodin DG; Wen J, 2005. Phylogeny and biogeography of Schefflera: pervasive polyphylly in the largest genus of Araliaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden, 92:202-224.
Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2007. Fact sheet: Umbrella tree (Schefflera actinophylla). Fact sheet: Umbrella tree (Schefflera actinophylla). Brisbane, Australia: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Land Protection (Invasive Plants and Animals). http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Umbrella-Plant-PP96.pdf
Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011. Special edition of Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland., Australia: The University of Queensland and Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Index.htm
Randall RP, 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp. http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2013/20133109119.pdf
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2012. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do
Russell-Smith J, 1991. Classification, species richness, and environmental relations of monsoon rain forest in northern Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2(2):259-278.
Smith AC, 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii, USA: National Tropical Botanic Gardens, 758 pp.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, 51.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, 146 pp,.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2002a. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, 83 pp.
Space JC; Lorence DH; LaRosa AM, 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. Hilo, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service, 227. http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/palau/48.pdf
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Swarbrick JT; Hart R, 2001. Environmental weeds of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) and their management. Plant Protection Quarterly, 16:54-57.
Thaman RR; Fosberg FR; Manner HI; Hassall DC, 1994. The flora of Nauru. Atoll Research Bulletin, 392:1-223.
Thayer D, 1998. Schefflera on the loose in south Florida. Wildland Weeds, 1(2):6-7.
USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2012. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Varnham K, 2006. Non-native species in UK Overseas Territories: a review. Peterborough, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Verloove F; Reyes-Betancort J, 2011. Additions to the flora of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Collectanea Botanica, 30:63-78.
Vieira Silva RMda, 2002. [English title not available]. (Flora da Madeira: plantas vasculares naturalizadas no arquipélago da Madeira.) Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (História Natural), Supplement 8:5-281.
Wagner WL; Herbst DR; Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA: Bishop Museum Press, 1919 pp.
Waugh JD, 2009. Trade and Invasive Species in the Caribbean: A Universe of Risk. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 52 pp.
Yi T; Lowry PPII; Plunkett GM; Wen J, 2004. Chromosomal evolution in Araliaceae and close relatives. Taxon, 53:987-1005.
Distribution References
Anon, 2012. Invasive plants in Cuba. (Plantas Invasoras en Cuba). In: Bissea: Boletin sobre Conservacion de Plantad del Jardin Botanico Nacional, 6 [ed. by González-Torres LR, Rankin R, Palmarola A]. 1-140.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Carnevali G, Tapia-Muñoz JL, Duno Stefano R de, Hernández-Aguilar S, Daniel TF, Coe F, Ortíz JJ, Diego N, Itzá LC, Pat FM, 2005. Notes on the flora of the Yucatan Peninsula III: new records and miscellaneous notes for the peninsular flora II. In: Harvard Papers in Botany, 9 (2) 257-296.
Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos., Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
Correll DS, Correll HB, 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago., Vaduz, Germany: J Cramer. 1692 pp.
Englberger K, 2009. Invasive weeds of Pohnpei: A guide for identification and public awareness., Kolonia, Federated States of Micronesia: Conservation Society of Pohnpei. 29 pp.
Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer JY, 2011. [English title not available]. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP))., http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011. Florida EPPC's 2011 Invasive Plant Species List., http://www.fleppc.org/list/11list.html
Forzza RC, Leitman PM, Costa AF, Carvalho Jr AA et al, 2012. List of species of the Flora of Brazil. (Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012/
Langeland KA, Cherry HM, McCormick CM, Craddock Burks KA, 2008. Identification and Biology of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas., Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida IFAS Extension.
Mori SA, Buck WR, Gracie CA, Tulig M, 2007. Plants and Lichens of Saba. In: Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden, http://sweetgum.nybg.org/saba/
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2012. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families., http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do
Smith AC, 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji., Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii, USA: National Tropical Botanic Gardens. 758 pp.
Space JC, Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. In: USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, USDA Forest Service. 51.
Space JC, Flynn T, 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Space JC, Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern., Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service. 146 pp.
Space JC, Lorence DH, LaRosa AM, 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species., Hilo, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service. 227. http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/palau/48.pdf
Thaman RR, Fosberg FR, Manner HI, Hassall DC, 1994. The flora of Nauru. In: Atoll Research Bulletin, 392 1-223.
USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
Verloove F, Reyes-Betancort J, 2011. Additions to the flora of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). In: Collectanea Botanica, 30 63-78.
Vieira Silva RMda, 2002. [English title not available]. (Flora da Madeira: plantas vasculares naturalizadas no arquipélago da Madeira). In: Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (História Natural), 8 5-281.
Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii., Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA: Bishop Museum Press. 1919 pp.
Waugh JD, 2009. Trade and Invasive Species in the Caribbean: A Universe of Risk., Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 52 pp.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (DAISIE) | http://www.europe-aliens.org/speciesFactsheet.do?speciesld=50539# | |
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council | http://www.fleppc.org | |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page13/12/12 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/