Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Pittosporum undulatum Vent.
Preferred Common Name
- Australian cheesewood
International Common Names
- English: Australian boxwood; Australian daphne; Australian mock orange; cheesewood; sweet pittosporum; Victorian box; Victorian laurel; wild coffee
- Portuguese: incenseiro
Local Common Names
- Australia: native daphne; orange-berry pittosporum
- Brazil: árvore-do-incenso,
- Colombia: jazmin del cabo
- Germany: Welliger Klebsame
EPPO code
- PTUUN (Pittosporum undulatum)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageNative to southeastern Australia, P. undulatum was widely introduced in the late 1800s as an ornamental tree, and it has now proven invasive in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate areas, especially on islands. It produces large numbers of fruits and its seeds are eaten by a wide range of frugivorous birds. It is a great colonizer of open, disturbed habitats, as well as being very shade tolerant. It is very competitive, shading out other vegetation, first invading relatively open forest and forming a dense understorey. It is especially threatening in sensitive island montane forests such as those found in the Azores, but also the Pacific islands, the South African fynbos, and even eucalyptus forests in Australia where it is considered a threat to the survival of native forests. It supports a dense soil seed bank and dense seedling recruitment and it also has a good capacity to resprout after cutting.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Pittosporales
- Family: Pittosporaceae
- Genus: Pittosporum
- Species: Pittosporum undulatum
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pagePittosporum undulatum is a well-defined species in the family Pittosporaceae; sub-family Pittosporeae, series Bivalvae, and is probably the most widely cultivated Pittosporum species (Cooper, 1956). There are 150-200 species of Pittosporum native to a broad area from the Canary Islands to Pacific islands via tropical Africa and the Himalayas to Japan, though most are native to Australasia where there are thought to be about 50 species (Goodland and Healey, 1996). P. undulatum hybridises naturally in its Australian native range, occasionally with Pittosporum bicolor in Victoria, and possibly also with Pittosporum revolutum further north (Cooper, 1956). There are other species within the genus that are noted as naturalizing or invasive, or potentially so, including Pittosporum pentandrum and Pittosporum viridiflorum in the Pacific (PIER, 2008), and Pittosporum tobira and Pittosporum tenuifolium in the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2003). These species may also be possibly invasive elsewhere.
Pittosporum, from Greek, means "pitch-seed", referring to the resinous coating on the seeds. The species name undulatum is derived from the Latin unda, a wave or surge, referring to the characteristic wavy edges of the leaves.
Description
Top of pageP. undulatum can reach 30 m high, though often to 12 m and with a straight trunk and regular branch arrangement in favourable situations, but in dry exposed locations it is a shrub up to 2-3 m. Large trees may have a broad canopy up to 7 m across. Bark is coarse and grey.
Distribution
Top of pageP. undulatum is native to the coastal belt and mountains of south-eastern Australia, from south-east Queensland in the north, to the south and east of Victoria, in sub-humid forests seawards of the Great Dividing Range, from the Macpherson Range (24°S) to the southern coast (39°S) extending inland up to 280 km (Cooper, 1956). In other parts of Australia it is introduced and naturalised, such as in Tasmania and South Australia. It has been widely introduced to other parts of the world and is likely to be even more widespread than indicated in the Distribution Table.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | |||||
Saint Helena | Present | Introduced | Invasive | naturalised | |||
-Tristan da Cunha | Present | Introduced | |||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | 1858 | ||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Introduced | |||||
India | Present | Introduced | |||||
Israel | Present | Introduced | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
France | Present | Introduced | |||||
Italy | Present | Introduced | |||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Azores | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Spain | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Canary Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Bermuda | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | naturalised | |||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | naturalised | |||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-California | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Lord Howe Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New South Wales | Present | ||||||
-Queensland | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | South-east | |||
-South Australia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Tasmania | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Victoria | Present | Native | Invasive | Native to eastern Victoria but natualized beyond its native range | |||
-Western Australia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | |||||
Norfolk Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Bolivia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Parana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Naturalized | |||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | 2002 | ||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageP. undulatum was noted as a cultivated species by Cooper (1956) in Europe, Asia and South America, and it had already been widely introduced in the late 1800s. Goodland and Healey (1996) include reports of P. undulatum from several countries where it was spreading through forest and scrub in montane areas of the tropics, sub-tropics and warm temperate areas, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Ocean islands, as well as Jamaica where the study was concentrated. It was introduced to Hawaii by 1875, and Jamaica in 1883 from seeds from Tamil Nadu, India and St Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, as well as directly from its native Australia (Goodland and Healey, 1996), so it must have already been introduced to India and other countries and islands many years earlier. It had also been introduced to South Africa and some other Pacific islands at least by 1901 (Goodland and Healey, 1996).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageP. undulatum is on the French Polynesia exclusion list (PIER, 2008) and Australian weed lists, but it is surprising that it does not appear on more such lists considering its invasive nature. However, P. undulatum and many other Pittosporum species are still available and planted as valued ornamental species and further introduction is likely.
Habitat
Top of pageP. undulatum is native to warm temperate rainforests, becoming prominent in edaphically drier sites, though within burned rainforest P. undulatum will be eliminated. In the drier parts of the range, however, it may be restricted to moister sites, and it may also be a pioneer species around rainforest patches (Barrett and Ash, 1992). Generally, P. undulatum may be found in a variety of habitats, such as rainforest, scrub/shrublands, watercourses, disturbed areas, and grassland if fire is suppressed, being characteristic in forest margins, open forest and scrub but less common in forest understorey (Goodland and Healey, 1996).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Reproductive Biology
Physiology and Phenology
Associations
Environmental Requirements
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
A - Tropical/Megathermal climate | Tolerated | Average temp. of coolest month > 18°C, > 1500mm precipitation annually | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Tolerated | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Tolerated | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climate | Preferred | Average temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°C | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | -5 | 0 |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 12 | 26 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 18 | 30 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 4 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 800 | 2700 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- impeded
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- shallow
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aulacaspis tubercularis | ||||||
Eutypa lata | ||||||
Otiorhynchus armadillo | ||||||
Pseudococcus calceolariae |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of page
In Australia, approximately ten insects are recorded as feeding on P. undulatum and other Pittosporum spp., listed below, though none are believed to cause serious damage or death or significantly reduce population levels and it is not thought they hold much promise as biological control agents (Binggeli and Goodland, 1997). Pittosporum longicorn larvae (Strongylurus thoracicus) bore round tunnels in the sapwood just below the bark mostly on small to medium-sized branches which may be killed. Pittosporum leafminer (Phytobia pittosporphylli, family Agromyzidae) larvae may become so prevalent in parts that all leaves may be affected, causing discoloured sunken blotches about 1-3 mm across around the midrib, and Phytobia pittospocaulis sp. nov. lives in twig galls. Scale insects can be common, including the native cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) and the exotic pink wax scale (Ceroplastes rubens) and Chinese wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis). Gall thrips (Teuchothrips pittosporiicola and other Teuchothrips spp.) commonly infest leaves, also several sap suckers including the Pittosporum bug (Pseudapines geminata). The Pittosporum chermid or psyllid (Trioza vitreoradiata) causes small lumps on the leaves, and the Pittosporum beetle (Lamprolina aeneipennis) can cause serious damage to leaves.
Since about 1980, a disease has severely attacked P. undulatum around Cape Town and Stellenbosch in South Africa. A series of personal communications cited in Goodland and Healey (1996) states that the ‘blight’ had been devastating in gardens especially affecting hedge plant. The disease has been welcomed by conservationists in South Africa, and although generally referred to as a viral disease it may be caused by a mycoplasm, and it may have originated on the native P. viridiflorum.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)
Vector Transmission (Biotic)
Accidental Introduction
Intentional Introduction
Pathway Causes
Top of pageImpact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageControl costs of P. undulatum where it is an environmental weed have not been specifically quantified. There are also effects on water yield and sediment load (Goodland and Healey, 1996) that may have additional economic effects. Positive impacts are possible, as have been noted where invasive in Jamaica, as its greater productivity should have benefits, particularly to local people through the production of fuelwood and timber (Goodland and Healey, 1996). It has also been observed as a possible host plant for citrus aphid, though this has not been confirmed.
Environmental Impact
Top of page
In wet sclerophyll forest in early stages of invasion in Victoria, Australia, only one native plant species was found beneath dense clumps of P. undulatum, and in other areas it has been described as very dominant and considered the most serious threat to native forests (Gleadow and Ashton, 1981). The depressive effect on native vegetation and the significant impacts to forest structure has led to P. undulatum being controlled in many nature reserves and parks in Australia. In southern Australia, P. undulatum has established in new areas and causes a serious reduction in floristic and structural diversity (Gleadow and Narayan, 2007). Also in Victoria, Mullett and Simmons (1995) observed a reduction in the cover and abundance of indigenous species with increasing cover and abundance of P. undulatum concluding that shade is likely to be the primary factor, and along with secondary impacts, indicating that P. undulatum poses a very serious threat to the ecological sustainability and integrity of remnant vegetation complexes in Victoria as the species continues to increase both its range and local densities. Vigorous growth of the naturally occurring P. undulatum x P. bicolor hybrid in Victoria, Australia is also resulting in serious ‘swamping’ of P. bicolor via hybridisation (Goodland and Healey, 1996).
Around Sydney, New South Wales, P. undulatum and other invasive exotic plants caused substantial decreases in native species richness to the point of elimination in older suburbs, including one vulnerable taxon (Tetratheca glandulosa) (Rose and Fairweather, 1997). Rose (1997) observed that suburban edges exert a major influence on invasion of the native P. undulatum in dry sclerophyll bushland in the same area, which had seen significant increases of P. undulatum over 90 years, and floristic and structural simplification appear to be the principal impacts exerted on the vegetation composition at invaded sites. There is also an observed additional environmental side-effect, however, that by publicly calling P. undulatum a weed in its native range, this puts at risk scarce remnants of indigenous vegetation, as people may cut the tree in areas where it is truly indigenous thus causing a reduction in local biodiversity (Howell, 2000).
Where introduced and invasive in Jamaica, P. undulatum is able to grow at higher densities than any native species and, combined with its dense crown, achieves dominance and appears to reduce the survival and growth of even shade-tolerant native species (Goodland and Healey, 1996). It has a serious impact on all native vegetation types, though it invades them at different rates, and in areas invaded by P. undulatum a sharp decrease in native species richness has been recorded probably caused by the dense shade it casts (Binggeli and Goodland, 1997). P. undulatum impacts on native vegetation via shading, below ground competition, nutrient cycling, allelopathy, and indirect effects, and although the impacts on animals and ecosystem processes are likely to be negative they are almost completely unresearched (Goodland and Healey, 1996). It can also affect water available in South Africa (Smith, 1990). Also, in the Azores, Portugal, the Azores bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula murina) is known to exist only in the east of São Miguel island where it is largely confined to native laurel (Laurus azorica) forest, but its population and distribution has been impacted on by large-scale invasion by exotic flora, mainly P. undulatum, Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea, which followed clearing the forest for pasture and afforestation by P. undulatum and another exotic, Cryptomeria japonica (Ramos, 1996).
Social Impact
Top of pageIn the suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne, P. undulatum continues to spread as a weed, and may impact on local aesthetics and even land values, though no data are available. In the Blue Mountains of Jamaica in August-December, the orange capsules can be so abundant on P. undulatum trees that they can be seen from over two kilometres away, colouring whole hillsides, so that the characteristic colours and textures of the natural forest are lost, especially to most hikers who are probably attracted as much by the prospect of long-distance views as by the appearance of trail side forest (Goodland and Healey, 1996).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Highly mobile locally
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has high genetic variability
- Changed gene pool/ selective loss of genotypes
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Increases vulnerability to invasions
- Modification of hydrology
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Reduced amenity values
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of endangered species
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Allelopathic
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Pest and disease transmission
- Hybridization
- Interaction with other invasive species
- Pollen swamping
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageP. undulatum makes very good firewood, produces excellent charcoal and is a useful all purpose timber. One of its popular names in Australia is ‘engravers wood’ and it was the preferred wood for golf clubs in Australia in the early 1900s, and was used as a source of carving wood in Jamaica, as well as fuel and construction poles. Goodland and Healy (1996) estimated its value as US $27/m3 as fuel wood, US $40/m3 for charcoal, and US $410/m3 as sawn timber. It also has potential as a source of essential oils in Brazil (Ferreira et al., 2007), and was also considered for this use in Australia and California though no further information is available. The fruit of P. undulatum was once of particular interest as a source of terpenes for use as a fuel oil. In St Helena, P. undulatum is pollarded and fed to stalled goats and cattle. Abundant nectar production also makes it good for honey bees.
Due to its fragrant and attractive flowers it is a respected ornamental plant in its native Australia and also where introduced, such as in Italy (Cacciola and Polizzi, 1996) and elsewhere, being once described as one of the handsomest flowering trees of Australia, and because the rich perfume of its white blossoms extends over a considerable area.
It is also a hedging plant and is used as a windbreak, and as a living fence in Colombia (Lee et al., 2000).
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
Environmental
- Amenity
- Ornamental
- Windbreak
Fuels
- Biofuels
- Charcoal
- Fuelwood
General
- Botanical garden/zoo
- Ornamental
Human food and beverage
- Honey/honey flora
Materials
- Essential oils
- Wood/timber
Wood Products
Top of pageCharcoal
Roundwood
- Building poles
- Roundwood structures
Woodware
- Sports equipment
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageTwo other Pittosporum species, P. tobira and P. viridiflorum are regarded as potentially to moderately invasive in the Pacific (PIER, 2008). P. undulatum hybridizes with Pittosporum bicolor and this hybrid is intermediate between the two species.
P. undulatum can be confused with other Australian native species such as Auranticarpa rhombifolia and Rapanaea howittiana. These species can be separated by the following differences (Weeds of Australia, 2015):
- Pittosporum undulatum has leaves with entire margins and relatively large creamy white flowers (1-2 cm long). Its fruit are relatively large orange capsules (10-15 mm across) that split open when mature.
- Auranticarpa rhombifolia has leaves with toothed (i.e., serrate) margins (rarely entire) and relatively small white flowers (6-8 mm long). Its fruit are relatively small orange capsules (4-6 mm across) that split open when mature.
- Rapanea howittiana has leaves with entire margins and tiny creamy white flowers. Its fruit are relatively small blue or purplish 'berries' (5-7 mm across) that do not split open when mature.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Control
Cultural control and sanitary measures
Hutton (2001) proposes a novel means for control of P. undulatum, on Lord Howe Island off the coast of Queensland, Australia, as a part of eco-tourism development, where visitors came to learn about local ecology while also weeding trees and assisting in physical control.
Physical/mechanical control
Biological control
Control by utilization
Managers in the Blue Mountains National Park, Jamaica, have expressed their strong desire to discover ways of managing the P. undulatum invasion to protect the park’s diversity whilst simultaneously benefiting the people who live in the surrounding area as there will almost certainly be an increasing shortage of fuel and building materials in the future (Goodland and Healey, 1996). There is a great need to develop new sources of these essential goods and P. undulatum certainly has potential, particularly as a timber tree and source of charcoal. There is already a substantial volume of P. undulatum wood and this volume is increasing rapidly and the much higher value of sawn timber over firewood or charcoal means that any trees large enough (>20 cm diameter) and of satisfactory form should be used for that purpose (Goodland and Healey, 1996). In their comprehensive and detailed report, Goodland and Healey (1996) concluded that allowing small-scale harvesting in heavily infested stands and developing markets for P. undulatum timber were two of the seven methods for best managing this invasion.
Monitoring and Surveillance
Ecosystem Restoration
References
Top of pageDAISIE, 2015. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Invasive Alien Species Gateway. www.europe-aliens.org/default.do
IABIN, 2015. Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN). Red de Informacion sobre especies invasoras ([English title not available]). http://www.oas.org/en/sedi/dsd/iabin/
Jackson BE, 2000. 'Cut Above'. Application no: 1997/278. Plant Varieties Journal, 13(4):33.
Oviedo Prieto R; Herrera Oliver P; Caluff MG, et al. , 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2011). Bissea: Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantas del Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, 6(Special Issue 1):22-96.
Pirani JR, 2015. Pittosporaceae in the list of species of the flora of Brazil. Pittosporaceae in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB120281
PROTA, 2015. PROTA4U web database. Grubben GJH, Denton OA, eds. Wageningen, Netherlands: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. http://www.prota4u.info
Weeds of Australia, 2015. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
DAISIE, 2015. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
IABIN, 2015. [English title not available]. (Red de Informacion sobre especies invasoras)., Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN). http://www.oas.org/en/sedi/dsd/iabin/
Pirani JR, 2015. Pittosporaceae in the list of species of the flora of Brazil. (Pittosporaceae in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB120281
PROTA, 2015. PROTA4U web database., [ed. by Grubben GJH, Denton OA]. Wageningen, Netherlands: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. http://www.prota4u.info
Weeds of Australia, 2015. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition., http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page13/04/15 Updated by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
29/02/08 Original text by:
Nick Pasiecznik, Consultant, France
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