Sambucus nigra (elder)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Sambucus nigra L.
Preferred Common Name
- elder
International Common Names
- English: black elder; common elder; elderberry; European elder
- Spanish: sambugo; sauco común
- French: seu; sureau; sureau noir
- Russian: buzina chernaya
- Portuguese: sabugueiro; sabugueiro-negro
Local Common Names
- Czech Republic: bez cherny
- Germany: Schwarzer Holunder
- Italy: sambuco nero
- Netherlands: gewone Vlier
- Norway: fläder
- Poland: dziki bez czarny
- Romania: soc negru; socul
- Sweden: flaeder
EPPO code
- SAMNI (Sambucus nigra)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageS. nigra is a component of woody scrub vegetation that may appear on previously disturbed ground that has remained uncultivated for some years. It does not withstand regular cultivation and chemical control appears effective. It is generally invasive in hedgerows, roadsides and field margins, and unmanaged grasslands. Since it is frequently found as an understorey shrub in its native range, it is a potential woodland invasive in non-native areas. However, it is also a valuable fruit-producing tree and is likely to be further introduced as a commercial species.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Dipsacales
- Family: Caprifoliaceae
- Genus: Sambucus
- Species: Sambucus nigra
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageSambucus is a large genus with a variety of changing synonymy recorded and some apparent continuing taxonomic confusion. USDA-NRCS (2002) uses the all-embracing species concept of S. nigra including three subspecies, subsp. nigra native to Europe, and the North American natives subsp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli and subsp. cerulea (Raf.) R. bolli, which are, however, raised to species rank in most taxonomies. S. nigra L. is used here in its strict sense as the European native species (=S. nigra subsp. nigra L.).
A range of cultivars of S. nigra have been described, including: Aurea, Guincho Purple and Laciniata (Boskovic and Tobutt, 1992), Sambu, Sampo, Samidan, Samdal and Samyl (Kaack, 1989; 1997), and Haschberg, Donau, Pragarten and Tulbing (Strauss and Novak, 1982). Some of these have been raised to forms, f. alba, f. aurea, f. lacinata and f. pendula (USDA-ARS, 2003), and some have been raised to varieties, var. aurea (Kulikov and Uleiskaya, 1993), var. lacinata (USDA-NRCS, 2002) and var. rotundifolia. Clearly, there remains some confusion as to the relative rank and classification of the intraspecific morphological variation found within the species. A natural hybrid between S. nigra and S. racemosa, found together with its parents in southern Sweden, was intermediate between the parents in inflorescence shape, flower size, and colour of flowers, pith and fruit (Nilsson, 1987).
Description
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageIt occurs in the whole of Europe (with the exception of the northernmost parts of the continent) and also in Africa and south-west Asia. The approximate latitudinal limits of its native range are 34°N to 63°N.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Algeria | Present | Native | ||||||
Cabo Verde | Present | |||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Introduced | Planted | Original citation: Benoit-Vical, 1996 | ||||
Ethiopia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Malawi | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Morocco | Present | |||||||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Tunisia | Present | Native | ||||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Asia |
||||||||
Armenia | Present | Native | ||||||
Azerbaijan | Present | Native | ||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 2005 | |||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Jiangsu | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Shandong | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Georgia | Present | Native | ||||||
India | Present | Introduced | Planted | Original citation: Banerjee, 1956 | ||||
Iran | Present | |||||||
Iraq | Present | |||||||
Syria | Present | |||||||
Turkey | Present | Native | ||||||
Europe |
||||||||
Albania | Present | Native | ||||||
Andorra | Present | |||||||
Austria | Present | Native | ||||||
Belarus | Present | Native | ||||||
Belgium | Present | Native | ||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present | |||||||
Bulgaria | Present | Native | ||||||
Croatia | Present | |||||||
Czechia | Present | Native | ||||||
Czechoslovakia | Present | |||||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | |||||||
Denmark | Present | Native | ||||||
Estonia | Present | Native | ||||||
Finland | Present | Native | ||||||
France | Present | Native | ||||||
-Corsica | Present | |||||||
Germany | Present | Native | ||||||
Greece | Present | Native | ||||||
Hungary | Present | Native | ||||||
Iceland | Present | |||||||
Ireland | Present | Native | ||||||
Italy | Present | Native | ||||||
Latvia | Present | Native | ||||||
Liechtenstein | Present | |||||||
Lithuania | Present | Native | ||||||
Luxembourg | Present | |||||||
Moldova | Present | Native | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | Native | ||||||
North Macedonia | Present | |||||||
Norway | Present | Native | ||||||
Poland | Present | Native | ||||||
Portugal | Present | Native | ||||||
-Azores | Present | Introduced | 1842 | |||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | 1976 | |||||
Romania | Present | Native | ||||||
Russia | Present | Introduced | 1887 | |||||
-Central Russia | Present | Native | ||||||
-Northern Russia | Present | Native | ||||||
-Russia (Europe) | Present | |||||||
-Southern Russia | Present | Native | ||||||
Serbia | Present | |||||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Present | Native | ||||||
Slovakia | Present | Native | ||||||
Slovenia | Present | Native | ||||||
Spain | Present | Native | ||||||
-Canary Islands | Present | |||||||
Sweden | Present | Native | ||||||
Switzerland | Present | Native | ||||||
Ukraine | Present | Native | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present, Widespread | Native | ||||||
-Channel Islands | Present | |||||||
North America |
||||||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
Oceania |
||||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Victoria | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | 1867 | |||||
South America |
||||||||
Bolivia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | 1929 | |||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | Planted | Original citation: Ortiz de Boada & Cogua, 1989 | ||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced | Planted |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageRisk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageBiology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number of S. nigra is 2n=28, with 2n=36 also reported.
Physiology and Phenology
Flowering is generally in June and July in Europe. Seed dormancy is orthodox.
Reproductive Biology
Wertheim (1981) describes propagation in cultivation of S. nigra from cuttings taken in the winter, preferably from strong unbranched 1-year shoots and Strauss (1978) indicates propagation of cultivars can be from hardwood cuttings in October, from softwood cuttings under glass in the summer, or from suckers.
Environmental Requirements
S. nigra is strictly stenohydric (Linnenbrink et al., 1993), mesophytic, nitrophilous, frost tolerant and somewhat drought tolerant species, tolerating annual rainfall below 500 mm (Eichstadt and Mahn, 1993). It does have very specific site requirements and is tolerant to soils of low fertility and exposed areas. The species grows mostly on lowlands and on lower levels of mountains. It has an altitudinal limit of 1550 m in the Alps in Europe, 2200 m in Africa in the Atlas and 2300 m in the Pontus Mountains in Asia. It has the ability to regenerate rapidly if cut and is generally noted as shade tolerant, though Kollmann and Reiner (1996) describe S. nigra as not establishing easily in strongly shaded environments. S. nigra is tolerant to pollutants in the soil; it is able to survive on heavily contaminated land within 1-2 km of the copper smelter 'Legnica' in western Poland (Rebele et al., 1993).
Associations
S. nigra is described from a variety of woodland habitats in Europe. Helliwell et al. (1996) list S. nigra as one element of dense shrub understorey in disturbed ash/oak woodland and Sgardelis and Usher (1994) also indicate S. nigra as forming a dense understorey in a mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland in the UK. S. nigra is also described as a minor forest tree or shrub species, present in mountain and/or marginal areas of Italy (Bounous and Peano, 1990). Hetsch and Schmitt (1993) identify a distinct Humulus lupus / S. nigra community from forest margins in northern Germany. Characteristic shrub associations dominated by S. nigra are successional to ruderal forest characterized by Acer spp., bottomland species and on dry sites, Robinia pseudoacacia (Fischer, 1975). In studies in a deciduous forest in southern Poland over 5 years, the browse of Euonymus europaea, S. nigra and Crataegus oxyacantha were most preferred by deer (Bobek et al., 1979). In a study of food requirements, S. nigra is also listed by Negrutiu and Boghez (1972) as one of the most important species for roe deer.
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
63 | 34 | 0 | 2300 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | -39 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 4 | 20 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 15 | 31 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | -17 | 7 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 0 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 400 | 1800 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- impeded
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- medium
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aphis sambuci | Herbivore | Plants|Growing point; Plants|Stems | ||||
Placochela nigripes | Herbivore | Plants|Inflorescence |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageMeans of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pagePlant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | weeds/seeds | |||
Fruits (inc. pods) | weeds/seeds | |||
Growing medium accompanying plants | weeds/seeds | |||
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants | weeds/flowers; weeds/fruits; weeds/seeds; weeds/stems; weeds/whole plants | |||
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | weeds/stems | |||
True seeds (inc. grain) | weeds/seeds |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Leaves |
Wood |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | None |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | Positive |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageEnvironmental Impact
Top of pageImpact: Biodiversity
Top of pageSocial Impact
Top of pageRisk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Has high reproductive potential
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageThe wood of Sambucus nigra is heavy and quite durable, but poorly used due to the rather small dimensions of the timber. It has, however, been used as a source of sawn or hewn building timbers and for the production of exterior fittings: fences, woodware and for industrial and domestic woodware. Due to its whiteness, close grain and good cutting and polishing properties, the wood is very suitable for making pegs and other small wooden items including use by watchmakers and others concerned with delicate instruments (Metcalfe, 1948). It is sometimes used for fence poles in traditional rural economies. The pith from 1-year-old branches is used in microscopy for making sections of plants.
Dried fruits, flowers and cortex from this tree have been used as diaphoretic and diuretic medicines (Villar Perez et al., 1987). The medicinal properties of S. nigra and its toxicity have been known since antiquity, and have also been used as a source of natural pesticides. The medicinal properties of S. nigra are widely referred to in the literature. Products of S. nigra (sambucol) are natural remedies with antiviral properties, especially against different strains of influenza virus (Barak et al., 2001). Nemeth and Bernath (2001) list S. nigra among the main medicinal species collected from natural populations in Hungary. S. nigra is used in Turkish folk remedies for the treatment of various diseases which are thought to be inflammatory in nature (Yesilada et al., 1997). S. nigra is one of a list of plants identified by Benoit-Vical et al. (1996) that are frequently used to treat malaria. Based on a survey in the Lattari Mountains in Italy, S. nigra was identified as one of several species in which medicinal properties are of significance (Feo and Senatore, 1993). S. nigra is used in the treatment of oedematous swellings, dry coryza of infants, and respiratory problems (Parmar et al., 1993). Efremov et al. (1994) recommended commercial exploitation of S. nigra as a medicinal plant.
S. nigra is classified as a useful reservoir of aphid parasites with respect to management programmes (Stary and Neemec, 1986). Smith and Secoy (1981) also identify S. nigra as being used for agricultural pest control in western Europe before 1850. In a study of Central European forests on the ecological protection of forest against insect pests, S. nigra was found to be advantageous only against Epiblema nigricana (Turcek, 1963).
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Agroforestry
- Erosion control or dune stabilization
- Revegetation
General
- Ornamental
Materials
- Pesticide
- Poisonous to mammals
- Wood/timber
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Wood Products
Top of pageRoundwood
- Posts
Sawn or hewn building timbers
- Exterior fittings
- Fences
Woodware
- Brushes
- Cutlery
- Industrial and domestic woodware
- Tool handles
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Mechanical Control
Clive (1964) indicates that the mechanical crushing of dense scrub, in which S. nigra was an element, is a viable option for scrub control. In winter cereal crops it was found that S. nigra were favoured by reduced cultivation and by direct drilling (Pollard and Cussans, 1981), suggesting that increasing cultivation was required to reduce the incidence of this weed.
Chemical Control
Growth suppression was pronounced in young S. nigra plants treated with CCC (Jasa, 1972), controlled by ammonium sulphamate (Bergmann, 1968) and considerable die-back to complete root kill with increasing doses of picloram. Low-volume applications of a new herbicide, 1:1 -ethylene-2:2 -dipyrilium dibromide gave good top-kill of various brush species, including S. nigra, though there was basal regeneration (Brian et al., 1958). S. nigra can be controlled by cutting down or burning.
Biological Control
There are no records of biological control being employed on S. nigra.
Integrated Control
Regular cutting proved satisfactory for reducing dominant tall vegetation if combined with selective herbicides for problem weeds such as S. nigra (Worrall and Palmer, 1988).
References
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Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I, 2001. The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. European Cytokine Network, 12(2):290-296
Benoit-Vical F, Valentin A, Pelissier Y, Marion C, Castel D, Milhau M, Mallie M, Bastide JM, Diafouka F, Kone Bamba D, Malan A, Kone M, Loukou Y, Monet D, Ake Assi L, Yapo A, 1996. In vitro confirmation of the antimalarial activity of some plants of African origin used in traditional medicine. Medecine d'Afrique Noire, 43(7):393-400
Bergmann, JH, 1968. Control of coppice shoots and dwarf shrubs with sulphamate. Sozial. Forstw., Berl. 18(2):55-57
Bobek B, Perzanowski K, Siwanowicz J, Zielinski J, 1979. Deer pressure on forage in a deciduous forest. Oikos, 32(3):373-380
Bounous G, Peano C, 1990. Forgotten fruits. Monti e Boschi, 41(4):23-32
Brian, RC, Homer, RF, Stubbs, J, 1958. A new herbicide 1:1 ethylene 2:2 dipyrilium dibromide. Nature, Lond. 181:446-447
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Nemeth E, Bernath J, 2001. Production and market situation of medicinal and aromatic plants in Hungary. In 11. Bernburger Winterseminar 2001, Bernburg, Germany, 7 8 February, 2001. Zeitschrift fur Arznei and Gewurzpflanzen., 6(3):103-108
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Parmar VS, Gupta AK, Jha HN, Varma PN, Lohar DR, 1993. Metal content of the medicinal plants Agave americana, Sambucus nigra and Silybum marianum. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 31(4):324-326
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Strauss E, 1979. Elder as a new fruit species. Obstbau, 4(8):284-286
Strauss E, Novak R, 1982. Twenty four years' studies on elder cultivation at Klosterneuburg. Erwerbsobstbau, 24:289-294
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Turcek FJ, 1963. The importance and value of the woody plants in the undergrowth, disseminated by birds, in the ecological protection of forest against insect pests. Lesn. Cas., Praha 9(3):243-250
USDA-ARS, 2003. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, USA. http://plants.usda.gov
Villar Perez L, Polacin Latorre JM, Calvo Eito C, Gomez Garcia D, 1987. Plantas medicinales del Pirineo Aragonés y demas tierras. Diputacion Provincional de Huesca
Villar Perez L, Polacin Latorre JM, Calvo Eito C, Gomez Garcia D, 1987. Plantas medicinales del Pirineo Aragonés y demas tierras. Spain: Diputacion Provincional de Huesca
Von Schwerin F, 1920. Revisio generis Sambuci. Mitteilungen den Deutschen Dendrologischen gesellschaft, 29:194-231
Wertheim SJ, 1981. The many sided elder. Fruitteelt, 71:1432-1434
Wiggington MJ, Graham GG, 1981. Guide to the Identification of some Difficult Plant Groups. England Field Unit Occasional Paper No.1. Oxfordshire: Nature Conservancy Council
Williams PA, 1983. Secondary vegetation succession on the Port Hills Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 21(3):237-247
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Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2003. Flora of China Web., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2003. Vascular Tropicos database., St. Louis, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2003. Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)., Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Graden. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html
Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, 2003. Australia's Virtual Herbarium., Sydney, Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh/avh.cgi
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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