Rhagoletis mendax (blueberry fruit fly)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Rhagoletis mendax Curran
Preferred Common Name
- blueberry fruit fly
International Common Names
- English: blueberry maggot
- French: mouche de l'airelle
EPPO code
- RHAGME (Rhagoletis mendax)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Diptera
- Family: Tephritidae
- Genus: Rhagoletis
- Species: Rhagoletis mendax
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageSpecimens should be carefully identified by examining the wing pattern, which will distinguish it from R. pomonella.
Diagnostic features of the genus are as follows (characters extracted from key to North American genera of Tephritidae by Foote et al., 1993): head with 2 pairs orbital setae; posterior pair reclinate. Gena without enlarged setae. First flagellomere (3rd antennal segment) at least slightly pointed at apex. Thorax with dorsocentral setae closer to level of anterior supra-alar setae than notopleural suture. Scutellum not swollen and polished. Wing with cells bm and bcu of similar depth; bcu with a short acute extension. Crossvein R-M near middle of cell dm.
R. mendax may be identified using the Diptera key in the CPC taxonomic identification aid. For full details of its separation from other North American species, see Foote et al. (1993).
The main features of the R. pomonella species complex (which also includes R. mendax) are as follows: Scutum and abdomen predominantly black. Scutellum base black. Wing without an accessory costal crossband (short band between the discal and preapical crossbands); apical wing bands as in drawing of R. pomonella. For more comprehensive details see Foote et al. (1993).
The separation of R. mendax from R. pomonella can only be made reliably by using biochemical methods. In general, R. mendax females have a shorter aculeus (0.7-0.9 mm) than R. pomonella (1.0-1.4 mm) but R. pomonella in Florida also has a short aculeus (0.7 mm). By far the most practical separation is on the basis of hosts as R. pomonella has never been shown to attack Ericaceae (old records from Ericaceae derive from a time when R. mendax was not recognised as distinct).
Larva
Diagnosis of genus by Elson-Harris (White and Elson-Harris, 1994): antennal sensory organ with a short basal segment and cone-shaped distal segment; maxillary sensory organ flat, with well defined sensilla surrounded by small cuticular folds; stomal sensory organ rounded, with a peg-like sensilla; large, preoral teeth near base of stomal sensory organ; no preoral lobes; oral ridges in 5-13 short, unserrated rows; no accessory plates. Stout spinules forming discontinuous rows on almost all segments. Anterior spiracles with 7-35 stout tubules. Posterior spiracular slits 3-8 times as long as broad, with 3-16 short, branched spiracular hairs. Anal lobes large, protuberant with well defined tubercles and sensilla.
Any Rhagoletis larvae found in Vaccinium species, or other Ericaceae, are likely to be this species (see Similarities Section); a full description is given by White and Elson-Harris (1994).
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe |
|||||||
Netherlands | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey | ||||||
Slovenia | Absent | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present, Localized | ||||||
-New Brunswick | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Nova Scotia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Ontario | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Prince Edward Island | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Quebec | Present, Localized | ||||||
United States | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Alabama | Present | ||||||
-Connecticut | Present | ||||||
-Delaware | Present | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Georgia | Present | ||||||
-Illinois | Present | ||||||
-Indiana | Present | ||||||
-Kentucky | Present | ||||||
-Maine | Present | ||||||
-Maryland | Present | ||||||
-Massachusetts | Present | ||||||
-Michigan | Present | ||||||
-Minnesota | Present | ||||||
-Missouri | Present | ||||||
-New Hampshire | Present | ||||||
-New Jersey | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Ohio | Present | ||||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | ||||||
-Rhode Island | Present | ||||||
-South Carolina | Present | ||||||
-Tennessee | Present | ||||||
-Virginia | Present | ||||||
-West Virginia | Present | ||||||
-Wisconsin | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
New Zealand | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Gaultheria procumbens (Aromatic wintergreen) | Ericaceae | Other | |
Gaylussacia (huckleberry) | Ericaceae | Unknown | |
Gaylussacia baccata (black huckleberrry (USA)) | Ericaceae | Other | |
Gaylussacia dumosa (dwarf huckleberry) | Ericaceae | Other | |
Gaylussacia frondosa (Dangleberry) | Ericaceae | Other | |
Vaccinium (blueberries) | Ericaceae | Unknown | |
Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush blueberry) | Ericaceae | Main | |
Vaccinium ashei | Ericaceae | Unknown | |
Vaccinium corymbosum (blueberry) | Ericaceae | Main | |
Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) | Ericaceae | Other | |
Vaccinium stamineum (common deerberry) | Ericaceae | Wild host | |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea (cowberry) | Ericaceae | Other |
Symptoms
Top of pageList of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Fruit / discoloration | ||
Fruit / extensive mould | ||
Fruit / gummosis | ||
Fruit / internal feeding | ||
Fruit / lesions: black or brown | ||
Fruit / lesions: scab or pitting | ||
Fruit / obvious exit hole | ||
Fruit / odour | ||
Fruit / ooze |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageMeans of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pagePathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Fruit in case or handbag. | Yes | ||
Containers and packaging - wood | Of fruit cargo. | Yes | ||
Land vehicles | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. | Yes | ||
Fruit in post. | Yes | |||
Soil, sand and gravel | Risk of puparia in soil. | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruits (inc. pods) | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Growing medium accompanying plants | arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood |
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageLarvae may be misidentified as those of R. tabellaria which may be found in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
General
Control procedures already established in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) region for R. cerasi are similar to those used against the North American pest species and could therefore be implemented against any outbreak of R. mendax within the EPPO region. If possible, wild and abandoned plantations should also be destroyed. Boller and Prokopy (1976) note that systemic organophosphates, such as dimethoate, are highly effective against most species, killing eggs, larvae and adults (see Bancroft et al., 1974). Belanger et al. (1985) discussed the use of pyrethroids, but these were only of use when pest activity was low. More environmentally acceptable techniques have been tried; namely bait sprays (insecticide plus ammonia source) which can be applied as a spot treatment; soil application of insecticide to destroy pupae; and juvenile hormone analogues which can be applied to the soil (Boller and Prokopy, 1976). Pheromone traps can be used to monitor populations (Geddes et al., 1989; Gaul et al., 1995), and Pearson and Mayer (1990) have constructed a model to predict infestation risk.
Sticky red spheres (see Detection Methods Section), described above as a monitoring method, have also been shown to have potential as a control method when baited and pesticide treated (Liburd et al., 1999).
Early ripening cultivars are less susceptible to attack than later ripening cultivars which fruit coincident with adult emergence (late July to early August) (Liburd et al., 1998a).
Phytosanitary measures
Consignments of blueberries and other Vaccinium species from countries where R. mendax occurs should be inspected for symptoms of infestation and those suspected should be cut open in order to look for larvae. EPPO recommends that such fruits should come from an area where R. mendax does not occur, or from a place of production found free from the pest by regular inspection for 3 months before harvest. Fruits may also be treated, but specific treatment schedules have mostly not been developed for Rhagoletis species, since there is no need for them in the USA. Ethylene dibromide was previously widely used as a fumigant but is now generally withdrawn because of its carcinogenicity.
Plants of host species transported with roots from countries where R. mendax occurs should be free from soil, or the soil should be treated against puparia, and should not carry fruits. Such plants may indeed be prohibited importation.
Gamma irradiation has also been advocated (Hallman and Thomas, 1999), as has carbon dioxide treatment (Prange and Lidster, 1992).
References
Top of pageBoller EF; Prokopy RJ, 1976. Bionomics and management of Rhagoletis. In: Smith RF, Mittler TE, Smith CN, ed. Annual review of entomology. Volume 21. Annual Reviews Inc. Palo Alto, California, USA, 223-246.
Bush GL, 1966. The taxonomy, cytology and evolution of the genus Rhagoletis in North America (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 134:431-526.
Christenson LD; Foote RH, 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Annual Review of Entomology, 5:171-192.
Economopoulos AP, 1989. Control; use of traps based on color and/or shape. In: Robinson AS, Hooper G, eds. Fruit Flies; Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests 3(B): 315-327. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
EPPO, 1983. Data sheets on quarantine organisms. Set 6. EPPO Bulletin, 13(1). unnumbered.
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Foote RH; Blanc FL; Norrbom AL, 1993. Handbook of the Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico. Ithaca, USA: Comstock.
IPPC, 2015. July 2015: Blueberry Maggot (Rhagoletis mendax Curran) - Expansion of Regulated Areas. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. CAN-46/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
USDA, 1994. Treatment manual. Frederick, USA: USDA/APHIS.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
IPPC, 2015. Blueberry Maggot (Rhagoletis mendax Curran) - Expansion of Regulated Areas. In: IPPC Official Pest Report, No. CAN-46/1, Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
NPPO of the Netherlands, 2013. Pest status of harmful organisms in the Netherlands., Wageningen, Netherlands:
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