Puccinia coronata
(crown rust)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Symptoms on Avena sp. Caption Puccinia coronata on Avena sp. Note the presence of Puccinia graminis on the stem. Copyright ©M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus	Symptoms on Avena sp.	Puccinia coronata on Avena sp. Note the presence of Puccinia graminis on the stem.	©M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Title Symptoms on Avena sp. Caption Puccinia coronata on Avena sp. Note the presence of Puccinia graminis on the stem. Copyright ©M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus	Symptoms on Avena sp.	Puccinia coronata on Avena sp. Note the presence of Puccinia graminis on the stem.	©M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Title Symptoms on barley Caption Puccinia coronata (crown rust) on barley leaf. The pustules are oblong and yellow-orange in colour. Copyright NOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland	Symptoms on barley	Puccinia coronata (crown rust) on barley leaf. The pustules are oblong and yellow-orange in colour.	NOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland
Title Teliospores Caption Copyright M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus	Teliospores		M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Puccinia coronata Corda

Preferred Common Name

• crown rust

Other Scientific Names

• Aecidium alaterni Maire
• Aecidium cathartici Schumach.
• Aecidium frangulae Schumach.
• Aecidium rhamni J.F. Gmel.
• Aecidium rhamni-alipnae DC.
• Aecidium rhamni-infectoriae Unamuno
• Puccinia alpinae-coronata Mühletahler (1911)
• Puccinia alpiniae-coronata Mühlet. (1911)
• Puccinia coronata f. holci Kleb.
• Puccinia coronata var. avenae W. P. Fraser & Ledingham
• Puccinia coronata var. bromi W. P. Fraser & Ledingham
• Puccinia coronata var. calamagrosteos W. P. Fraser & Ledingham
• Puccinia coronata var. intermedia Z. Urb.
• Puccinia coronata var. lolii Beeynck (1853)
• Puccinia coronata var. sertata Rabenh. (1858)
• Puccinia lolii Niels (1875)
• Puccinia mediterranea Trotter
• Puccinia pumilae-coronata H. K. G. Paul
• Puccinia sertata Preuss (1848)

International Common Names

• English: crown rust of oats; leaf rust of oats; oat crown rust
• Spanish: roya coronada
• French: rouille couronnée
• Russian: koronchataya rzhavchina

Local Common Names

• Germany: Kronenrost

EPPO code

• PUCCCO (Puccinia coronata)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Fungi
•         Phylum: Basidiomycota
•             Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina
•                 Class: Pucciniomycetes
•                     Order: Pucciniales
•                         Family: Pucciniaceae
•                             Genus: Puccinia
•                                 Species: Puccinia coronata

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms/Signs

Plant Trade

References

Abbasi M; Hedjaroude GA, 2004. On the taxonomy of Puccinia coronata s.l. in Iran. Rostaniha, 5(1):Pe89-Pe107, En33-En40.

Abdelal HR, 1981. Acetyl salicylic acid as a promising fungicide for controlling certain fungi. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 13(1/2):19-22

Ahmad ST, 1973. Breeding oats for high yield and for resistance to crown rust in India. Euphytica, 22(2):351-356

Ahmad ST; Yadava RBR, 1978. Effect of crown rust infection on the chlorophyll contents of Avena species. Forrage Research, 4(2):177-179.

Anikster Y, 1984. The formae speciales In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP, eds. The Cereal Rusts Vol. I. Orlando, USA: Academic Press, 115-130.

Anikster Y; Wahl I, 1979. Co-evolution of the rust fungi on gramineae and liliaceae and their hosts. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 17:367-403.

Anon., 1992. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), var. Jackaroo. Application no. 90/119. Plant Varieties Journal, 5(1):9-11.

Anon., 1994. Variety Groza 50. Application no. 93/196. Plant Varieties Journal, 7(2):23-25.

Anon., 1995. Registration of Brown oat. Crop Science, 35(1):297.

Armstrong CS; Rumball W, 1976. Rust incidence and heading of overseas ryegrass cultivars in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 37(2):208-214

Arthur JC; Fromme FD, 1920. Dicaoma on Poaceae. N. Amer. Fl., 7(4-5):277-341.

Barnett PA; Mitchel WJP, 1982. Control of crown rust in oats in the Mannowatu. Proceedings Thirty-fifth New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conf., 242-244.

Barr AR; Hoppo TM, 1994. Registration of Australian winter cereal cultivars. Avena sativa (oats) cv. Bandicoot. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 34(5):700.

Bassett IJ, 1958. A Survey of the European Buckthorn and Common Barberry in Southern Manitoba, 1957. Sci. Serv. Bot. Plant Pathol. Div. Ottawa, Canada: CIDA.

Bogachkov V; Shirokov A; Meshkov V, 1975. Infection of initial and hybrid material of oats by crown rust. Nauch. Trudy Sibirskogo NIISKH, 23:35-41

Bogachkov VI; Smishchuk NG; Miroshnichenko AI; Shirokov AI; Maslenkova LI, 1990. Source material and the breeding of midseason varieties of oats resistant to diseases in western Siberia. Selektsiya i semenovodstvo zernofurazhnykh kul'tur v Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke., 21-33; 4 ref.

Brieze SC; Kusralappa AC; Mather DE, 1994. Screening for partial resistance to an isolate of crown rust (Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae) race 264 in oat cultivars and breeding lines. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 16(1):49-55.

Brinkman MA; Daniel ME; Skands HL; Schrickel DJ; Weaver SH, 1985. Breeding oat cultivars suitable for production in developing countries - 1984.Madison, USA: University of Wisconsin.

Brodny U, 1988. Physiologic races of oat crown rust identified in Israel during 1976-1980. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 10(1):53-56

Brodny U; Wahl I; Rotem J, 1988. Factors conditioning dominance of race 276 of Puccinia coronata avenae on Avena sterilis populations in Israel. Phytopathology, 78(2):135-139

Brown MR, 1937. A study of crown rust, Puccinia coronata Corda in Great Britain. 1. Physiologic specialization in the uredospore stage. Annals of Applied Biology, 24:504-327.

Brown MR, 1938. A study of crown rust, Puccinia coronata, in Great Britain. 2. The aecidial hosts of P. coronata. Annals of Applied Biology, 25:506-527.

Cagas B, 1978. The host range of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda var. coronata). Ceska Mykologie, 32(3):174-181

Cagas B, 1984. Differences in virulence of the population of crown rust (Puccinia coronata var. coronata f.sp. festucae) in Czechoslovakia. Ceska Mykologie, 38(1):31-38

Cagas B; Rogalewicz V, 1985. Resistance sources in Festuca pratensis against crown rust. Proc. Eucarpia Gen. Resources Sec. Int. Symp., Prague, March 27-29. Prague, Czechoslovakia: RICP, 53-61.

Chester KS, 1946. The nature and prevention of the cereal rusts as exemplified in the leaf rust of wheat. Waltham, Massachussetts, USA: Chronica Botanica, 269.

Chinkova C, 1966. Materiali varchu florata na razdete v Balgaria. Izv. Bot. Inst., 16:265-271.

Chinkova C, 1978. Materiali varchu florata na razdete v Balgaria. Fitologia, 10:50-62.

Chong J; Seaman WL, 1994. Incidence and virulence of Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae in Canada in 1993. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 16(4):335-340

Coelho ET, 1972. Survey of physiological races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata var. avenae) in oats in the south of Brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, Agronomia, 7:43-48

Dietz SM, 1923. The role of the genus Rhamnus in the dissemination of crown rust. USDA Bulletin, 1162:1-19.

Dinoor A, 1977. Oat crown rust resistance in Israel. In: Day PR, ed. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 287:357-366

Dmitriev AP, 1983. Rusts on wheat and oats in Ethiopia. 1. Distribution and biology. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 17(4):323-328

Dmitriev AP, 1994. Population dynamics of Puccinia coronata Cda and the structure of immunological variability of oats. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 28(4):48-55

Dmitriev AP; Daiesa T, 1983. Wheat and oat rusts in Ethiopia. II. Genotype composition of crown and stem rusts of oats. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 17(6):504-508

DnOliveira B, 1940. Notas sobre a prodacao de fase aecidica de algunas ferragens dos cerrais em Portugal. Rev. Agron., 28:201-208.

Eriksson J, 1908. Neue Studien über die Spezialisierung der grasbewohnenden Kronenrostarten. Arch. Bot., 8(3):1-26.

Eshed N; Dinoor A, 1980. Genetics of pathogenicity in Puccinia coronata: pathogenic specialization at the host genus level. Phytopathology, 70(11):1042-1046

Eshed N; Dinoor A, 1981. Genetics of pathogenicity in Puccinia coronata: the host range among grasses. Phytopathology, 71(2):156-163

Eshed N; Dinoor A; Bronnemann A, 1977. Widening the host range and exposure of new virulence genes by intervarietal crosses in crown rust. In: Proceedings of the Fourth European and Mediterranean Rust Conference, Interlaken, Switzerland. Interlaken, Switzerland: European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts Foundation 30-31.

Formanova M; Markova J; Urban Z, 1989. The crown rust, Puccinia coronata Corda, in the Bohemian Karst. Novitates Botanicae Universitatis Carolinae, No. 5:33-47

Frenzel H, 1930. BetrSge zur Spezialisierung des Haferkronenrostes, Puccinia coronifera f.sp. avenae Kleb. Arbeiten der biologischen Reichsanstalt, 18:153-176.

Frey KJ; Browning JA; Simons MD, 1979. Management systems for host genes to control disease loss. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 39(1):10-21

Fried PM, 1983. The rust situation in Switzerland, 1981 and 1982. Cereal Rusts Bulletin, 11(1):39

Hammami I; Allagui MB; Chakroun M; El-Gazzeh M, 2007. Evaluating landrace oats (Avena sp.) collected in Tunisia for crown rust resistance under natural infection. Euphytica, 157(1/2):27-34. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=102881

Harder DE, 1978. Crown rust of oats in Canada in 1977. Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 58(3):39-43

Harder DE; Chong J, 1984. Structure and physiology of haustoria. In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP (eds). The cereal rusts, Vol. I. New York, USA: Acadermic Press, 431-476.

Harder DE; Haber S, 1992. Oat disease and pathologic techniques. In: Oat science and technology. Agronomy Monograph, 33:307-425.

Hassebrauk K, 1932. GrSserinfektionen mit Getreiderosten. Arbeiten der biologischen Reichsanstalt, 20:165-182.

Hayward MD, 1977. Genetic control of resistance to crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) in Lolium perenne and its implications in breeding. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 51(2):49-53

Heard AV; Lewis GC, 1976. Effect of crown rust on the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. Grasslands Research Institute Hurley Annual Report, 1976. Hurley, UK: Grasslands Research Institute, 39.

Hiratsuka Y; Sato S, 1982. Morphology and taxonomy of rust fungi. In: Scott KJ, Chakravarty AK (eds). The rust fungi. New York, USA: Academic Press, 1-36.

Horie Y, 1985. New summer crop cultivars (II). New cultivars registered by the Min. Agric. For. and Fish. in 1984. Tall fescue. Japanese Journal of Breeding, 35:84-85.

Hpgermark U, 1981. Control of crown rust (Puccinia coronata) of oats with triadimefon. Vaxtskyddsnotiser, 45(3):90-93

Hurley RH; Clarke BB; Meyer WA; Kopec DM; Funk CR, 1987. Registration of Rebel II tall fescue. Crop Science, 27(5):1086.

Iqbal SH; Khalid AN; Afshan NS; Niazi AR, 2008. Rust fungi on Saccharum species from Pakistan. Mycotaxon, 106:219-226.

Isawa K; Nishihara N, 1975. Influence of diseases on the chemical composition and nutritive value of forage crops. 2. Qualitative and quantitative damage of Italian ryegrass infected with crown rust. Bulletin of the National Grassland Research Institute, 6:87-94

Jin Y; Steffenson BJ, 1992. Puccinia coronata var. hordei Jin et Steff. var. nova: morphology and pathogenicity on grasses. Vortr. Pflanzenzuecht. Bonn, 24:57-59.

Jin Y; Steffenson BJ; Oberthur LE; Baenziger PS, 1992. Puccinia coronata on barley. Plant Disease, 76(12):1283

Jiráková H; Hanzalová A, 2008. Crown rust pathotypes determined on oats in the Czech Republic from 2004 to 2006 and reaction to oat cultivars. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 44(2):60-65. http://www.journals.uzpi.cz/web/CJGPB.htm

Jondle RJ, 1974. Studies on the association between grain yield and crown rust reaction loci in several genetic backgrounds of Avena sativa. Dissertation Abstracts International-B, 35(5):2024B.

Kalton RR; Richardson P, 1994. Registration of 'Dawn' orchardgrass. Crop Science, 34(3):819.

Katsuya K; Kashima M; Sato S, 1976. Physiologic specialization of oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae identified in Japan, 1972 to 1974. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 42(3):317-319

Keener PD, 1934. Biological specialization in Darluca filum. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 61:475-490.

Kephart KD; McKendry AL; Tague DN; Berg JE, 1990. Spring oats. 1990 Missouri crop performance. Special Report - College of Agriculture, University of Missouri, No. 420:9pp.

Klenová H; ?ebesta J, 2006. Inheritance and efficiency of crown rust resistance in the line Pc 50-4 (Avena sterilis L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 42(1):9-14. http://www.cazv.cz

Kochman JA, 1975. Environmental and host effects on infection of oats by the stem and crown rust fungi. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 41(2):49-50.

Kochman JK; Brown JF, 1975. Development of the stem and crown rust fungi on leaves, sheaths, and peduncles of oats. Phytopathology, 65(12):1404-1408

Kolb FL; Brown CM; Hewings; D, 1995. Registration of nBrownnoat. Crop Science, 35:279.

Kono A, 1985. Effect of culture filtrate of oat leaf surface fungi on the germination and invasion of crown rust urediniospore. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, 32(2):289-298

Konovalova NE; Shchekotkova TV, 1972. Crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda f.sp. secalis) of buckthorn (Rhamnus pallasii) in the Transcaucasus. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 6(4):353-355.

Konovalova NE; Shchekotkova TV, 1978. On the pcidial host of crown rust of rye. Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, 13(4):623-625

Kostic B, 1959. The cereal rusts in the southern part of Yugoslavia in 1958 and 1959. Robigo 9-8-12.

Kryzanek R; Sebesta J, 1974. Effect of rusts on the content of free amino acids and oligosaccharides in oat kernels. Ochrana Rostlin, 10(3):187-191

Leinhos GME; Buchenauer H, 1992. Inhibition of rust diseases of cereals by metabolic products of Verticillium chlamydosporium. Journal of Phytopathology, 136(3):177-193

Leonard KJ, 2003. Regional frequencies of virulence in oat crown rust in the United States from 1990 through 2000. Plant Disease, 87(11):1301-1310.

Leonard KJ; Huerta-Espino J; Salmeron JJ, 2005. Virulence of oat crown rust in Mexico. Plant Disease, 89(9):941-948. HTTP://www.apsnet.org

Leslie J, 1986. New releases (Oats). South Dakota Farm Home Research, 37(2):20-21.

Liu ShuYan; Xu Bing; Sun YanHui; Zhang JinHua; Liu XueMin, 2003. A new disease caused by Puccinia coronata Corda var. coronata on Poa sp. in Jilin Province. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 25(4):365-366.

Liu XiaoMei; Pu JinJi, 2004. Preliminary report on diseases in turf grasses. Pratacultural Science, 21(6):73-74.

Luig NH, 1985. Epidemiology in Australia and New Zealand In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR, eds. The Cereal Rusts Vol. II. Orlando, USA: Academic Press, 301-328.

Luke HH; Barnett RD; Pfahler PL, 1975. Inheritance of horizontal resistance to crown rust in oats. Phytopathology, 65(5):631-632

Maclean DJ; Scott Kj; Tommerup CA, 1971. A uninucleate wheat infecting strain of the stem rust fungus isolated from axenic culture. Journal of General Microbiology, 65:339-342.

Mansat P; Betin M, 1979. Selection of Italian ryegrass for resistance to crown rust under artificial conditions. Annales de l'Amelioration des Plantes, 29(3):337-347

Mansat P; Betin M, 1984. Selection of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) for resistance to crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda). Results of crosses between improved populations under artificial conditions, consequences. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie d'Agriculture de France, 70(5):595-601

Martinelli JA; Federizzi LC; Bennedetti AC, 1994. Effect of oat cultivars mixtures and seed treatments on the restriction of leaf rust disease progress. Summa Phytopathologica, 20(2):113-115

Martinelli JA; Federizzi LC; Bennedetti AC, 1994. Yield reductions of oat grains due to leaf rust severity. Summa Phytopathologica, 20(2):116-118

Martinelli JA; Milach SCK; Federizzi LC, 1995. Induction of early telia - another form of resistance to oat crown rust present in Brazil. Summa Phytopathologica, 21(3/4):257-258; 11 ref.

Matsumoto K; Sugiyama M; Nakada S, 1976. Studies on the resistance of ryegrass varieties to Lolium crown rust. Problems of field testing methods. Annals of the Phytopathological Society Japan, Nihon Shokub. Gakkai-Ho, 42(1):75-76.

Mayama S, 1983. The role of avenalumin in the resistance of oats to crown rust. Memoirs, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 42:64.

Mazaraki M, 1979. Estimation of specific resistance of oat seedlings in the glasshouse to physiologic races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cola var. avenae Fraser & Led.). Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin, No.135:71-77

McDaniel ME, 1973. Influence of genetic background on the expression of genes conditioning crown rust resistance in oats. Agronomy Abstracts, 10.

McGinnis RC, 1956. Cytological studies of chromosomes of rust fungi (3). Journal of Heredity, 47:255-259.

McLean R, 1994. Registration of Australian winter cereal cultivars. Avena sativa (oats) cv. Yilgarn. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 34(5):708.

McVeigh KJ, 1975. Breeding for resistance to crown rust (Pucinia coronata Corda var. lolii) in turf-like perennial ryegrass. Dissertation Abstracts - B, 36(2):504B.

Melhus IE; Dietz SM; Willey F, 1922. Alternate hosts and biologic specialization of crown rust in America. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 72:211-236.

Michel LJ; Simons MD, 1977. Aggressiveness and virulence of Puccinia coronata avenae isolates, 1971-1975. Plant Disease Reporter, 61(8):621-625

Murphy JP; Navarro RA; Leath S; Bowman DT, 2002. Registration of 'NC Hulless' oat. Crop Science, 42(1):311.

Nakoda S; Matsumoto K; Sugiyaama M, 1976. On the pathogenicity of fescue crown rust. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 42(1):75.

Namajunas BM, 1994. Racial and genotypic composition of oat crown rust in Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Belarussian Republics and in Kaliningrad region in 1986-89. Ekologija, 1:58-71

Namajunas BP; Namajunas B, 1979. Preliminary data on the racial composition of crown rust of oats in the Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Belorussian SSR. Liet. TSR Mokslu Akad. Darbai - C, No. 3:39-42.

Namayunas BP, 1972. The biology of the pathogen of crown rust of oats, Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae Fraser & Led. in Lithuania (1. The dynamics of the development of rust). Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai, C, 4:75-85

Narkulov T; Kadamov SK; Massino N, 1980. The winter oat Tashkent 1. Selekciya i Semenovodstvo, 10:27-28.

Nerbass Junior JM; Casa RT; Kuhnem Júnior PR; Gava F; Bogo A, 2010. Critical-point models to relate white oat yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem leaf rust: helminthosporium blight. (Modelos de pontos críticos para relacionar o rendimento de grãos de aveia branca com a intensidade de doença no patossistema múltiplo ferrugem da folha: helmintosporiose.) Ciência Rural, 40(1):1-6. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cr/v40n1/a405cr1483.pdf

Niekerk BDvan; Pretorius ZA; Boshoff WHP, 2001. Potential yield losses caused by barley leaf rust and oat leaf and stem rust to South African barley and oat cultivars. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 18(3):108-113.

Oates JD; Burdon JJ; Brouwer JB, 1983. Interactions between Avena and Puccinia species II. The pathogens: Puccinia coronata Cda and P. graminis Pers. f.sp. avenae Eriks. & Henn. Journal of Applied Ecology, 20(2):585-596

Ohm HW; Shaner G; Buechley G; Aldridge WG; Bostwick DE; Ratcliffe RH, 1995. Registration of 'INO9201' spring oat. Crop Science, 35(3):940.

Okane I; Kakishima M, 1995. Spermogonial and aecial stages of oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata var. avenae, in Japan. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 61(4):391-394; 12 ref.

Pantidou ME; Henderson DM, 1970. Fungi of Greece. Various genera and species of rusts. Ann. Inst. phytopathol. Benaki, Ser. nov., 9:295-304.

Patanothai S; Michel LJ; Simons MD, 1975. Comparison of different hill-plot designs for evaluating quantitative response to oat crown rust. Crop Science, 15(6):803-806

Pedersen C, 1974. Experience from field tests regarding variation in horizontal resistance to crown rust in poerennial ryegrass. Nordisk-Jordbrugsfoskning, 56(1):26-27.

Peterson B, 1954. The relative prevalence of specialized forms of Puccinia coronata that occur on Rhamnus cathartica in Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 32:40-47.

Picinini EC; Fernandes JMC, 1994. Efficacy of fungicides for controlling crown rust of oats. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 19(1):74-78

Politowski K; Browning JA, 1978. Tolerance and resistance to plant disease: an epidemiological study. Phytopathology, 68(8):1177-1185

Potter LR, 1987. Effect of crown rust on regrowth, competitive ability and nutritional quality of perennial and Italian ryegrasses. Plant Pathology, 36(4):455-461

Reeves DL; Hall L, 1985. Registration of 'Lancet' oats. Crop Science, 25:710.

Reich JM; Brinkman MA, 1984. Inheritance of groat protein percentage in Avena sativa L. x A. fatua L. crosses. Euphytica, 33(3):907-913.

Roberts JJ; Fowler HA Jr, 1994. Cereal rust epidemiology studies using roadside trap plots in the southeastern United States. Plant Disease, 78(3):306-308

Roelfs AP, 1985. Epidemiology in North America. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR, eds. The Cereal Rusts, Vol II. New York, USA: Academic Press Inc., 403-434.

Rooney WL; Rines HW; Phillips RL, 1994. Identification of RFLP markers linked to crown rust resistance genes Pc 91 and Pc 92 in oat. Crop Science, 34(4):940-944

Rose JL; Scattini WJ, 1994. Registration of Australian winter cereal cultivars. Avena sativa (oats) cv. Nobby. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 34(5):705.

Rose-Fricker CA; Meyer WA; Funk CR, 1995. Registration of 'Safari' tall fescue. Crop Science, 35(4):1204.

Salazar J; Martinez M, 1973. Physiologic races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata CDA, f. sp. avenae Eriks.) detected in Spain during the period 1969-71. Cereal Rusts Bulletin, 1(1):19-20

Savile DBO, 1973. Aeciospore types in Puccinia and Uromyces attacking Cyperaceae, Juncaceae and Poaceae. Report. Tottori Mycological Inst., 10:225-241.

Savile DBO; Urban Z, 1982. Evolution and ecology of Puccinia graminis. Preslia, 54(2):97-104

Sbesta J; Sykora J, 1974. Harmfulness of rusts to oats as a racial and varietal peculiarity. Ochrana Rostlin, 10(4):265-269

Schmidt D, 1980. Specificity of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda.) on Festuca pratensis Huds. and F. arundinacea Schreb. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique Suisse, 90(1/2):55-60

Schmidt D, 1980a. Selection of Italian ryegrass for resistance to crown rust. Schweizerische Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, 19(1-2):71-84.

Schmiedeknecht M; Puncag T, 1987. Puccinia-Arten aus der Mongolischen Volksrepublik. Feddes Repertorium, 74:177-199.

Schwinghamer EA, 1955. A form of crown rust occurring on Agropyron spp. in North Dakota. Plant Disease Reporter, 39:322-324.

Sebesta J, 1971. Effect of stem rust and crown rust on yield in oat. Ochrana Rostlin, 7:253-260.

Sebesta J, 1979. Complete or incomplete dominance of resistance of the oat cultivar Delphin as a function of crown rust culture. Euphytica, 29(3):807-809

Sebesta J, 1980. Problems of cereal varieties with monogenic resistance to rust diseases. In: Arbeitstagung 1980, Gumpenstein, 25-27 November 1980, 149-161.

Sebesta J, 1983. Race-specific expression of oat crown rust resistance conditioned by major and minor genes. Euphytica, 32(3):857-861

Sebesta J, 1988. Resistance of oats to rust diseases. In: Proc. of the 3rd Internat. Oat Conference, Lund (Sweden), 265-278.

Sebesta J, 1990. European Oat Disease Nursery Ann. Report 1990. FAO European System of Cooperative Research Networks in Agriculture. Prague, Czech Republic: RICP, 10 pp.

Sebesta J, 1993. European Oat Disease Nursery Ann. Report 1993. FAO European System of Cooperative Research Network in Agriculture. Prague, Czech Republic: RICP, 20 pp.

Sebesta J, 1997. European Oat Disease Nursery Annual Report 1997. FAO ESCORENA.

Sebesta J; Bajer J, 1992. The early development of teliospore formation - a possible component of the genetic control of cereal rusts? Genetika a Slechteni, 28(2):73-83.

Sebesta J; Bartos P, 1964. Effect of hyperparasitic fungus Darluca filum (Biv.-Bern.) Cast. on artificial infections of wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. Rostlinná V8roba, 10:868-878.

Sebesta J; Harder DE, 1983. Occurrence and distribution of virulence in Puccinia coronata var. avenae in Europe, 1977-1980. Plant Disease, 67(1):56-59

Sebesta J; Harder DE; Zwatz B, 1984. Resistance of oats to crown rust in central Europe. Cereal Rusts Bulletin, 12(1):7-15

Sebesta J; Harder DE; Zwatz B, 1987. Incidence and pathogenicity of European populations of oat crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda. var. avenae Fraser & Led.) and donors of resistance. Ceska Mykologie, 41(2):97-106

Sebesta J; Mouchová H; Sykora J, 1972. Effect of rusts on contents of protein and bound amino acids in oat grains. Ochrana Rostlin, 8(1):5-10.

Sebesta J; Roderick HW; Chong J; Harder DE, 1993. The oat line Pc54 as a source of resistance to crown rust, stem rust and powdery mildew in Europe. Euphytica, 71(1/2):91-97

Sebesta J; Zukova p; Kummer M, 1987. Further sources of specific resistance to Puccinia coronata var. avenae in oats. Sbornik UVTIZ, Genetika a Slechteni, 23(2):117-124

Sebesta J; Zwatz B; Harder DE; Corazza L; Roderick HW; Stojanovic S, 1996. Incidence and resistance of oats to fungus diseases in Europe in 1988-1994. Ochrana Rostlin, 32(2):103-113; 17 ref.

Sebesta J; Zwatz B; Harder DE; Corazza L; Stojanovic S; 1997, Incidence of crown rust and virulence of Puccinia coronata on oat and the effectiveness of Pc-genes for resistance in Europe during 1990-1994. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 20(6):507-518.

Sheridan JE; Dawson HV, 1982. CDA of fungicides for control of crown rust of oats. Proc. thirty-fifth New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. Rotorua, New Zealand: New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Society, 245-247.

Shumilenko EP, 1951. Specialization in oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata. Botanicheskii Zhurnal SSSR, 36:635-642.

Simons MD, 1970. Crown rust of oats and grasses. Monogr. No 5. Worcester, Massachusetts, USA: American Phytopathological Society.

Simons MD, 1972. Crown rust tolerance of Avena sativa-type oats derived from wild Avena sterilis. Phytopathology, 62(12):1444-1446

Simons MD, 1975. Heritability of field resistance to the oat crown rust fungus. Phytopathology, 65(3):324-328

Simons MD, 1985. Crown rust. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR, eds. The Cereal Rusts. Vol. 2. New York, USA: Academic Press, 131-172.

Simons MD; Frey KJ, 1977. Induced mutations for tolerance of oats to crown rust. In: Proceed. Symp. Use Induced Mutations for Improving Disease Resistance in Oat Plants. Vienna, Austria: IAEA, 499-511.

Simons MD; Youngs VL; Booth GD; Forsberg RA, 1979. Effect of crown rust on protein and groat percentages of oat grain. Crop Science, 19(5):703-706

Singleton LL; Stuthman DD; Moore MB, 1979. Effect of crown rust on oat groat protein. Phytopathology, 69(7):776-778

Skipp RA; White DWR, 1988. Somaclonal variation in resistance of perennial ryegrass to crown rust. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 49:93-96

Smidt D, 1980. Selection of Italian ryegrass for resistance to crown rust. Schweiz. Landw. Forchung, 19(1-2):71-84.

Stathman DD; Rothman PG; Wilcoxson RD; Rines HW, 1987. Registration of Proat oat. Crop Science, 27(4):816.

Suzdal'skaya MV; Zhemchuzhina AI; Koroleva LA; Bukanova VK; Pugacheva GT, 1980. Variability of the pathogens of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f.sp. avenae Eriks. & E. Henn.) and crown rust (P. coronata Cda f.sp. avenae Eriks. & E. Henn.) and selection of oats for resistance. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 14(6):521-525

Tollenaar H, 1985. Uredospore germination and development of some cereal rusts from South-central Chile at constant temperatures. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 114(2):118-125

Turafin VP; Drusheldinov SB, 1992. Crown rust of oats in north Kazakhstan. Zashchita Rast., (10):17-18.

Ulvinen T; Ohenoja E; Ahti T; Alanko P, 1981. A check list of the fungi (incl. Lichenes) of the Koillismaa (Kansamo) biological province, NE Finland. Oulanka Repts., 2:1-64.

Urban Z; Marková J, 1994. The rust fungi of grasses in Europe. 1. Puccinia coronata Corda. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Biologica, 37:93-147.

Valkoun J; Bartos P, 1974. Somatic chromosome number in Puccinia recondita. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 63:187-189.

Wahl I, 1958. Studies on crown rust and stem rust on oats in Israel. Bull. Res. Counc. Israel, Sect. D, 6:145-166.

Wahl I; Dinoor A; Halperin J, 1960. The effect of Rhamnus palaestina on the origin and persistence of crown rust races. Phytopathology, 50:562-567.

Wallace RW; Bellinder RR, 1993. Rust-infected quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) growth and rhizome bud death after glyphosate application. Weed Science, 41(3):501-507

White DWR, 1988. Use of cell and molecular genetic manipulation to improve pasture plants. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 49:67-72

Wilcoxson RD, 1981. Genetics of slow rusting in cereals. Phytopathology, 71(9):989-993

Wilkins PW, 1978. Specialisation of crown rust on highly and moderately resistant plants of perennial ryegrass. Annals of Applied Biology, 88(1):179-184

Williams PG; Hariley MJ, 1971. Occurrence of diploid lines of Puccinia graminis tritici in axenic culture. Nature (London), 229:181-182.

Wilson M; Henderson DM, 1966. British rust fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Wofford DS; Watson CE Jr, 1982. Inheritance of crown rust resistance in tall fescue. Crop Science, 22(3):510-512

Yamamoto H; Tani T, 1987. Induction of crown rust resistance in oat by high temperature stress. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 53(5):616-621

Yatsukh KI; Dobrovetska MR, 1994. Resistance of released and promising varieties of oats to Puccinia coronata and Pyrenophora avenae in the western provinces of the Ukraine in 1993. In: Perska vseukr. konf. Kormi i krm. bilok, 16-17 Listopada 1994, Vinn., Ukraina. Vinitsiya, Ukraine: Ukrainska Akad. Agr. Nauk, 124.

Zambino PJ; Szabo LJ, 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of selected cereal and grass rusts based on rDNA sequence analysis. Mycologia, 85(3):401-414

Zhukova p, 1982. Differentiation of crown rust of oats in connexion with breeding for resistance. Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii, 71(3):68-71

Distribution References

Abbasi M, Hedjaroude G A, 2004. On the taxonomy of Puccinia coronata s.l. in Iran. Rostaniha. 5 (1), Pe89-Pe107, En33-En4.

Abdelal H R, 1981. Acetyl salicylic acid as a promising fungicide for controlling certain fungi. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology. 13 (1/2), 19-22.

Ahmad S T, 1973. Breeding oats for high yield and for resistance to crown rust in India. Euphytica. 22 (2), 351-356. DOI:10.1007/BF00022645

Armstrong C S, Rumball W, 1976. Rust incidence and heading of overseas ryegrass cultivars in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 37 (2), 208-214.

Bogachkov V I, Smishchuk N G, Miroshnichenko A I, Shirokov A I, Maslenkova L I, 1990. Source material and the breeding of midseason varieties of oats resistant to diseases in western Siberia. In: Selektsiya i semenovodstvo zernofurazhnykh kul'tur v Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke. Novosibirsk, USSR: 21-33.

Bogachkov V, Shirokov A, Meshkov V, 1975. Infection of initial and hybrid material of oats by crown rust. (Porazhaemost' iskhodnogo i gibridnogo materiala ovsa koronchatoi rzhavchinoi.). Nauch. Trudy Sibirskogo NIISKH. 35-41.

Brinkman MA, Daniel ME, Skands HL, Schrickel DJ, Weaver SH, 1985. Breeding oat cultivars suitable for production in developing countries - 1984., Madison, USA: University of Wisconsin.

Brodny U, 1988. Physiologic races of oat crown rust identified in Israel during 1976-1980. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 10 (1), 53-56.

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Chinkova C, 1966. (Materiali varchu florata na razdete v Balgaria). In: Izv. Bot. Inst. 16 265-271.

Chinkova C, 1978. (Materiali varchu florata na razdete v Balgaria). In: Fitologia, 10 50-62.

Chong J, Seaman W L, 1994. Incidence and virulence of Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae in Canada in 1993. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 16 (4), 335-340.

Coelho E T, 1972. Survey of physiological races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata var. avenae) in oats in the south of Brazil. (Levantamento de racas fisiologicas de ferrugem da folha da aveia (Puccinia coronata var. avenae) que ocorrem no sul do Brasil.). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, Agronomia. 43-48.

Dmitriev A P, 1983. Rusts on wheat and oats in Ethiopia. 1. Distribution and biology. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya. 17 (4), 323-328.

Dmitriev A P, 1994. Population dynamics of Puccinia coronata Cda and the structure of immunological variability of oats. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya. 28 (4), 48-55.

Dmitriev A P, Daiesa T, 1983. Wheat and oat rusts in Ethiopia. II. Genotype composition of crown and stem rusts of oats. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya. 17 (6), 504-508.

Fried P M, 1983. The rust situation in Switzerland, 1981 and 1982. Cereal Rusts Bulletin. 11 (1), 39.

Hammami I, Allagui M B, Chakroun M, El-Gazzeh M, 2007. Evaluating landrace oats (Avena sp.) collected in Tunisia for crown rust resistance under natural infection. Euphytica. 157 (1/2), 27-34. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=102881 DOI:10.1007/s10681-007-9393-7

Harder DE, Haber S, 1992. Oat disease and pathologic techniques. In: Oat science and technology. Agronomy Monograph, 33 307-425.

Heard A J, Lewis G C, 1976. Effect of crown rust on the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. In: Grassland Research Institute, Hurley: UK, Grassland Research Institute: Annual report 1975. Hurley, Maidenhead, Berks, UK: Grassland Research Institute. 39.

Horie Y, 1985. New summer crop cultivars (II). New cultivars registered by the Min. Agric. For. and Fish. in 1984. Tall fescue. In: Japanese Journal of Breeding, 35 84-85.

Iqbal S H, Khalid A N, Afshan N S, Niazi A R, 2008. Rust fungi on Saccharum species from Pakistan. Mycotaxon. 219-226. http://www.mycotaxon.com

Jiráková H, Hanzalová A, 2008. Crown rust pathotypes determined on oats in the Czech Republic from 2004 to 2006 and reaction to oat cultivars. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 44 (2), 60-65.

Kalton R R, Richardson P, 1994. Registration of 'Dawn' orchardgrass. Crop Science. 34 (3), 819. DOI:10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400030041x

Katsuya K, Kashima M, Sato S, 1976. Physiologic specialization of oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae identified in Japan, 1972 to 1974. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan. 42 (3), 317-319. DOI:10.3186/jjphytopath.42.317

Kochman J A, 1975. Environmental and host effects on infection of oats by the stem and crown rust fungi. In: Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 41 (2) 49-50.

Kono A, 1985. Effect of culture filtrate of oat leaf surface fungi on the germination and invasion of crown rust urediniospore. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University. 32 (2), 289-298.

KOSTIC B, 1959. The cereal rusts in south-eastern part of Yugoslavia in 1958 and 1959. Robigo, 1959. 8-16 pp.

Leonard K J, 2003. Regional frequencies of virulence in oat crown rust in the United States from 1990 through 2000. Plant Disease. 87 (11), 1301-1310. DOI:10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1301

Leonard K J, Huerta-Espino J, Salmeron J J, 2005. Virulence of oat crown rust in Mexico. Plant Disease. 89 (9), 941-948. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PD-89-0941

Liu ShuYan, Xu Bing, Sun YanHui, Zhang JinHua, Liu XueMin, 2003. A new disease caused by Puccinia coronata Corda var. coronata on Poa sp. in Jilin Province. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University. 25 (4), 365-366.

Liu XiaoMei, Pu JinJi, 2004. Preliminary report on diseases in turf grasses. Pratacultural Science. 21 (6), 73-74.

Mansat P, Betin M, 1979. Selection of Italian ryegrass for resistance to crown rust under artificial conditions. (Selection du Ray-grass d'Italie pour la resistance a la rouille couronnee en conditions artificielles.). Annales de l'Amelioration des Plantes. 29 (3), 337-347.

Martinelli J A, Federizzi L C, Bennedetti A C, 1994. Effect of oat cultivars mixtures and seed treatments on the restriction of leaf rust disease progress. (Efeito de misturas de cultivares de aveia e de tratamento de sementes na restrição do processo da doença da ferrugem da folha.). Summa Phytopathologica. 20 (2), 113-115.

Martinelli J A, Federizzi L C, Bennedetti A C, 1994a. Yield reductions of oat grains due to leaf rust severity. (Redução do rendimento de grãos da aveia em função da severidade da ferrugem da folha.). Summa Phytopathologica. 20 (2), 116-118.

Mazaraki M, 1979. Estimation of specific resistance of oat seedlings in the glasshouse to physiologic races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cola var. avenae Fraser & Led.). (Ocena odpornosci specyficznej siewek owsa w warunkach szklarniowych na rasy fizjologiczne rdzy koronowej (Puccinia coronata Cda var. avenae Fraser et Led.).). Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin. 71-77.

McDaniel M E, 1973. Influence of genetic background on the expression of genes conditioning crown rust resistance in oats. In: Agronomy Abstracts. Madison, USA: American Society of Agronomy. 10.

McLean R, 1994. Registration of Australian winter cereal cultivars. Avena sativa (oats) cv. Yilgarn. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 34 (5), 708. DOI:10.1071/EA9940708

Michel L J, Simons M D, 1977. Aggressiveness and virulence of Puccinia coronata avenae isolates, 1971-1975. Plant Disease Reporter. 61 (8), 621-625.

Michel L J, Simons M D, 1985. Registration of oat germplasms IA H676, IA H677, and IA H681 resistant to the crown rust fungus. Crop Science. 25 (4), 716-717. DOI:10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183X002500040053x

Murphy J P, Navarro R A, Leath S, Bowman D T, 2002. Registration of 'NC Hulless' oat. Crop Science. 42 (1), 311. DOI:10.2135/cropsci2002.0311

Namaju¯nas B M, 1994. Racial and genotypic composition of oat crown rust in Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Belarussian Republics and in Kaliningrad region in 1986-89. Ekologija. 58-71.

Namayunas B P, 1979. Preliminary data on the racial composition of crown rust of oats in the Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Belorussian SSR. Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai, C. 39-42.

Nerbass Junior J M, Casa R T, Kuhnem Júnior P R, Gava F, Bogo A, 2010. Critical-point models to relate white oat yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem leaf rust: helminthosporium blight. (Modelos de pontos críticos para relacionar o rendimento de grãos de aveia branca com a intensidade de doença no patossistema múltiplo ferrugem da folha: helmintosporiose.). Ciência Rural. 40 (1), 1-6. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cr/v40n1/a405cr1483.pdf DOI:10.1590/S0103-84782009005000228

Niekerk B D van, Pretorius Z A, Boshoff W H P, 2001. Potential yield losses caused by barley leaf rust and oat leaf and stem rust to South African barley and oat cultivars. South African Journal of Plant and Soil. 18 (3), 108-113.

Oates J D, Burdon J J, Brouwer J B, 1983. Interactions between Avena and Puccinia species II. The pathogens: Puccinia coronata Cda and P. graminis Pers. f.sp. avenae Eriks. & Henn. Journal of Applied Ecology. 20 (2), 585-596. DOI:10.2307/2403528

Picinini E C, Fernandes J M C, 1994. Efficacy of fungicides for controlling crown rust of oats. (Eficácia de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem da folha de aveia.). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 19 (1), 74-78.

Potter L R, 1987. Effect of crown rust on regrowth, competitive ability and nutritional quality of perennial and Italian ryegrasses. Plant Pathology. 36 (4), 455-461. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1987.tb02262.x

Reeves DL, Hall L, 1985. Registration of 'Lancet' oats. In: Crop Science, 25 710.

Reich J M, Brinkman M A, 1984. Inheritance of groat protein percentage in Avena sativa L. × A. fatua L. crosses. Euphytica. 33 (3), 907-913. DOI:10.1007/BF00021920

Roberts J J, Fowler H A Jr, 1994. Cereal rust epidemiology studies using roadside trap plots in the southeastern United States. Plant Disease. 78 (3), 306-308. DOI:10.1094/PD-78-0306

Rose J L, Scattini W J, 1994. Registration of Australian winter cereal cultivars. Avena sativa (oats) cv. Nobby. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 34 (5), 705. DOI:10.1071/EA9940705

Rose-Fricker C A, Meyer W A, Funk C R, 1995. Registration of 'Safari' tall fescue. Crop Science. 35 (4), 1204. DOI:10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500040050x

Salazar J, Martinez M, 1973. Physiologic races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata CDA, f. sp. avenae Eriks.) detected in Spain during the period 1969-71. Cereal Rusts Bulletin. 1 (1), 19-20.

Schmidt D, 1980. Specificity of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda.) on Festuca pratensis Huds. and F. arundinacea Schreb. (Spezialisierung des Kronenrostes (Puccinia coronata Cda.) auf Festuca pratensis Huds. und F. arundinacea Schreb.). Bulletin de la Societe Botanique Suisse. 90 (1/2), 55-60.

Schmiedeknecht M, Puncag T, 1987. (Puccinia-Arten aus der Mongolischen Volksrepublik). In: Feddes Repertorium, 74 177-199.

Sebesta J, 1990. European Oat Disease Nursery Ann. Report 1990. In: FAO European System of Cooperative Research Networks in Agriculture, Prague, Czech Republic: RICP. 10 pp.

Sebesta J, 1993. European Oat Disease Nursery Ann. Report 1993. In: FAO European System of Cooperative Research Network in Agriculture, Prague, Czech Republic: RICP. 20 pp.

Sebesta J, 1997. European Oat Disease Nursery Annual Report 1997., FAO ESCORENA.

Sebesta J, Harder D E, 1983. Occurrence and distribution of virulence in Puccinia coronata var. avenae in Europe, 1977-1980. Plant Disease. 67 (1), 56-59. DOI:10.1094/PD-67-56

Šebesta J, Harder D E, Zwatz B, 1984. Resistance of oats to crown rust in central Europe. Cereal Rusts Bulletin. 12 (1), 7-15.

Šebesta J, Zwatz B, Harder D E, Corazza L, Roderick H W, Stojanović S, 1996. Incidence and resistance of oats to fungus diseases in Europe in 1988-1994. Ochrana Rostlin. 32 (2), 103-113.

Tollenaar H, 1985. Uredospore germination and development of some cereal rusts from South-central Chile at constant temperatures. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift. 114 (2), 118-125.

Ulvinen T, Ohenoja E, Ahti T, Alanko P, 1981. A check list of the fungi (incl. Lichenes) of the Koillismaa (Kansamo) biological province, NE Finland. In: Oulanka Repts, 2 1-64.

Urban Z, Marková J, 1994. The rust fungi of grasses in Europe. 1. Puccinia coronata Corda. In: Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Biologica, 37 93-147.

Wallace R W, Bellinder R R, 1993. Rust-infected quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) growth and rhizome bud death after glyphosate application. Weed Science. 41 (3), 501-507.

White D W R, 1988. Use of cell and molecular genetic manipulation to improve pasture plants. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 67-72.

Wilson M, Henderson D M, 1966. British rust fungi. Cambridge University Press. xviii + 384 pp.

Zhukova A Ė, 1982. Differentiation of crown rust of oats in relation to breeding for rust resistance. Trudy po Prikladnoĭ Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii. 71 (3), 68-71.

Distribution Maps